Environmental Science Final
what is a contour line?
a lines that connect points of equal elevation
these figures of constellations show ____________
all of the above
a ________ explains what the symbols of a map represent
legend
__________ push and pull rocks in the same direction along with the waves are traveling
primary waves
what type of fault is the san andreas
strike slip
from their motion, astronomers have inferred that galaxies contain not just stars but also _________
a great amount of unseen, or dark, matter
what is isochron?
a line on a seafloor map that connects points of equal age
what is the polarity of a magnetic field that has the same polarity as the present magnetic field
a normal polarity
who would be most likely to use the map shown in the figure?
a pilot
the type of projection shown in the figure is best suited for what kind of map?
a road map
what shape describes the orbits of the planets?
an ellipse
where are the youngest rocks on the seafloor located?
at the mid-ocean ridges
what is the name of Alfred Wegener's hypothesis about moving landmasses?
continental drift
what is thought to be the driving mechanism of plate movement
convection currents in the mantle
which layer of the suns atmosphere is above the chromosphere?
corona
from where on the sun does the solar wind escape?
coronal holes
a tabular pluton that cuts across preexisting rock is called a
dike
what is the overall shape of the Milky way?
disk
where did Saturn's rings most likely come from?
leftover debris from a moon that was destroyed
what is the study of earthquakes called?
seismology
which method uses sound waves for remote sensing?
sonar
what are the oldest-known objects in the Milky Way?
global clusters
what two elements make up 98.4 percent of the Sun's composition?
hydrogen and helium
when magma reaches Earth's surface it is called ____________
lava
how does the satellite Topex/Poseidon map ocean features?
radar
galaxies that are extremely bright are called ____________
radio galaxies
the ______ of a planet is its apparent backwards movement as seen from Earth's sky
retrograde motion
which type of fault results in horizontal shortening?
reverse
an expedition finds a sample in the rock on the seafloor thought to be 4 million years old. what was the polarity of the Earth at that time, according to the figure?
reversed
what theory does cosmic background radiation support?
the Big Bang theory
what are shallow, intermediate, and deep earthquake classifications based on?
the depth of the focus
the plane of Earth's orbit around the Sun is called ___________________
the ecliptic
how is the composition of a white dwarf determined?
by how many reaction phases it went through
how is electromagnetic radiation arranged on the electromagnetic spectrum
by wavelength and frequency
1: 24 000 is an example of a
fractional scale
which type of stress pulls a material apart?
tension
why do astronomers rely on computer models for an explanation of the Sun's interior?
the inferior can't be directly observed
which of the galaxies shown has an elliptical shape?
B
which spectrum could be used to identify the composition of a star?
B
where do most volcanoes form?
at plate boundaries
where do tectonic plates interact?
at plate boundaries
what is a spectrum that comes from noncompressed gas called?
an emission spectrum
the light from most distant galaxies is ________
shifted toward the red end of the spectrum
how are the convection currents set in motion?
slab push and ridge pull
where are the youngest stars of the galaxy located?
spiral arms
what is the process called when one plate is forced beneath another at a convergent plate boundary
subduction
galaxies are organized into large groups called _________
superclusters
rock fragments throw into the air during a volcanic eruption are called _________
tephra
the inner four planets of our solar system are called the _________ planets and the next four are called the __________ planets
terrestrial, gas giant
what was the first galaxy to be discovered outside of the milky way galaxy?
the Andromeda Galaxy
what theory was bolstered by the discovery of the microwave cosmic background radiation?
the Big Bang theory
in a Big Bang theory, what balances the momentum of the expansion of the universe?
the inward force of gravity
what does GPS stand for?
