ENVS 1126 Final Exam Composite LSU
Which of the following statements is not true of the sulfur cycle?
Unlike nitrogen and carbon, organisms do not require or contain sulfur
A nation such as France which has a rich and ancient cultural heritage, a strong and sophisticated democracy and legal system and well established programs of education and creative arts would have a. strengths in all aspects of intangible capital. b. very little natural capital. c. low levels of both produced and natural capital. d. a relatively low GNP.
A.
A stable population would remain unchanged if a. births and deaths increased by the same quantity. b. the birth rate increased as the death rate decreased. c. emigration rates and death rates increased equally. d. births and emmigration increased by the same quantity
A.
A surprising new finding in the battle against AIDS reveals that HIV transmission in heterosexual relationships is reduced if a. the male is circumcised. b. the woman is taking birth control pills. c. a woman has already had two children. d. the male has had sex with a prostitute.
A.
Along the shoreline of a pond, Canadian geese, American toads, and grass frogs search for food while bluegill and bass prey on small fish in the shallow water. These species, living and feeding in this particular location, represent one a. community. b. ecosystem. c. species. d. population.
A.
Citizen science and citizen involvement in policy formulation a. can help move policymaking out of the hands of special interest groups into law. b. have generally hampered local policies to fix environmental problems. c. make it even more difficult to enact international environmental policy. d. are a continuing source of junk science and misinformed opinion.
A.
Globalization in developing countries a. may threaten local attempts to market goods in developing nations. b. tends to level the differences between the rich and poor. c. can support subsistence farming by encouraging the importation of agricultural products. d. has most benefited the poorest people.
A.
In general, problems caused by economic activities are a. addressed by laws and public policies. b. usually temporary. c. not environmental problems. d. characteristic of small populations.
A.
In response to environmental problems, the Chinese government has a. increasingly relied upon local, non-governmental groups to monitor and respond. b. refused to recognize any long-term problems associated with air and water pollution. c. insisted on centralized government control and removed power from local governments. d. simply agreed that these are the costs associated with economic prosperity.
A.
India's improvements in food production and health care have a. been offset by tremendous growth in population size. b. resulted in literacy rates above 80% for women. c. resulted in most people employed in high-tech jobs in the cities. d. brought India the levels of development equal to most industrialized countries.
A.
India's improvements in food production and health care have: a. been offset by tremendous growth in population size b. brought India the levels of development equal to most industrialized countries c. resulted in literacy rates above 80% for women d. resulted in most people employed in high-tech jobs in the cities
A.
Microlending has a. produced million of loans, primarily to women, in more than 40 countries with a 97% pay-back rate. b. been successful in large part due to considerable investments by the United Nations to cover the losses of more than 40% of the unpaid loans. c. struggled because far too many poor people are unable to pay off their loans while under impoverished conditions. d. been limited to Bangladesh and two other countries because it requires specific conditions.
A.
Rabbits in Australia a. are an example of the high biotic potential of some introduced species coupled with a lack of natural predators. b. have now evolved into three new species as the rabbits adapted to their new environments. c. evolved with marsupials and are a natural part of the Australian landscape. d. have recently been eliminated by introducing a lethal rabbit virus.
A.
Sustainable development and the protection of public health require a. public policies that protect the environment. b. the generation of electricity from fossil fuels. c. governments to recognize personal liberties as the highest priority. d. the independence of private landowners to develop individual policies.
A.
The Haber-Bosch process creates nitrogenous fertilizers by a. converting nitrogen gas and hydrogen to ammonia. b. extracting reactive nitrogen from soils. c. extracting nitrogen oxides from the gases produced when fossil fuels are burned. d. allowing vegetative detritus to break down under anaerobic conditions.
A.
The Ivory-Billed Woodpecker, long thought extinct, may have been found in deep woods of Missouri. Even though a few individuals may have survived, this may not be enough to avoid extinction of this species. What else must these few birds do to ensure the survival of the species? a. Maintain a viable breeding colony in the face of environmental resistance factors b. Defend a territory against other bird species and predators c. Migrate to a better habitat that is more protected from people d. Shift to a new source of food widely available in their region
A.
The global human population in 2015 is more than a. 7.3 billion and is growing at a rate of 1.1%. b. 13 billion and is decreasing by 3% each year in developing nations. c. 2.2 billion and is no longer growing. d. 10 billion and is increasing at an annual rate of 5%.
A.
