EPS 7 HW (1,2,4,5,6,7,8,9,10,11,12,13,14)
As the Earth cools, the atmosphere holds ____ water vapor and that tends to cause the atmosphere to emit ____ radiation to space.
"less" and "more"
As the Earth warms, the atmosphere holds ____ water vapor and that tends to cause the Earth to emit ____ radiation to space.
"more" and "less"
Parties to the UNFCCC commit to the UNFCCC objective of
"prevent[ing] dangerous anthropogenic interference with the climate system"
what is the radiative forcing of the other positive forcings combined?
+1 W/m2
what is the radiative forcing of CO2?
+2 W/m2
how much will the average American use of fossil fuels each year?
- 3 tons of coal - 2400 cubic meters of gas - 22 barrels of oil
what were the preindustrial levels of carbon?
- atmosphere: 600 GtC - land/plants: 500 GtC - soils: 1500 GtC - ocean: 40,000 GtC
what are the underground concentration carbon?
- coal (5000 GtC) - gas (250 GtC) - oil (350 GtC)
what are the three fossil fuels?
- coal (C or CH) - oil (CH2) - gas (CH4)
what have we used of the underground concentration?
- coal: 200 GtC burned - oil: 150 GtC burned - gas: 50 GtC burned
why is global warming a positive forcing (aka net inflow increases)?
- higher CO2 causes a higher altitude of T =1 surface emitting to space - since atmosphere has lapse rate of 6.5 K/km, its colder higher up - by SB law, a colder T = 1 surface radiates away less power => holds in more radiation
what are things conserved?
- mass (kg) - momentum (kg x m/s) - energy (kg x m2/s2 or J)
what is the total feedback parameter given all the feedbacks?
-1 W/m2/K
If a sand dune's feedback parameter is +25 kg/s/m, by what amount does its net rate of inflow change if we apply a sudden height perturbation of −5 m?
-125 kg/s
is a sand dunes feedback parameter is +25 kg/s/m by what amount does its net rate of inflow change when there is a sudden height perturbation of -5 m
-125 kg/s
If a sand dune's feedback parameter is −3 kg/s/m, what is the final perturbation if a forcing of −9 kg/s is applied?
-3 m
if a sand dunes feedback parameter is -3 kg/s/m, what is the final perturbation if a forcing of -9 k/s
-3 m
If a sand dune's feedback parameter is −15 kg/s/m, by what amount does its net rate of inflow change if we apply a sudden height perturbation of 3 m?
-45 kg/s
if a sand dune's feedback parameter -15 kg/s/m, by what amount does the net rate inflow change if there is a sudden perturbation of 3m?
-45 kg/s
What of the following emits photons?
-Earth -A person -The Sun A chair
why is there abundant nitrogen in earth's atmosphere
-N2 does not like to stay in magma so its emitted by volcanoes -N2 does not easily react chemically
which of the following was responsible for the industrial revolution?
-abundant coal -James Watt -scientific revolution
middle clouds
-altostratus: middle layers -altocumulus: middle heaps
high clouds
-cirrus: hair like -cirrostratus: hair like layers -cirrocumulus: hair like heaps
where does radiation move energy into, out of, or within the Earth?
-from the surface to the atmosphere -from the sun to the earth -within the atmosphere -from the earth to space
clouds w/ vertical development
-nimbostratus: layer of precipitation -cumulonimbus: heap of precipitation
low clouds
-stratus: layer (you can't see the sun but theres no wetness from precipitation) -stratocumulus: layer of heaps -cumulus: regular ass cloud
What is another way to write 300 Mya
.3 Gya
if a sand dunes feedback parameter is -8 kg/s/m, what is the final perturbation if a forcing of 4 kg/s is applied
.5 m
Aerosol spray cans are responsible for how much radiative forcing?
0 W/m2
Roughly how much sea-level rise do we get from melting the Arctic sea ice?
0 m
What is a typical capacity factor for a solar panel?
0.15
At the current rate of global warming of 3 K/century, roughly how much additional sea-level rise have we committed the planet to each year?