Global Positioning System
what is the definition of cartography?
the science of mapmaking
according to the figure, where is an earthquake's focus most likely to occur?
along the west coast of North America
where does an earthquake originate?
at the focus
where is andesitic magma found?
at the margins of continents
what type of texture do most plutons have?
coarse grained
the shaded area represents their present position. According to the data on this map, what kind of boundary is found between the Americas and Africa?
divergent
Places where two tectonic plates are moving away from each other are called ________
divergent boundaries
what does the straight part of a stress-strain graph portray?
elastic deformation
Wegener proposed that the continents were _________
formed at mid-ocean ridges
whats the earth's core composed of?
iron and nickel
the thickness of the ocean sediments that are close to the mid-ocean ridge is _________ the thickness of ocean sediments that are far from mid-ocean ridges
less than
which mineral may preserve magnetic patterns on the ocean floor which would help support tectonic plates?
magnetite
_______ is a device that can detect changes in the strength of the magnetic field
magnetometer
what is the probability of earthquake occurrence based on?
reoccurrence rates of earthquakes in an area and the rate of strain buildup
what causes the seafloor to spread?
rising molten magma
Harry Hess' theory of _____ explained how ocean crust is generated and destroyed
seafloor spreading
the record produced by a seismometer is called a ______________
seismogram
rhyolitic magma has the _____ viscosity, the _________ gas content and the _________ silica content of any type of magma
highest, highest, highest
volcanoes that form far from plate boundaries form as the result of _________
hot spots
what is the crustal part of the lithosphere primarily composed of?
igneous rocks
all of the craters on the moon are ___________________
impact craters
where are most of Earth's explosive volcanoes located?
in subduction zones
the very large array is an example of _____________________
interferometry
Earth's moon is ____________ in size and has an orbit ____________ its planet relative to other moons in the solar system
larger, farther from
energy output from the surface of a star is called _______________________
luminosity
what are the highlands on the moon made of?
lunar breccias
according to the HR diagram, which are the most common stars
main sequence
what are smooth, dark, plains on the Moon called?
maria
a _________ projection has parallel lines of longitude and latitude
mercator
which scale measures the damage done by an earthquake to determine an earthquake's intensity
modified Mercalli scale
what is the water content in the magma that fuels the volcano shown in the figure?
more water
what causes the wavelength of a star's spectral lines to shift?
motion between the star and observer
use the table to determine the smallest gas giant planet
neptune
when the moon is aligned with and between the sun and earth, the moon is at the ________________ stage
new moon
the milky way contains a large central bulge made up mostly of __________
old red stars
when a planet is closest to the sun it is at ___________
perihelion
the lowest layer of the Sun's atmosphere is called the __________
photosphere
what mineral are the lunar breccias primarily made of?
plagioclase feldspar
in which list are the celestial features correctly shown in order of increasing size?
planet, solar system, galaxy, universe
the objects that eventually formed planets by colliding and merging are called _________________
planetesimals
what are the long trails of ejecta that radiate outward from craters called?
rays
which shift in the electromagnetic spectrum received from distant galaxies suggests that the universe is expanding
red-shift
what type of telescope uses mirrors to bring visible light to a focus?
reflecting
a _________ telescope uses lenses to bring visible light to a focus
refracting
the loose, ground-up rock on the surface of the moon is called
regolith
the process of collecting data far above Earth's surface is called _________
remote sensing
why are Jupiter's moons composed of?
rock and ice
the boundaries of time zones correspond __________
roughly to lines of longitude
how did Hubble categorize galaxies?
shapes
evidence indicated that the expansion of the universe is ____________
slowing down
gas flows outward from the corona and forms the _________________
solar wind
an ______ is a visible light arranged according to wavelength
spectrum
which galaxy shape is not a part of Hubble's classification system?
spherical
a ______________ is a technology developed for use in space, which now benefits society
spinoff
areas of cooler temperature on the Sun's surface as ________________
sunspots
neptune's atmosphere had a persistent storm called _______________
the Great Dark Spot
what is the name of the galaxy cluster that the Milky Way belongs to?
the Local Group
what is albedo?
the amount of sunlight a surface reflects
what determines the light-collecting power of a microscope?
the area of the opening
what is the electromagnetic spectrum?
the arrangement of electromagnetic radiation
why do no maria exist on the far side of the moon?
the crust is twice as thick on the far side
what is the sun's average density similar to?
the density of the gas giant planets
what theory of formation is most widely accepted for Earth's moon?
the impact theory
what explains why the sun governs the motion of all planets in our solar system?