The most difficult arena in which to attempt to gain consensus on environmental policy is a. international b. local c. national d. state
A.
The risk of introducing a natural enemy to control an invasive species is that a. the natural enemy might also become an invasive pest. b. it might drive the invasive species to extinction. c. the natural enemy may introduce genetic diversity into the invasive species. d. the natural enemy might evolve into a new species.
A.
What is an NGO, and why are they important for government policy? a. NGO stands for nongovernmental organization. NGO's are composed of citizens who lobby for support and enactment of environmental policies. b. NGO stands for national geographic organization. NGO's help conserve wildlife and biodiversity by making government policies. c. NGO stands for natural global outlook. NGO's are used by people to support enactment of environmental policy d. NGO stands for neogeopolitical organization. NGO's make international laws for countries to enact.
A.
Which is an example of produced capital? a. Stocks and bonds b. Sustainably produced timber c. Organically grown mangoes d. Fisheries
A.
Which of the following best represents kinetic energy? a. A hot burner on a stove b. A charged battery c. The energy in the wax molecules of a candle d. Gunpowder in a bullet
A.
Which of the following statements about total fertility rate values is not true? a. Poorer nations have less children than poor people in rich nations. b. The majority of rich nations have between 1 and 2.5 children per mother. c. Poor nations commonly have 5 or more children per mother. d. Most nations with high fertility rate but low per capita income are in Africa.
A.
Which of the following was not a consequence of the Neolithic Revolution? a. Increased mortality b. Trade with other human populations c. Establishment of cities and cultural centers d. Specialization of labor
A.
You are a newly appointed advisor in a government project to help move a developing country forward economically. With limited financial resources and staffing, which of the following would be your highest priority? a. Help the government promote family planning throughout the country. b. Create new businesses by partnering with developed nations. c. Shift the focus of agriculture to that which will produce the highest yields of nutritious foods. d. Build up the ports of the country to increase the ability to import and export products.
A.
You sit comfortably in your room studying and notice that the air temperature is fluctuating considerably. Perhaps the air conditioning system is not well regulated. Sometimes it gets too hot and you sweat, while other times you get so cold that you shiver. When you are sweating or shivering, you are exhibiting your a. limits of tolerance. b. temperature optima. c. abiotic independence. d. resource range.
A.
Living organisms draw their essential elements from a. the atmosphere and lithosphere. b. the atmosphere, lithosphere, and hydrosphere. - the biosphere interacts with the three sphere by exchanging elements and energy. c. the lithosphere. d. the atmosphere.
B.
The greatest human population increases over the next few decades is expected to occur in
Africa
Most of the energy captured by photosynthesis is stored in chemical bonds in a. oxygen. b. glucose. c. carbon dioxide. d. water.
B.
A disproportionately high placement of toxic waste sites in regions of the United States populated by minorities most likely indicates Select one: a. a demographic transition. b. environmental racism and justice. c. sustainable development. d. urban "smart growth."
B.
China, Malaysia, and Indonesia are examples of developing nations that have a. been unable to escape the poverty-debt trap. b. successfully entered the global market. c. become fragile states. d. not yet entered the process of demographic transition.
B.
Citizen science and citizen involvement in policy formulation a. have generally hampered local policies to fix environmental problems. b. can help move policymaking out of the hands of special interest groups into law. c. make it even more difficult to enact international environmental policy. d. are a continuing source of junk science and misinformed opinion.
B.
From a global sustainability perspective, economic production a. is the sum of all photosynthesis in the biosphere and the resulting natural products. b. is the process of converting the natural world to the manufactured world. c. consists of all of the natural products and natural resources in the world, which are available for harvesting by humans. d. represents the summed gross national products of all
B.
Globalization via the Internet and social media has been most effective addressing which of the following problems? a. Global climate change b. The challenges of producing and distributing enough food for the people of the world c. The dispersion of exotic species to new locations in the world d. The spread of infectious organisms
B.
In general, fertility rates a. decrease as per capita income decreases. b. decrease as per capita income increases. c. are unrelated to per capita income. d. increase as per capita income increases.
B.
In response to environmental problems, the Chinese government has a. insisted on centralized government control and removed power from local governments. b. increasingly relied upon local, non-governmental groups to monitor and respond. c. simply agreed that these are the costs associated with economic prosperity. d. refused to recognize any long-term problems associated with air and water pollution.
B.