0.2 m
How long does it take to drive 5 km at 20 km/hour?
0.25 hours
What is a typical capacity factor for a wind turbine?
0.3
How much higher is global mean sea level today than it was in the preindustrial?
0.3 m
If a sand dune's feedback parameter is −8 kg/s/m, what is the final perturbation if a forcing of 4 kg/s is applied?
0.5 m
Using Wien's law, what is the peak wavelength of radiation emitted by an object with a temperature of 6000 K?
0.5 micron
To make 1 J of ethanol energy from U.S. corn, we have to expend
0.6 to 1.3 J
900 millibars equals
0.9 bar
borehole paleothermometry reveals a mean global ground-temperature increase over the past 100 years of
1 K
When wind turbines are distributed over a property to maximize the electrical power generated per land area, roughly what amount of electrical power per area can we hope to generate?
1 W/m2
Utility-scale wind power costs roughly how much to install per watt of rated power?
1 dollar/W
Ocean acidification puts 60% of the carbon burned by humans into the ocean on a timescale of
1 thousand years
Proven reserves of uranium could provide the needed 60 TW of power for how long?
1 year
To generate the needed 60 TW of power, roughly what percentage of Earth's land surface would we need to cover in solar cells?
1%
who owns climate models in the US?
1) NASA 2) NOAA 3) NCAR 4) DOE
The optical depth T for some path of light through a gas depends on:
1) a constant k describing how readily the gas tends to absorb or scatter radiation 2) the length 🔺z of the light path 3) the density p of the gas
why is climate sensitivity defined in terms of doubling?
1) a doubling is convenient 2) each doubling gives roughly same amount of warming
what are the three things that can burn that contribute to positive feedback?
1) peat 2) permafrost 3) clathrates
how does the atmosphere interact with radiation?
1) scatters some shortwave 2) aborbs and emits longwave
what are the four signs of warming?
1) tropical glaciers 2) borehole temperature 3) surface-air thermometers 4) satellites
What is the likely amount of carbon contained in methane clathrates?
1,000-10,000 GtC
Taken altogether, methane, nitrous oxide, ozone, and halocarbons are responsible for approximately how much radiative forcing?
1.0 W/m2
Roughly how much is 1.07^5?
1.35
What is roughly the maximum potential global power generation from hydroelectric dams?
1.5 TW
What is the modern estimate for the likely rage of Earth's climate sensitivity
1.5 to 4.5 K
What is the modern estimate for the likely range of Earth's climate sensitivity?
1.5 to 4.5K
Roughly what is 1.02^30?
1.60
Using the minus-thirty-and-halve approximation, what is 50 °F in Celsius?
10 C
Roughly at what rate are fossil fuels being burned today?
10 GtC/year
what is the current global emission of CO2?
10 GtC/year (5 into ocean, 5 into atmosphere)
Consider a metal rod that has 10 W of heat conduction between its two ends, which are maintained at temperatures of 200 K and 400 K. If we raise the temperature of both ends by 100 K, what is the new rate of heat conduction along the rod?
10 W
if a lightbulb produces 100 J of heat and light energy while on for 10 seconds, how much electrical power does the lightbulb consume?
10 W
Towards the end of this century, the human population will be roughly
10 billion
roughly how thick is earth's atmosphere
10 km
What is the rate of gravitational acceleration on Earth, often represented by g?
10 m/s^2
Using Wien's law, what is the peak wavelength of radiation emitted by an object with a temperature of 300 K?
10 micron
The acidified ocean is returned to its original pH on a timescale of
10 thousand years
at the earth's surface, atmospheric pressure is equivalent to
10 tons per square meter
At the current rate of global warming of 3 K/century, how long does it take to get an additional committed sea-level rise equal to the height of a Cal basketball player?
10 years
Methane in the atmosphere oxidizes to CO2 on what timescale?
10 years
What is the timescale for a human to grow to its maximum height?
10 years
methane in the atmosphere oxidizes to CO2 on what timescale?
10 years
Roughly what fraction of land area is suitable for wind power, i.e., has a wind class of 3 or higher?
