Environmental Science Final

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what is a contour line?

a lines that connect points of equal elevation

these figures of constellations show ____________

all of the above

a ________ explains what the symbols of a map represent

legend

__________ push and pull rocks in the same direction along with the waves are traveling

primary waves

what type of fault is the san andreas

strike slip

from their motion, astronomers have inferred that galaxies contain not just stars but also _________

a great amount of unseen, or dark, matter

what is isochron?

a line on a seafloor map that connects points of equal age

what is the polarity of a magnetic field that has the same polarity as the present magnetic field

a normal polarity

who would be most likely to use the map shown in the figure?

a pilot

the type of projection shown in the figure is best suited for what kind of map?

a road map

what shape describes the orbits of the planets?

an ellipse

where are the youngest rocks on the seafloor located?

at the mid-ocean ridges

what is the name of Alfred Wegener's hypothesis about moving landmasses?

continental drift

what is thought to be the driving mechanism of plate movement

convection currents in the mantle

which layer of the suns atmosphere is above the chromosphere?

corona

from where on the sun does the solar wind escape?

coronal holes

a tabular pluton that cuts across preexisting rock is called a

dike

what is the overall shape of the Milky way?

disk

where did Saturn's rings most likely come from?

leftover debris from a moon that was destroyed

what is the study of earthquakes called?

seismology

which method uses sound waves for remote sensing?

sonar

what are the oldest-known objects in the Milky Way?

global clusters

what two elements make up 98.4 percent of the Sun's composition?

hydrogen and helium

when magma reaches Earth's surface it is called ____________

lava

how does the satellite Topex/Poseidon map ocean features?

radar

galaxies that are extremely bright are called ____________

radio galaxies

the ______ of a planet is its apparent backwards movement as seen from Earth's sky

retrograde motion

which type of fault results in horizontal shortening?

reverse

an expedition finds a sample in the rock on the seafloor thought to be 4 million years old. what was the polarity of the Earth at that time, according to the figure?

reversed

what theory does cosmic background radiation support?

the Big Bang theory

what are shallow, intermediate, and deep earthquake classifications based on?

the depth of the focus

the plane of Earth's orbit around the Sun is called ___________________

the ecliptic

how is the composition of a white dwarf determined?

by how many reaction phases it went through

how is electromagnetic radiation arranged on the electromagnetic spectrum

by wavelength and frequency

1: 24 000 is an example of a

fractional scale

which type of stress pulls a material apart?

tension

why do astronomers rely on computer models for an explanation of the Sun's interior?

the inferior can't be directly observed

which of the galaxies shown has an elliptical shape?

B

which spectrum could be used to identify the composition of a star?

B

where do most volcanoes form?

at plate boundaries

where do tectonic plates interact?

at plate boundaries

what is a spectrum that comes from noncompressed gas called?

an emission spectrum

the light from most distant galaxies is ________

shifted toward the red end of the spectrum

how are the convection currents set in motion?

slab push and ridge pull

where are the youngest stars of the galaxy located?

spiral arms

what is the process called when one plate is forced beneath another at a convergent plate boundary

subduction

galaxies are organized into large groups called _________

superclusters

rock fragments throw into the air during a volcanic eruption are called _________

tephra

the inner four planets of our solar system are called the _________ planets and the next four are called the __________ planets

terrestrial, gas giant

what was the first galaxy to be discovered outside of the milky way galaxy?

the Andromeda Galaxy

what theory was bolstered by the discovery of the microwave cosmic background radiation?

the Big Bang theory

in a Big Bang theory, what balances the momentum of the expansion of the universe?

the inward force of gravity

what does GPS stand for?