the law of universal gravitation
what causes Uranus' blue appearance?
the methane in its atmosphere
what is 0 degrees longitude called?
the prime meridian
why can't astronomers directly observe the surface of venus without landing probes on the surface?
the surface is covered by thick clouds
mercury's extremely slow spin causes only ____________________ days to pass in _____________________ of Mercury's years
three, two
why are three circles needed to determine the epicenter, as shown in the figure?
if only two circles are used, there are two possible locations
a ____________ is a mushroom-shaped pluton with a round top and flat bottom
laccolith
how was the volcano cone shown in the figure formed?
layer upon layer of basaltic lava accumulating during nonexplosive eruptions
when a divergent plate boundary forms on continents, a __________ forms
rift valley
the geologic features on the ocean floor in this region resulted from ______________
rising convection currents in the magma
what is the rating from the Richter scale based on?
size of the largest wave
what is the name for an igneous intrusion that is smaller than a batholith but similar in shape?
stock
much of Earth's internal heat comes from _______
the decay of radioactive elements
According to the data shown in the figure, what was Earth's magnetic polarity like 5 million years ago?
the reverse of today
what two topographic features of the ocean floor were discovered only with the use of sonar?
mid-ocean ridges and deep-sea trenches
which relationship between geologic structures and plate boundaries is most accurate?
explosive volcanoes most often occur near convergent boundaries
what type of instrument can measure the vibrations of an earthquake?
seismograph
a wide dome-shaped volcano built from thin, freely flowing lava is called a(n) ___________
shield volcano
hawaii, which sits over a hot spot located near the center of the pacific plate, is which type of volcano?
shield volcano
_____________ is the force per unit area acting on a material
stress
most of the mass in cluster galaxies is ________
invisible
in the photograph, which impact crater is the oldest?
B
use the table to determine the largest terrestrial planet
Earth
according to the HR diagram, what is the absolute magnitude of our sun?
(+) 5
according to the map, at which latitude and longitude is most likely to experience an earthquake?
0 degrees N, 30 degrees W
what is the distance between the sun and earth called?
1 astronomical unit
how many stars are in the disk of the milky way
100 billion
how many times larger is a magnitude 3 than a magnitude 1 earthquake on the Richter scale?
100 times
what series of the moon in the figure are waxing
15-17
what image of the moon in the figure shows a gibbous
17
how many satellites are in teh GPS
24
how many time zones are on Earth?
24
about how long does it take the solar system to make one revolution around the Milky Way?
240 million years
approximately how old is our solar system?
4.6 billion years
which planets in the figure are similar in composition to the sun?
5 through 8
how many time zones are in the United States?
6
the north pole is _________ latitude
90 degrees N
the sun contains ___________________ percent of all the mass in our solar system
99
what letter in the figure depicts the possible beginning of plutons like dikes and sills?
A
which of the galaxies shown has the same shape of our galaxy
A
_______ causes permanent strain
ductile deformation
_________ is a common term for electromagnetic radiation
light
what are dark spots on the sun's photosphere called?
sunspots
a large ocean wave that is generated by vertical motions of the seafloor during an earthquake is called a(n) ________
tsunami
an earthquake on the ocean floor can produce a(n) ______
tsunami
what two things does the appearance of a volcano depend on?
type of material and eruption
what do scientists use to measure Earth's distance from globular clusters?
variable stars
on what planet have concentrations of greenhouse gases caused extremely high surface temperatures?
venus
the bright celestial object that is often called both the morning star and the evening star is ____________________
venus
which of the inner planets has the highest average surface temperature?
venus
which best characterizes a composite volcano?
violent eruptions producing steep slopes
when does magma form?
when temperatures are hot enough to melt rock
how are depressions represented on a topographic map?
with a contour line with hachures
how is a volcanic crater connected to a magma chamber?
by a vent
which of the following did Hubble discover?
the universe is expanding
the redshift of quasars measures ___________
their distance from Earth
the __________ states that the Earth's crust and ridged upper mantle are broken into plates that move at different rates and in different directions
theory of plate tectonics
scientists are convinced that the other stars have planets in orbit about them. Without visiting these distant solar systems, how can they be sure?