10%
what is the timescale of hiding carbon for the dissolution of CaCO3?
10,000 years (to hide 80% of burned carbon)
If a 2-kg weight is lifted 5 meters, how much gravitational potential energy has it been given?
100 J
If a 5-kg weight is lifted 2 meters, how much gravitational potential energy has it been given?
100 J
If a hydropower plant extracts energy from 100 kg/s of water that falls 100 m, roughly how much electrical power does it generate?
100 kW
After ocean acidification and dissolution of calcium carbonate, silicate weathering removes the remaining 20% of the extra carbon still in the atmosphere on a timescale of
100 thousand years
what is the timescale of hiding carbon from silicate weathering?
100,000 years (for the remainder)
in a business-as-usual scenario, what is a likely concentration of atmospheric CO2 in the year 2100?
1000 ppm
what is the timescale of carbon hiding by ocean acidification?
1000 years (to hide 60% of burned carbon)
what is the likely amount of carbon contained in methane clathrates?
1000-10000 GtC
How much power does the average American consume?
10000 W
If the partial pressures of nitrogen, oxygen, argon, and water vapor are 780 mbars, 200 mbars, 10 mbars, and 30 mbars, what is the total pressure?
1020 mbars
In a dry atmosphere, what is the numerical value of the lapse rate
10K/km
If we hold the concentrations of greenhouse gases constant at the levels anticipated in 2100 for the RCP8.5 scenario, roughly how much land warming would we get if we waited long enough?
12 K
ff we hold the concentrations of greenhouse gases constant at the levels anticipated in 2100 for the RCP8.5 scenario, roughly how much land warming would we get if we waited long enough?
12 K
In the business-as-usual scenario, the global mean temperature will be 4 K warmer than preindustrial in 2100. What will the rate of sea level rise be?
12 mm/year
when did the Big Bang occur?
14 Gya (billion years)
An overshot water wheel generates power by capturing the gravitational potential energy of water as it is carried by the wheel from its top to its bottom. If a 2-m-diameter overshot water wheel processes 7 kg/s of water, roughly how much power does it generate?
140 W
Roughly how much wind power could we possibly extract from the global land surface?
15 TW
Consider a metal rod that has 10 W of heat conduction between its two ends, which are maintained at temperatures of 200 K and 400 K. If we lower the temperature of the cold end from 200 K to 100 K, what is the new rate of heat conduction along the rod?
15 W
Consider a metal rod that has 10 W of heat conduction between its two ends, which are maintained at temperatures of 200 K and 400 K. If we raise the temperature of the hot end from 400 K to 500 K, what is the new rate of heat conduction along the rod?
15 W
when was oil formed from the Jurassic?
150 Mya (million years)
Averaging over all land, day/night, seasons, and weather, the power per land area of sunlight is
150 W/m^2
Including all soil depths, permafrost contains how much carbon?
1500 GtC
If a 5-kg weight is lifted 2 meters on the moon, how much gravitational potential energy has it been given? On the moon, g = 1.6 m/s2.
16 J
If a mixture of nitrogen and oxygen has a total pressure of 900 mbars, and if the partial pressure of nitrogen is 720 mbars, what is the partial pressure of oxygen?
180 mbars
In what year was the greenhouse effect postulated thereby initiating the field of climate science
1824
In what year was the greenhouse effect postulated, thereby initiating the field of climate science?
1824
in what year was the greenhouse effect postulated, thereby initiating the field of climate science?
1824
The first prediction of global warming was made in what year?
1896
In what decade did measurements on Mauna Loa first document rising concentrations of CO2
1960s
In what decade did measurements on Mauna Loa first document rising concentrations of CO2?
1960s
In what year did congressional testimony first raise awareness about global warming?
1988
In what year did congressional testimony first raise public awareness about global warming
1988
The IPCC was founded in _____ and issued its first assessment report in _____ .
1988 and 1990
1 ppm
2 GtC
What is the current radiative forcing from the extra CO2 that is currently in the atmosphere?
2 W/m2
roughly at what rate is the atmospheric concentration of CO2 increasing?