Global Positioning System

what is the definition of cartography?

the science of mapmaking

according to the figure, where is an earthquake's focus most likely to occur?

along the west coast of North America

where does an earthquake originate?

at the focus

where is andesitic magma found?

at the margins of continents

what type of texture do most plutons have?

coarse grained

the shaded area represents their present position. According to the data on this map, what kind of boundary is found between the Americas and Africa?

divergent

Places where two tectonic plates are moving away from each other are called ________

divergent boundaries

what does the straight part of a stress-strain graph portray?

elastic deformation

Wegener proposed that the continents were _________

formed at mid-ocean ridges

whats the earth's core composed of?

iron and nickel

the thickness of the ocean sediments that are close to the mid-ocean ridge is _________ the thickness of ocean sediments that are far from mid-ocean ridges

less than

which mineral may preserve magnetic patterns on the ocean floor which would help support tectonic plates?

magnetite

_______ is a device that can detect changes in the strength of the magnetic field

magnetometer

what is the probability of earthquake occurrence based on?

reoccurrence rates of earthquakes in an area and the rate of strain buildup

what causes the seafloor to spread?

rising molten magma

Harry Hess' theory of _____ explained how ocean crust is generated and destroyed

seafloor spreading

the record produced by a seismometer is called a ______________

seismogram

rhyolitic magma has the _____ viscosity, the _________ gas content and the _________ silica content of any type of magma

highest, highest, highest

volcanoes that form far from plate boundaries form as the result of _________

hot spots

what is the crustal part of the lithosphere primarily composed of?

igneous rocks

all of the craters on the moon are ___________________

impact craters

where are most of Earth's explosive volcanoes located?

in subduction zones

the very large array is an example of _____________________

interferometry

Earth's moon is ____________ in size and has an orbit ____________ its planet relative to other moons in the solar system

larger, farther from

energy output from the surface of a star is called _______________________

luminosity

what are the highlands on the moon made of?

lunar breccias

according to the HR diagram, which are the most common stars

main sequence

what are smooth, dark, plains on the Moon called?

maria

a _________ projection has parallel lines of longitude and latitude

mercator

which scale measures the damage done by an earthquake to determine an earthquake's intensity

modified Mercalli scale

what is the water content in the magma that fuels the volcano shown in the figure?

more water

what causes the wavelength of a star's spectral lines to shift?

motion between the star and observer

use the table to determine the smallest gas giant planet

neptune

when the moon is aligned with and between the sun and earth, the moon is at the ________________ stage

new moon

the milky way contains a large central bulge made up mostly of __________

old red stars

when a planet is closest to the sun it is at ___________

perihelion

the lowest layer of the Sun's atmosphere is called the __________

photosphere

what mineral are the lunar breccias primarily made of?

plagioclase feldspar

in which list are the celestial features correctly shown in order of increasing size?

planet, solar system, galaxy, universe

the objects that eventually formed planets by colliding and merging are called _________________

planetesimals

what are the long trails of ejecta that radiate outward from craters called?

rays

which shift in the electromagnetic spectrum received from distant galaxies suggests that the universe is expanding

red-shift

what type of telescope uses mirrors to bring visible light to a focus?

reflecting

a _________ telescope uses lenses to bring visible light to a focus

refracting

the loose, ground-up rock on the surface of the moon is called

regolith

the process of collecting data far above Earth's surface is called _________

remote sensing

why are Jupiter's moons composed of?

rock and ice

the boundaries of time zones correspond __________

roughly to lines of longitude

how did Hubble categorize galaxies?

shapes

evidence indicated that the expansion of the universe is ____________

slowing down

gas flows outward from the corona and forms the _________________

solar wind

an ______ is a visible light arranged according to wavelength

spectrum

which galaxy shape is not a part of Hubble's classification system?

spherical

a ______________ is a technology developed for use in space, which now benefits society

spinoff

areas of cooler temperature on the Sun's surface as ________________

sunspots

neptune's atmosphere had a persistent storm called _______________

the Great Dark Spot

what is the name of the galaxy cluster that the Milky Way belongs to?

the Local Group

what is albedo?

the amount of sunlight a surface reflects

what determines the light-collecting power of a microscope?

the area of the opening

what is the electromagnetic spectrum?

the arrangement of electromagnetic radiation

why do no maria exist on the far side of the moon?

the crust is twice as thick on the far side

what is the sun's average density similar to?

the density of the gas giant planets

what theory of formation is most widely accepted for Earth's moon?

the impact theory

what explains why the sun governs the motion of all planets in our solar system?