there is evidence of a weak gravitational pull working on other stars
why is there no erosion on the Moon?
there is no atmosphere
a place where two plates slide laterally past each other is called a __________
transform boundary
on the summer solstice, the sun is directly above the ___________ and the number of daylight hours for the northern hemisphere is _________________
tropic of Cancer, at a maximum
rocks close to mid-ocean ridges are ________ rocks far from mid-ocean ridges
younger than
the sun is ______
a Population I star
what is pictured in the figure?
impact crater
how are place on earth located in an east or west direction?
lines of longitude
what letter in the figure depicts the possible beginning of a pluton like a stock?
C
according to the table, which city is the closest to the prime meridian?
Cape town, South Africa
identify the subduction zone in the figure
D
what will happen to Earth when the sun becomes a red giant?
Earth will get too hot to support life
planets sometimes seem to reverse direction in their course across the sky with respect to the distant stars. this effect, known as retrograde motion, is caused by _________________
Earth's revolution around the sun
which scientist was the first to find evidence that the universe is expanding?
Edwin Hubble
mass, luminocity, temperature, and diameter of stars can be demonstrated on a _________________________
Hertzsprung- Russell diagram
what part of the figure is the sun overhead during the summer solstice?
Tropic of Cancer
according to the seismogram shown in the figure, which wave is fastest?
P-wave
which wave arrives at a seismic facility first?
P-wave
which waves are called body waves?
P-waves and S-waves
most of the world's major earthquakes occur in areas bordering the _______
Pacific Ocean
according to the table, which city is farthest north?
Stockholm, Sweden
what instrument can be used to demonstrate that earth is rotating?
a Foucault pendulum
what are two stars that orbit a common center of mass called?
a binary
what was in this part of the milky way prior to 4.6 billion years ago?
a cloud of dust and gas
our solar system formed about 4.6 billion years ago when
a cloud of interstellar dust and gas began to condense
from what does a star form?
a nebula
what is olympus mons?
a shield volcano on Mars
what is located at the center of the Milky Way?
a supermassive black hole
the study of cosmology is concerned with __________
all of the above
what type of magma has the lowest silica content and is the least explosive
basaltic magma
a ___________ is a large intrusive igneous rock body that covers at least 100 square km
batholith
what are the most asteroids located?
between Mars and Jupiter
what is the name for a large creater formed when a magma chamber collapses
caldera
the subduction of an oceanic plate beneath of a continental plate produces a(n) ___________
chain of volcanic mountains
constellation that can be seen all year long from a certain location are ________________
circumpolar
what are the three labeled parts of the comet shown in the figure?
coma, nucleus, tail
the difference of two star's spectra is due to the difference of their ___________
composition
what type of projection is best for mapping small areas or weather maps?
conic projection
groups of stars named after mythological characters, animals, or everyday objects are called ______________
constellations
the smallest galaxies are called ____________ and the largest are called __________
dwarf ellipticals, giant ellipticals
the explanation of red shift is the universe is presently _________
expanding only
what do variable stars pulsate in brightness?
expansion and contraction of their outer layers
fractures in rock where sections of rock might suddenly move to create an earthquake are called ____________
faults
_________ is the combining of light weight nuclei into heavier nuclei, which gives off energy that fuels the sun
fusion
tee sun is powered by nuclear reactions involving which of the following?
fusion of hydrogen to form helium
a forming star needs a critical minimum amount of mass to enable ___________________
fusion reactions to begin
a ___________ projection is made by projecting points and lines from a globe onto a piece of paper that touches the globe at one point
gnomonic
fusions reactions could not occur in a star without the pressure created by _______
gravity
when the sun and moon are aligned the tides are _____________, which is called a _______________
greater than normal, spring tide
the equator circles Earth _________
halfway between the north and south poles
what is the sun-centered model of our solar system called?
heliocentric
the amount of helium in the sun is ________________
increasing
what is the disadvantage of absolute magnitude?
it can only be calculated if a stars distance is known
what is the distance of 1 degree longitude
it changes from 111 km to a point
why doesn't apparent magnitude actually measure the brightness of the star
it doesn't account for distance
why does magma move up to and through Earth's crust?