2.5 ppm/year
roughly at what rate is the atmospheric concentration of Co2 increasing
2.5 ppm/year
The carbon contained in peat down to 1 meter is equivalent to how many years of fossil-fuel burning at the current rate of emissions?
20
the carbon contained in peat down to 1 meter is equivalent to how many years of fossil-fuel burning at the current rate of emissions?
20
At what rate are humans currently consuming energy?
20 TW
what is roughy the per capita consumption of oil in the United States
20 barrels/ year
Assuming a 2000-year timescale for the adjustment of sea level, if sea level is rising at 10 mm/year, roughly what is the committed sea-level rise?
20 m
Consider a 0.01-kg feather initially at rest, so vi = 0, at height hi in a vacuum. It is dropped and reaches a final speed of vf = 20 m/s at the ground, where hf = 0. What was hi?
20 m
Consider a 2-kg bowling ball initially at rest, so vi = 0, at height hi in a vacuum. It is dropped and reaches a final speed of vf = 20 m/s at the ground, where hf = 0. What was hi?
20 m
When the planet has warmed by 3 K, roughly what is the committed sea-level rise?
20 m
Roughly how much higher will CAPE be when the temperature has increased by 3 K?
20%
Roughly what fraction of the carbon burned by humans is still in the atmosphere as CO2 after 10,000 years?
20%
roughy what fraction of Earth's atmosphere is oxygen
20%
How much carbon is there in peat worldwide down to one-meter depth?
200 GtC
how much carbon is there in peat worldwide down to one-meter depth?
200 GtC
if the concentration of atmospheric CO2 increases by 100 ppm roughly how much more carbon is there in the atmosphere
200 GtC
Which of the following is a typical temperature of a blowtorch?
2000 K
Imagine that the Arctic has 3 million km2 of ice in September of 2030, and that September Arctic ice area is decreasing in 2030 by 2 million km2 per decade. In what year would you project the Arctic to be ice-free in September?
2045
A typical building has 3 meters between floors and the average American adult weighs 80 kg. How much energy does it take to lift 5 average American adults up 2 floors in a typical building?
24 kJ
Using the minus-thirty-and-halve approximation, what is 80 °F in Celsius?
25 C
where does the burning of fossil fuels go?
250 GtC to atmosphere, 150 GtC to ocean
In an atmosphere with water, approximately what is the temperature at a height of 4 km if the temperature at a height of 2 km is 283 K?
270K
What is 0 °C in Kelvin?
273 K
What was the preindustrial concentration of carbon dioxide
280 ppm
what was the preindustrial concentration of carbon dioxide?
280 ppm
What was the preindustrial concentration of carbon dioxide?
280ppm
What is 20 °C in Kelvin?
293 K
If Earth's mean temperature increases from 288 K to 291 K when CO2 is doubled from its preindustrial concentration, what would you expect if CO2 were quadrupled from its preindustrial concentration?
294 K
By how much have Berkeley's warm season maximum temperatures increased over the past 125 years
2K
how much has Berkeley warmed?
2K
Given Earth's feedback parameter of -1 W/m2/K, what is roughly its final temperature perturbation in response to a doubling of CO2, which causes a forcing of 3 W/m2?
3 K
Roughly how much power will a 10-MW wind turbine generate?
3 MW
whats the radiative forcing for a doubling of CO2?
3 W/m2
wha is 3 Gya
3 billion years ago
At the current rate of sea-level rise, how much higher will global mean sea level be in 10 years?
3 cm
At roughly what rate is global mean sea level rising currently?
3 mm/year
what is roughly the per capita consumption of coal in the united states
3 tons/ year
when was Earth formed?
3.5 Gya (billion years)
How far does a person go if they jog at 1 m/s for 1 hour?
3.6 km
how much is in one GtC (gigaton) of carbon?
3.7 Gt of CO2
Averaging over all land, day/night, seasons, and weather, and assuming a typical solar-cell efficiency, the electrical power per land area generated by PV panels is
30 W/m^2
Using Wien's law, what is the peak wavelength of radiation emitted by an object with a temperature of 100 K?