Large families in poor countries a. are becoming more common as the use of modern agriculture increases. b. are common, in part because more children means more labor. c. are common, due largely because of low infant and childhood mortality. d. are rare, because having many children is expensive.
B.
Large stocks of fish in the Great Lakes represent a. produced capital. b. renewable natural capital. c. nonrenewable natural capital. d. intangible capital.
B.
Researchers wanted to determine if pesticide Z was effective at killing grasshoppers that typically invade cornfields. Two ten-acre cornfields located 1 mile apart were chosen. The cornfield to the west was sprayed only with water. The cornfield on the east received the same amount of water with a 10% solution of pesticide Z. Samples of the numbers of grasshoppers in the field were made every week for 10 weeks. They found that the number of grasshoppers doubled after ten weeks in the west field treated only with water. They also found that the number of grasshoppers declined by 50% after 10 weeks in the East field treated with water and pesticide Z. Which field was the control group? a. There were no controls in this experiment. b. The west field was the control group. c. The east field was the control group. d. Both fields were controls for one another.
B.
The classical economic paradigm and the new ecological economic paradigm differ in the way that a. the value of capital is assessed, either in dollars (classical) or as resources that can be mined from the Earth (ecological). b. each views the land, either as a resource within the human economy (classical) or as something that encompasses the economy (ecological). c. labor and capital are assessed, either counting the total labor and capital resources available (classical) or that which is in use in operations (ecological). d. labor is determined, either as the number of people who are unemployed not counting farmers (classical) or the number of people who are unemployed counting farmers (ecological).
B.
The ecological economic paradigm places the greatest emphasis on the a. public's understanding of the natural environment. b. essential functions of the natural environment. c. amount and quality of capital available to industry. d. abundance of well-trained, well-educated labor that is available.
B.
The greatest threats to the health of the environment are a. trends toward urbanization. b. poverty, development, and population growth. c. agriculture and surface mining operations. d. education and the overuse of modern medicine.
B.
The preparation and publication of the book Silent Spring represented which stage of the policy life cycle? a. Control b. Recognition c. Implementation d. Formulation
B.
The recent rise of the Chinese economy is associated with a. the adoption of economic policies widespread in the former Soviet Union. b. a switch to free-market policies. c. the adoption of rigid centralized planning. d. the elimination of economic systems.
B.
Two conflicting approaches to helping countries through the demographic transition require different types of aid. What are two feasible types of aid? a. desalination plants to bring in more fresh water and distribution of vaccines. b. investments in banks and distribution of birth control. c. shipments of large amounts of food and improvements in sanitation systems. d. construction of recycling plants and investment in pollution control systems.
B.
Unlike high-income countries, low-income countries rely most on their a. intangible capital. b. natural capital. c. human resources. d. produced capital.
B.
Unlike with most species, human population ecology must also include consideration of the a. impact of infectious disease on mortality. b. interactions of the global human population. c. ability of humans to construct safe places to live. d. impact of severe weather on human health and safety.
B.
We would expect that increased industrialization and development would affect the poverty cycle by a. decreasing the use of natural resources. b. increasing the use of contraceptives. c. increasing available resources, resulting in still larger family sizes. d. increasing the demand for food.
B.
We would expect that increased industrialization and development would affect the poverty cycle by a. increasing the demand for food. b. increasing the use of contraceptives. c. decreasing the use of natural resources. d. increasing available resources, resulting in still larger family sizes. The correct answer is: increasing the use of contraceptives.
B.
Which revolution stimulated exponential growth of the human population? a. The Environmental Revolution b. The Medical Revolution c. The Industrial Revolution d. The Green Revolution
B.
Unlike developed countries, a leading cause of child mortality in developing countries is a. a snakebite or large predators such as crocodiles and tigers. b. cancer. c. communicable diseases, diarrhea, and other common afflictions. d. accidents involving farm equipment and other agricultural activities.
C.
A grasshopper population in a prairie is limited in large part by the number of birds in the region. Following a hurricane that killed many of the birds, the grasshopper population exhibits exponential growth. This happens because the grasshoppers experienced a. a new biotic potential with steady environmental resistance. b. a new much lower biotic potential with decreased environmental resistance. c. a steady biotic potential but suddenly decreased environmental resistance. d. a decreased biotic potential and decreased environmental resistance.
C.
Answers to which one of the following questions would be most useful in determining whether two populations are separate species? a. Do they live on the same continent? b. Do they appear anatomically similar? c. Do they interbreed to produce viable hybrids? d. Do they require similar nutrients?