the law of universal gravitation

what causes Uranus' blue appearance?

the methane in its atmosphere

what is 0 degrees longitude called?

the prime meridian

why can't astronomers directly observe the surface of venus without landing probes on the surface?

the surface is covered by thick clouds

mercury's extremely slow spin causes only ____________________ days to pass in _____________________ of Mercury's years

three, two

why are three circles needed to determine the epicenter, as shown in the figure?

if only two circles are used, there are two possible locations

a ____________ is a mushroom-shaped pluton with a round top and flat bottom

laccolith

how was the volcano cone shown in the figure formed?

layer upon layer of basaltic lava accumulating during nonexplosive eruptions

when a divergent plate boundary forms on continents, a __________ forms

rift valley

the geologic features on the ocean floor in this region resulted from ______________

rising convection currents in the magma

what is the rating from the Richter scale based on?

size of the largest wave

what is the name for an igneous intrusion that is smaller than a batholith but similar in shape?

stock

much of Earth's internal heat comes from _______

the decay of radioactive elements

According to the data shown in the figure, what was Earth's magnetic polarity like 5 million years ago?

the reverse of today

what two topographic features of the ocean floor were discovered only with the use of sonar?

mid-ocean ridges and deep-sea trenches

which relationship between geologic structures and plate boundaries is most accurate?

explosive volcanoes most often occur near convergent boundaries

what type of instrument can measure the vibrations of an earthquake?

seismograph

a wide dome-shaped volcano built from thin, freely flowing lava is called a(n) ___________

shield volcano

hawaii, which sits over a hot spot located near the center of the pacific plate, is which type of volcano?

shield volcano

_____________ is the force per unit area acting on a material

stress

most of the mass in cluster galaxies is ________

invisible

in the photograph, which impact crater is the oldest?

B

use the table to determine the largest terrestrial planet

Earth

according to the HR diagram, what is the absolute magnitude of our sun?

(+) 5

according to the map, at which latitude and longitude is most likely to experience an earthquake?

0 degrees N, 30 degrees W

what is the distance between the sun and earth called?

1 astronomical unit

how many stars are in the disk of the milky way

100 billion

how many times larger is a magnitude 3 than a magnitude 1 earthquake on the Richter scale?

100 times

what series of the moon in the figure are waxing

15-17

what image of the moon in the figure shows a gibbous

17

how many satellites are in teh GPS

24

how many time zones are on Earth?

24

about how long does it take the solar system to make one revolution around the Milky Way?

240 million years

approximately how old is our solar system?

4.6 billion years

which planets in the figure are similar in composition to the sun?

5 through 8

how many time zones are in the United States?

6

the north pole is _________ latitude

90 degrees N

the sun contains ___________________ percent of all the mass in our solar system

99

what letter in the figure depicts the possible beginning of plutons like dikes and sills?

A

which of the galaxies shown has the same shape of our galaxy

A

_______ causes permanent strain

ductile deformation

_________ is a common term for electromagnetic radiation

light

what are dark spots on the sun's photosphere called?

sunspots

a large ocean wave that is generated by vertical motions of the seafloor during an earthquake is called a(n) ________

tsunami

an earthquake on the ocean floor can produce a(n) ______

tsunami

what two things does the appearance of a volcano depend on?

type of material and eruption

what do scientists use to measure Earth's distance from globular clusters?

variable stars

on what planet have concentrations of greenhouse gases caused extremely high surface temperatures?

venus

the bright celestial object that is often called both the morning star and the evening star is ____________________

venus

which of the inner planets has the highest average surface temperature?

venus

which best characterizes a composite volcano?

violent eruptions producing steep slopes

when does magma form?

when temperatures are hot enough to melt rock

how are depressions represented on a topographic map?

with a contour line with hachures

how is a volcanic crater connected to a magma chamber?

by a vent

which of the following did Hubble discover?

the universe is expanding

the redshift of quasars measures ___________

their distance from Earth

the __________ states that the Earth's crust and ridged upper mantle are broken into plates that move at different rates and in different directions

theory of plate tectonics

scientists are convinced that the other stars have planets in orbit about them. Without visiting these distant solar systems, how can they be sure?