30 micron
If a town is underlain by 3 m of permafrost, and if the permafrost is thawing there at a rate of 10 cm/year, in roughly how long will the town have no permafrost?
30 years
On planet Zorkon, the effective height of longwave emission to space is at 9 km where the temperature is 210 K. If the lapse rate in Zorkon;s dry atmosphere is 10 K/km what is the surface temperature
300 K
Which of the following is a typical temperature on Earth?
300 K
when was coal formed from carboniferous?
300 Mya (million years)
How many Joules of heat are generated by a heater that outputs 500 W for 10 minutes?
300 kJ
when did fossil fuels from organism form?
300-500 Mya (million years)
What is 30 °C in Kelvin?
303 K
Our planet Kruftulon, the effective height of longwave emission to space is at 3 km where the temperature is 310 K. If the lapse rate in Kruftulon's dry atmosphere is 10 K/km, what is the surface temperature?
340 K
Roughly how much more water vapor is in an atmosphere once it warms up by 5 K?
35%
the human body produces about 100 W of heat energy per time. How much heat energy does the human body emit in an hour? Recall that an hour has 3600 seconds.
360 kJ
Given Earth's feedback parameter of -1 W/m^2/K what is roughly its final temperature perturbation in response to a doubling of CO2 which causes a forcing of 3 W/m^2?
3K
What is the modern best estimate of Earth's climate sensitivity
3K
What is the modern best estimate of Earth's climate-sensitivity?
3K
What is the mean of 0, 4, 8?
4
What is the mean of 0, 4, and 8?
4
If we hold the concentrations of greenhouse gases constant at the levels anticipated in 2100 for the RCP4.5 scenario, roughly how much globally averaged warming would we get if we waited long enough?
4 K
When was Earth formed?
4.5 Gya
Using the minus-thirty-and-halve approximation, what is 110 °F in Celsius?
40 C
How much fossil fuels have humans burned
400 GtC
how much fossil fuel have humans burned?
400 GtC
What is the current concentration of atmospheric CO2
400 ppm
what is the current concentration of atmospheric CO2?
400 ppm
Roughly how much power will a 300-W solar panel generate?
45 W
Which of the following is a typical temperature of an oven?
450 K
If a sand dune's feedback parameter is +24 kg/s/m, by what amount does its net rate of inflow change if we apply a sudden height perturbation of 2 m?
48 kg/s
is a sand dune's feedback parameter is +24 kg/s/m by what amount does its net rate of inflow change when there is a sudden height perturbation of 2 m
48 kg/s
roughly at what rate are the oceans and plant absorbing CO2 at present
5 Gtc/ year
Roughly how much coal is available for humans to burn?
5 TtC
Consider a metal rod that has 10 W of heat conduction between its two ends, which are maintained at temperatures of 200 K and 400 K. If we lower the temperature of the hot end from 400 K to 300 K, what is the new rate of heat conduction along the rod?
5 W
Consider a metal rod that has 10 W of heat conduction between its two ends, which are maintained at temperatures of 200 K and 400 K. If we raise the temperature of the cold end from 200 K to 300 K, what is the new rate of heat conduction along the rod?
5 W
Consider a 2-kg bowling ball initially at rest, so vi = 0, at height hi in a vacuum. It is dropped and reaches a final speed of vf = 10 m/s at the ground, where hf = 0. What was hi?
5 m
The power per area emitted by an object, in W/m2, is equal to
5.67(T/100)4
If the amount of CO2 in the atmosphere increases by 100 GtC, roughly how much does the concentration of CO2 increase?
50 ppm
How much kinetic energy is in a 3-kg ball traveling at 2 m/s?
6 J
If we hold the concentrations of greenhouse gases constant at the levels anticipated in 2100 for the RCP4.5 scenario, roughly how much land warming would we get if we waited long enough?
6 K
What is the approximate power per are emited by a person in W/m2?
6 x 34
What is the approximate power per area emitted by the inside wall of an oven when baking a cake in W/m2?