C.
Biodiversity is important because a. if certain species decline, photosynthesis may not be possible b. if certain species decline, there would be too much oxygen in the atmosphere c. it is necessary to maintain stability of ecosystems d. humans can use new sources of food
C.
Countries that have completed or nearly completed the demographic transition experienced a. the epidemiological transition and industrialization within the last decade. b. a resource and technology transition that gave rise to the green revolution. c. the epidemiological transition and industrialization over 100 years ago. d. a political and sociological transition that gave rise to increased rural lifestyles.
C.
In a free-market society, a. the needs of the poor are best met by the interests of business. b. the interests of the poor, labor and business are the same. c. the needs of the poor are often not met by business interests but instead by government programs. d. governments ensure the free flow of goods and services in international trade.
C.
Natural capital includes ecosystem capital plus a. money available to invest in growing industry. b. natural forms of energy, such as solar, wind, and flowing water. c. nonrenewable resources such as fossil fuels. d. all of the products of photosynthesis in the biosphere.
C.
Some birds consume certain soils in what is called geophagy. In some cases, the soils help the birds digest toxins that occur in their diets. These birds eating soil represent a member of the a. atmosphere consuming a component of the hydrosphere. b. lithosphere consuming a component of the biosphere. c. biosphere consuming a component of the lithosphere. d. hydrosphere consuming a component of the atmosphere.
C.
Thailand's prospects for addressing current environmental problems are a. very good because air and water pollution have declined along with population growth. b. very good because much less land is needed for agriculture. c. serious but more hopeful because of slower population growth. d. worse because of the decline in population and decline in per capita income.
C.
The fact that every organism in a biological community has a distinctly separate niche is largely the result of a. abiotic factors: soil chemistry, temperature, and moisture. b. seasonal climate changes. c. the fact that nearly all species live at the limits of their tolerance boundaries. d. competition among many species for limited resources.
C.
The natural modes of nitrogen fixation are a. fossil fuel combustion. b. various industrial processes of making fertilizers. c. lightning and bacterial fixation in soils. d. denitrification and various industrial processes.
C.
The region of Kerala in India demonstrates that improvements in health care and longevity are correlated with a. increased reliance upon India's caste system b. decreases in literacy rates c. reductions in total fertility rates and a high literacy rate d. decreases in per capita income
C.
Walking through a national park, you step off a well-marked trail to take a photograph and accidentally trample a rare orchid. This is an example of a. commensalism. b. mutualism. c. amensalism. - When one organism is harmed and the other is unaffected. Stepping on an orchid does not affect the person, it only harms the orchid. d. predation
C.
Which of the following about AIDS is true? a. In Swaziland, the incidence of AIDS is lower than in most developed countries due to the increased reliance on condoms. b. AIDS is most abundant in developed countries. c. AIDS deaths have declined due to increased funding from developed countries. d. In sub-Saharan Africa, AIDS is primarily spread through homosexual contact.
C.
Which of the following best represents potential energy? a. Sunlight shining on people on a beach b. A breeze blowing across the top of a lake c. A charged battery in a flashlight d. Cars stopped at an intersection
C.
Which of the following does not represent a common-pool resource? a. Wildlife in a prairie b. Tees in a forest c. Money stored in a bank d. Fish in a river
C.
Which of the following organisms is most likely a K-strategist? a. Fruit flies b. Bacteria c. Oak trees d. Bullfrog
C.
Which of the following represents a type of top-down regulation for wildflowers living in a forest? a. Amount and timing of precipitation b. Strength and frequency of sunlight c. Herbivores in the region - top-down is the control of a population by predation. Bottom-up is the control of a population that occurs because of scarcity of resources. With that being said, the herbivores eat the wildflowers, resulting in a top-down regulation. d. Types of minerals in the soil
C.
With few exceptions, inorganic compounds do not have a. nitrogen-oxygen bonds or carbon-oxygen bonds. b. potassium-sodium bonds or hydrogen-chlorine bonds. c. carbon-hydrogen bonds or carbon-carbon bonds. d. hydrogen-nitrogen bonds or carbon-oxygen bonds.
C.
A country that has undergone a full demographic transition has a. a higher birth rate and a lower death rate, and it is about to undergo industrialization. b. a higher birth rate and a lower death rate. c. a lower birth rate and a higher death rate. d. a lower birth rate, a lower death rate, and it has undergone significant economic growth.
D.