it is less dense than surrounding rock
during the time of pangaea, what had the greatest impact on Earth's climate?
it was a time of a giant global ocean
is the rate of the universe expansion speeding up or slowing down?
it was slowing down, but now it is speeding up
why is venus the hottest planet, even though it is not the closest to the sun?
its greenhouse effect
when astronomers were first attempting to gauge the size of the universe, they used an observational effect known as parallax to show that
other stars are very far away from us
nearly 5 billion years ago, a rotating mass of dust and gas called the solar nebula gave rise to
our solar system
using the scale below, what can you infer about why our Sun wouldn't form a super-massive black hole?
our sun does not have enough mass
which is NOT a layer of the moon
outer core
what is the study of Earth's magnetic record?
paleomagnetism
the supercontinent from Wegener's theory of continental drift is called ________
pangaea
from Earth, stars appear to shift in position, which is called ____________--
parallax
at what point in the graph would a rock be permanently deformed?
past the elastic limit
what are most earthquakes associated with?
plate boundaries
the tremendous amount of heat within Earth powers ________
plate tectonics
what do astronomers use to map the shape of the milky way?
radio waves
which zone of the sun moves energy through radiation?
radioactive
which best describes the shapes and massed of galaxies?
range from dwarf ellipticals, having masses of one million Suns, to giant ellipticals, having masses of 100 trillion Suns
the eccentricity of a perfect circle is ___________ and a very elongated ellipse is ______________
zero, one
what characteristics do the gas giants have in common?
all of the answers are correct
the parallax effect cannot be used to measure distance to other galaxies because they ____________
are too far away to produce measurable parallax
an earthquake that registered high on the Richter scale and low on the Mercalli scale most likely occurred in which type of location?
area with few residents
how does a landsat satellite differentiate between objects on earth's surface?
features on Earth radiate warmth at different frequencies, which show up as different colors on Landsat images.
why does jupiter have a banded appearance?
flow patterns in its atmosphere
if you travel west across the international date line you would move your calendar ______
forward one day
where are the oldest stars in the milky way galaxy located
halo and central bulge
the ________________ of the moon are light in color, mountainous, and heavily covered by craters
highlands
what is the composition of saturn's atmosphere
hydrogen, helium, and ammonia ice
comets are bodies that are ______________ that orbit _______________
ice and rock, the Sun
according to the map, a seismic station in which city would be the first to detect seismic waves from an earthquake occuring in Mexico City?
Acapulco
what letter in the figure demonstrates magma melting rocks after they are broken off and sink?
B
the table shows how many eruptions were experienced by the volcanoes in the past 100,000 years. which volcano is the least likely to experience a huge eruption in present day?
Mount Hood
what happens as a lithospheric plate moves over a hot spot?
a chain of volcanoes forms
what is a pyroclastic flow?
a mixture of volcanic gas, ash, and other tephra
what type of igneous pluton is tabular and parallel to surrounding rock layers?
a sill
what is the rating for an earthquake from the modified Mercalli scale based on?
amount of damage
what was one reason that Wegener's hypothesis of continental drift was rejected?
he could not explain where the continents had moved
mount st. helens erupted with a massive cloud of dust and ash. what type of volcano is mount st. helens?
composite
what type of volcano forms from alternating layers of tephra and nonexplosive lava?
composite volcano
what evidence did Wegener use to estimate the time of Pangaea's break up
fossil data
which type of information was NOT collected by Wegener to support his continental drift hypothesis
glacial deposits
why does knowledge of Earth's interior come from seismic waves?
they change speed and direction when they encounter different materials
An expedition brings up a piece of rock from the Gauss normal epoch. According to the figure, what is the probability that it came from a time when the magnetic field is the same as today?
very likely
__________ is the internal resistance to flow of a liquid
viscosity
what are the large, angular fragments thrown from a volcano called?
volcanic blocks
when magma emerges explosively from a volcano, it often forms rocky fragments called tephra. the largest pieces of tephra are called __________
volcanic blocks