6 x 4.54
in an atmosphere with water, what is the numerical value of the lapse rate
6.5 k/km
To allow all 10 billion people to live like Americans, roughly how much electrical power does humanity need to generate?
60 TW
If a bank account accrues interest at a rate of 2% per year, by what percentage has the initial principal increased after 30 years?
60%
How many GtC were there in the preindustrial atmosphere?
600 GtC
Which of the following is a typical temperature of the Sun?
6000 K
if a laser delivered 30 W of power to a target over 2 seconds, how much energy does it deliver to target?
60J
If we hold the concentrations of greenhouse gases constant at the levels anticipated in 2100 for the RCP4.5 scenario, roughly how much land warming would we get if we waited long enough?
7 K
Roughly how much higher is CAPE in an atmosphere once it has warmed by 1 K?
7%
According to the Clausius-Clapeyron equation, pv * increases with temperature exponentially at a rate of approximately
7%/K
If humans burn 5000 GtC in a couple centuries, roughly what will the atmospheric concentration of CO2 be in the year 12017?
750 ppm
If we hold the concentrations of greenhouse gases constant at the levels anticipated in 2100 for the RCP8.5 scenario, roughly how much globally averaged warming would we get if we waited long enough?
8 K
If a sand dune's feedback parameter is −20 kg/s/m, by what amount does its net rate of inflow change if we apply a sudden height perturbation of −4 m?
80 kg/s
if a sand dune's feedback parameter is -20 kg/s/m by what amount does its net rate of inflow change when there is a sudden height perturbation of -4m
80 kg/s
if a sand dune's feedback parameter is −20 kg/s/m, by what amount does its net rate of inflow change if we apply a sudden height perturbation of −4 m?
80 kg/s - because sudden height perturbation = final perturbation
If we hold the concentrations of greenhouse gases constant at the levels anticipated in 2100 for the RCP8.5 scenario, roughly how much globally averaged warming would we get if we waited long enough?
8K
How much kinetic energy is in a 2-kg ball traveling at 3 m/s?
9 J
Given Earth's feedback parameter of -1 W/m2/K, what is roughly its final temperature perturbation in response to a brightening of the Sun that leads to 9 W/m2 of extra solar absorption?
9 K
Given Earth's feedback parameter of -1 W/m^2/K what is roughly its final temperature perturbation in response to a brightening of the sun that leads to 9 W/m^2 of extra solar absorption?
9 K
given Earth's feedback parameter of -1 W/m2/K, what is roughly its final temperature perturbation in response to a brightening of the Sun that leads to 9 W/m2 of extra solar absorption?
9 K
At roughly what rate will sea-level be rising when the planet has warmed by 3 K?
9 mm/year
What is another name for shortwave?
??
If planet A is the same size as planet B, but is twice as hot, how much more rapidly does planet A lose energy by radiation?
???
If planet A is the same temperature as planet B, but has twice the area, how much more rapidly does planet A lose energy by radiation?
???
What motivated the formation of the International Meteorological Organization, later renamed the World Meteorological Organization, in the 1800s?
ALL ANSWERS telegraph, large size of storm compared to size of european countries, a desire to make weather forecasts
The optical depth T for some path of light through a gas depends on
ALL OF THESE ANSWERS 1. the density of the has 2. a constant k describing how readily gas tends to absorb or scatter radiation 3. the length of the light path
With the exception of high-energy nuclear reactions, which of the following is always conserved?
ALL OTHER ANSWERS momentum, energy, mass
The purpose of a stevenson screen is to
ALL OTHER ANSWERS reflect sunlight provide shade provide a ventilated enclosure
Which of the following is required for forming ozone in smog?
ALL THE OTHER ANSWERS NOx sunlight volatile organic compounds
methane clathrate is
ALL THE OTHER ANSWERS cold white flammable
what is plankton
Any collection of microscopic organisms that drift in the sea.
what is the empirical formula for coal
C or CH
Through this program, car manufacturers are forced to sell cars that have, on average, a miles-per-gallon efficiency above some threshold.