Environmental public policy is intended to a. ensure access to natural resources for industry. b. measure the impact of industrial wastes on the environment. c. promote the harvesting of natural resources. d. improve human welfare and protect the natural world.
D.
In a free-market society, a. governments ensure the free flow of goods and services in international trade. b. the needs of the poor are best met by the interests of business. c. the interests of the poor, labor and business are the same. d. the needs of the poor are often not met by business interests but instead by government programs.
D.
In general, careful and detailed economic studies indicate that environmental protection helps the environment a. but hurts the economy and is bad for jobs b. and helps the economy but costs the loss of jobs c. and produces more jobs but hurts the economy d. and does not hurt the economy or cost a net loss of jobs
D.
In the years 2004-2010, predicted benefit to cost ratios a. always had more cost than benefits. b. usually had more costs than benefits. c. usually had more benefits than costs. d. always had more benefits than costs.
D.
Large families in poor countries a. are common, due largely because of low infant and childhood mortality. b. are rare, because having many children is expensive. c. are becoming more common as the use of modern agriculture increases. d. are common, in part because more children means more labor.
D.
The GINI index assesses a. the attitudes of stewardship in various nations. b. the relative size of national ecological and carbon footprints. c. the rate at which technology is affecting consumption patterns within a nation. d. the relative economic disparity within nations. - it measures the distribution of income across a population.
D.
The Gross Domestic Product (GDP) and GPI/ISEW include calculations of the a. cost of crime. b. labor that goes into housework, parenting, and volunteer work. c. cost of pollution. d. income from the sale of natural products.
D.
The destruction of oyster larvae in Oregon aquaculture tanks was caused by a. pathogenic bacteria. b. minute predators accidentally imported in sea water. c. temperatures too warm for larval survival. d. increase in the acidity of sea water in which the larvae were incubated.
D.
To implement China's one-child policy, the government a. pursued strict compliance in rural agricultural areas but not in urban areas. b. promoted voluntary compliance as a patriotic act. c. deported anyone who did not comply. d. instituted an elaborate system of economic and social incentives and penalties.
D.
Two species have separate ranges but use the same food resources. However, their ranges overlap in one area. It is found in the area of overlap that the species have evolved separate anatomical specializations that reduce interspecific competition for food. This is an example of a. biotic transformation. b. resource partitioning. c. competitive exclusion. d. character displacement.
D.
Which of the following illustrate the liquidation of ecosystem capital in a developing country? a. Expanding logging of hardwood forests for export b. Allowing bridges and roads to degrade without repair c. Increasing agricultural output to export wheat d. All of these options
D.
Which of the following represents a Millennium Development Goal that is still not close to being achieved? a. Universal primary education b. Reversal of the incidence of malaria and other major diseases c. Increased access to clean drinking water d. Reduced child mortality
D.
Which of these are most prominent if you find yourself standing in the midst of a jack pine forest in Northern Michigan just after a winter blizzard?
Hydrosphere and Biosphere
Which of the following activities would be consistent with the Millennium Development Goals addressing health and hunger?
Providing meals and mosquito nets for every child under the age of five
Which revolution may yet have the greatest impact on the future quality of life for people on Earth?
The Environmental Revolution
Which revolution is most responsible for the shift from phase I to phase II in the process of demographic transitions?
The Medical Revolution
When a single species evolves into two species, the new species must
be reproductively isolated
Unlike developed countries, a leading cause of child mortality in developing countries is
communicable diseases, diarrhea, and other common afflictions
In general, the movement toward sustainability is
growing, with greater interest from governments and businesses
Perpetual motion machines without an additional energy input cannot exist because
in any energy conversion, some energy is lost
Which of the following is a recent political response to efforts of the environmental movement?
increased conflict over access to publicly owned resources
The "rule of law index" is a measure of
justice and structure of social systems in a society.
In Lake Michigan, resources would include
microscopic algae in the water
Which of the following does not represent a common-pool resource?
money stored in a bank
Which of the following is not a renewable resource?
oil reserves, buried deep below the surface of the ground
Adaptation in populations takes place in response to
only the selective pressures they currently experience
Which of the following human traits are typical of K-strategists?
parental care for long duration
On land, the carbon dioxide used today in photosynthesis to form carbon-containing organic molecules of plant tissues is mostly returned to the air because of
respiration in plants, animals, and organisms in the soil
The confidence in a scientific theory is most related to
the amount of unbiased supporting evidence