there is evidence of a weak gravitational pull working on other stars

why is there no erosion on the Moon?

there is no atmosphere

a place where two plates slide laterally past each other is called a __________

transform boundary

on the summer solstice, the sun is directly above the ___________ and the number of daylight hours for the northern hemisphere is _________________

tropic of Cancer, at a maximum

rocks close to mid-ocean ridges are ________ rocks far from mid-ocean ridges

younger than

the sun is ______

a Population I star

what is pictured in the figure?

impact crater

how are place on earth located in an east or west direction?

lines of longitude

what letter in the figure depicts the possible beginning of a pluton like a stock?

C

according to the table, which city is the closest to the prime meridian?

Cape town, South Africa

identify the subduction zone in the figure

D

what will happen to Earth when the sun becomes a red giant?

Earth will get too hot to support life

planets sometimes seem to reverse direction in their course across the sky with respect to the distant stars. this effect, known as retrograde motion, is caused by _________________

Earth's revolution around the sun

which scientist was the first to find evidence that the universe is expanding?

Edwin Hubble

mass, luminocity, temperature, and diameter of stars can be demonstrated on a _________________________

Hertzsprung- Russell diagram

what part of the figure is the sun overhead during the summer solstice?

Tropic of Cancer

according to the seismogram shown in the figure, which wave is fastest?

P-wave

which wave arrives at a seismic facility first?

P-wave

which waves are called body waves?

P-waves and S-waves

most of the world's major earthquakes occur in areas bordering the _______

Pacific Ocean

according to the table, which city is farthest north?

Stockholm, Sweden

what instrument can be used to demonstrate that earth is rotating?

a Foucault pendulum

what are two stars that orbit a common center of mass called?

a binary

what was in this part of the milky way prior to 4.6 billion years ago?

a cloud of dust and gas

our solar system formed about 4.6 billion years ago when

a cloud of interstellar dust and gas began to condense

from what does a star form?

a nebula

what is olympus mons?

a shield volcano on Mars

what is located at the center of the Milky Way?

a supermassive black hole

the study of cosmology is concerned with __________

all of the above

what type of magma has the lowest silica content and is the least explosive

basaltic magma

a ___________ is a large intrusive igneous rock body that covers at least 100 square km

batholith

what are the most asteroids located?

between Mars and Jupiter

what is the name for a large creater formed when a magma chamber collapses

caldera

the subduction of an oceanic plate beneath of a continental plate produces a(n) ___________

chain of volcanic mountains

constellation that can be seen all year long from a certain location are ________________

circumpolar

what are the three labeled parts of the comet shown in the figure?

coma, nucleus, tail

the difference of two star's spectra is due to the difference of their ___________

composition

what type of projection is best for mapping small areas or weather maps?

conic projection

groups of stars named after mythological characters, animals, or everyday objects are called ______________

constellations

the smallest galaxies are called ____________ and the largest are called __________

dwarf ellipticals, giant ellipticals

the explanation of red shift is the universe is presently _________

expanding only

what do variable stars pulsate in brightness?

expansion and contraction of their outer layers

fractures in rock where sections of rock might suddenly move to create an earthquake are called ____________

faults

_________ is the combining of light weight nuclei into heavier nuclei, which gives off energy that fuels the sun

fusion

tee sun is powered by nuclear reactions involving which of the following?

fusion of hydrogen to form helium

a forming star needs a critical minimum amount of mass to enable ___________________

fusion reactions to begin

a ___________ projection is made by projecting points and lines from a globe onto a piece of paper that touches the globe at one point

gnomonic

fusions reactions could not occur in a star without the pressure created by _______

gravity

when the sun and moon are aligned the tides are _____________, which is called a _______________

greater than normal, spring tide

the equator circles Earth _________

halfway between the north and south poles

what is the sun-centered model of our solar system called?

heliocentric

the amount of helium in the sun is ________________

increasing

what is the disadvantage of absolute magnitude?

it can only be calculated if a stars distance is known

what is the distance of 1 degree longitude

it changes from 111 km to a point

why doesn't apparent magnitude actually measure the brightness of the star

it doesn't account for distance

why does magma move up to and through Earth's crust?