CAFE
Which of these is an example of a halocarbon?
CF2Cl2
What is the empirical formula for oil
CH2
WHat is the empirical formula for gas
CH4
What is the chemical formula for methane?
CH4
What chemical formula most accurately describes the burning of natural gas?
CH4 + 2O2 → CO2 + 2H2O
what chemical formula most accurately describes the burning of natural gas?
CH4 + 2O2 → CO2 + 2H2O
Photosynthesis is described by what chemical equation
CO2 + H2O + photon → O2 + CH2O
When permafrost thaws, it releases
CO2 and CH4
when permafrost thaws, it releases
CO2 and CH4
which is not a contributing factor to the seasonal cycle in atmospheric CO2
CO2 is a green house gas
which is not a contributing factor to the seasonal cycle in atmospheric CO2?
CO2 is a greenhouse gas
what happens in ocean acidification?
CO2 is added, reacting with H2O to make H2CO3 (carbonic acid) -H2CO3 will give up a H+ ion to make HCO3- (bicarbonate ion) - HCO3 gives up its H+ to created CO3-- (carbonate ion)
which compounds have positive forcings?
CO2, CH4, N2O, O3, halocarbons
what happens in dissolution of CaCO3?
CaCO3 dissolves and increases pH, allowing more carbon to dissolve
What chemical reaction ultimately removes the excess carbon from the atmosphere and ocean?
CaSiO3 + CO2 → CaCO3 + SiO2
what chemical reaction ultimately removes the excess carbon from the atmosphere and ocean?
CaSiO3 + CO2 → CaCO3 + SiO2
When was the coal formed
Carboniferous period 300 Mya
COP stands for
Conference of the Parties
Who is credited with alerting scientists to global warming by documenting the rising concentrations of carbon dioxide in the atmosphere?
Dave Keeling
Who is credited with altering scientists to global warming by documenting the rising concentrations of carbon dioxide in the atmosphere
Dave Keeling
Through this program, consumers are told what the annual energy cost of an appliance is likely to be.
Energy Star
Why is the sky blue?
Gas molecules scatter short wavelengths more than long wavelengths.
What is the first molecule that CO2 forms when dissolved in water?
H2CO3
Which chemical reaction describes ocean acidification?
H2CO3 → H+ + HCO3−
which chemical reaction describes ocean acidification?
H2CO3 → H+ + HCO3−
which are greenhouse gases?
H2O, CO2, CH4 (opaque)
In what form is most of the dissolved carbon in the ocean?
HCO3−
Through this program, the federal government pays for a fraction of your residential solar PV installation.
ITC
The IPCC stands for
Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change
how is a Watt defined in terms of other units?
J/s
Who is credited with alerting the public to global warming with his congressional testimony
James Hansen
Who is credited with altering the public to global warming with his congressional testimony?
James Hansen
who discovered that mechanical work gets converted to heat, thereby establishing the law of conservation of energy?
James Joule
who is credited with starting the industrial revolution with their invention?
James Watt
Who is credited with postulating the existence of a greenhouse effect and thereby kicking off the field of climate science?
Joesph Fourier
Who is credited with identifying the gases responsible for the greenhouse effect
John Tyndall
Who is credited with identifying the gases responsible for the greenhouse effect?
John Tyndall
Who is credited with postulating the existence of a greenhouse effect and thereby kicking off the field of climate science
Joseph Fourier
what is the unit for energy?
Joule
what are the set of appropriate units for the lapse rate
K/km
As Earth cools, the atmosphere holds ---- water vapor and that tends to cause the Earth to emit ---- radiation into space
Less and more
who created the cloud classification scheme that we still use today?
Luke Howard
what is the most abundant molecule in earth's atmosphere
N2
which are not greenhouse gases?
N2 and O2 (transparent)
What is the chemical formula for nitrous oxide?
N2O
Which of these is an example of a NOx?
NO2
Which of the following is a violation of conservation of energy
NONE
Which of the following is a violation of the conservation of mass
NONE
Which of the following is a violation of the conservation of momentum
NONE
aresols
NOT aersol, but a suspension of fire solid/liquid droplets in air - volcanic ash, pollen, sea salt, soot - decrease Earth's albedo, which decreases absorption of radiation
Which of the following is not a greenhouse gas?