it is less dense than surrounding rock

during the time of pangaea, what had the greatest impact on Earth's climate?

it was a time of a giant global ocean

is the rate of the universe expansion speeding up or slowing down?

it was slowing down, but now it is speeding up

why is venus the hottest planet, even though it is not the closest to the sun?

its greenhouse effect

when astronomers were first attempting to gauge the size of the universe, they used an observational effect known as parallax to show that

other stars are very far away from us

nearly 5 billion years ago, a rotating mass of dust and gas called the solar nebula gave rise to

our solar system

using the scale below, what can you infer about why our Sun wouldn't form a super-massive black hole?

our sun does not have enough mass

which is NOT a layer of the moon

outer core

what is the study of Earth's magnetic record?

paleomagnetism

the supercontinent from Wegener's theory of continental drift is called ________

pangaea

from Earth, stars appear to shift in position, which is called ____________--

parallax

at what point in the graph would a rock be permanently deformed?

past the elastic limit

what are most earthquakes associated with?

plate boundaries

the tremendous amount of heat within Earth powers ________

plate tectonics

what do astronomers use to map the shape of the milky way?

radio waves

which zone of the sun moves energy through radiation?

radioactive

which best describes the shapes and massed of galaxies?

range from dwarf ellipticals, having masses of one million Suns, to giant ellipticals, having masses of 100 trillion Suns

the eccentricity of a perfect circle is ___________ and a very elongated ellipse is ______________

zero, one

what characteristics do the gas giants have in common?

all of the answers are correct

the parallax effect cannot be used to measure distance to other galaxies because they ____________

are too far away to produce measurable parallax

an earthquake that registered high on the Richter scale and low on the Mercalli scale most likely occurred in which type of location?

area with few residents

how does a landsat satellite differentiate between objects on earth's surface?

features on Earth radiate warmth at different frequencies, which show up as different colors on Landsat images.

why does jupiter have a banded appearance?

flow patterns in its atmosphere

if you travel west across the international date line you would move your calendar ______

forward one day

where are the oldest stars in the milky way galaxy located

halo and central bulge

the ________________ of the moon are light in color, mountainous, and heavily covered by craters

highlands

what is the composition of saturn's atmosphere

hydrogen, helium, and ammonia ice

comets are bodies that are ______________ that orbit _______________

ice and rock, the Sun

according to the map, a seismic station in which city would be the first to detect seismic waves from an earthquake occuring in Mexico City?

Acapulco

what letter in the figure demonstrates magma melting rocks after they are broken off and sink?

B

the table shows how many eruptions were experienced by the volcanoes in the past 100,000 years. which volcano is the least likely to experience a huge eruption in present day?

Mount Hood

what happens as a lithospheric plate moves over a hot spot?

a chain of volcanoes forms

what is a pyroclastic flow?

a mixture of volcanic gas, ash, and other tephra

what type of igneous pluton is tabular and parallel to surrounding rock layers?

a sill

what is the rating for an earthquake from the modified Mercalli scale based on?

amount of damage

what was one reason that Wegener's hypothesis of continental drift was rejected?

he could not explain where the continents had moved

mount st. helens erupted with a massive cloud of dust and ash. what type of volcano is mount st. helens?

composite

what type of volcano forms from alternating layers of tephra and nonexplosive lava?

composite volcano

what evidence did Wegener use to estimate the time of Pangaea's break up

fossil data

which type of information was NOT collected by Wegener to support his continental drift hypothesis

glacial deposits

why does knowledge of Earth's interior come from seismic waves?

they change speed and direction when they encounter different materials

An expedition brings up a piece of rock from the Gauss normal epoch. According to the figure, what is the probability that it came from a time when the magnetic field is the same as today?

very likely

__________ is the internal resistance to flow of a liquid

viscosity

what are the large, angular fragments thrown from a volcano called?

volcanic blocks

when magma emerges explosively from a volcano, it often forms rocky fragments called tephra. the largest pieces of tephra are called __________

volcanic blocks


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