Nitrogen
atmospheric Co2 decreases most rapidly in
Northern Hemisphere summer
Respiration is described by what chemical equation
O2 + CH2O → CO2 + H2O + photon
What is the chemical formula for ozone?
O3
What does optically thick mean?
Opaque (not able to be seen through)
Which of the following gases is transparent to longwave radition?
Oxygen
Why is the amount of oxygen in the atmosphere decreasing?
Oxygen is being reacted with carbon to make carbon dioxide
Through this program, the federal government pays some number of dollars for each joule of electricity generated from the first 10 years of a wind turbine's life?
PTC
Order the Phanerozoic eras from oldest to most recent.
Paleozoic, Mesozoic, Cenozoic
What do we call the layer of the Sun that emits light to space?
Photosphere
What is Earth's biggest negative feedback?
Planck feedback
Through this program, a state requires that a fraction of the electricity sold by utilities comes from renewable sources like wind and solar.
RPS
What book is credited with kicking off the U.S. environmental movement in 1962?
Rachel Carson's Silent Spring
International coordination on climate change began in 1992 with a document adopted in
Rio de Janeiro
Who first predicted global warming and made a calculation of Earth's climate sensitivity?
Svante Arrhenius
who first predicted global warming and made a calculation of Earth's climate sensitivity
Svante Arrhenius
who first predicted global warming and made a calculation of Earth's climate sensitivity in 1896?
Syvante Arrhenius
how deep into a gas does the gas emit radiation like a solid surface?
T = 1
How deep into a gas does the gas emit radiation like a solid surface?
T= 1
From what optical depth into the Sun does the Sun emit light to space?
T=1
How deep into a gas does the gas emit radiation like a solid surface?
T=1
What best describes the atmospheric greenhouse effect?
The atmosphere lets shortwave pass through but greenhouse gases readily absorb longwave
What is true about all photons?
They travel at same speed
Which of the following federal agencies does not have its own climate model?
USPS
The document adopted in 1992 is called the
United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change
What industrialized country did not join the Kyoto Protocol?
United States
What is the only country that plans to not be a party to the Paris Agreement?
United States
How is a Joule defined in terms of other units?
W x s
The IPCC was founded by
WMO and UNEP
who was the IPCC founded by?
WMO and UNEP in 1988; first repot in 1990
Which person did not play a role in discovering the power per area of radiation emitted by an object?
Watt
what is the unit of power?
Watt
What is so super about a supercomputer?
What is so super about a supercomputer?
What colors are clouds as seen from space?
White because water drops and ice scatter all wavelengths
what is GtC
a billion tons of carbon
what is methane clathrate?
a crystallized lattice structure of water with CH4 molecules trapped in between
the radiative forcing by extra greenhouse gases is best described as causing
a decrease of outgoing power
advanced microwave sound unit (AMSU)
a fancy atenna that picks up microwaves from Earth's atenna - flys in a polar orbit -measures the T = 1 layer by k
how much coal have we used?
a few percent
roughly hoe much of the recoverable coal have the humans used
a few percent
Ethanol fuel is made from the stuff found in
a glass of beer
Biodiesel is made from the stuff found in
a jug of vegetable oil
methane clathrate is
a methane- ice lattice that encases water molecules
What is an acid
a molecule that adds H+ ions to water
Which of the following is not a positive feedback? a. lapse-rate feedback b. ice albedo feedback c. cloud albedo feedback d. water-vapor feedback
a. lapse-rate feedback
how much warming do boreholes show?
about 1 K from preindustrial
Many of those who deny the science of climate change today also previously denied the science of
acid rain, the ozone hole, and tobacco and cancer
What is ASMU
advanced microwave sounding unit
which compounds have negative forcings?
aersols
What is the primary source of anthropogenic nitrous oxide?
agriculture
Which of the following is not one of the three major sectors of energy consumption?
agriculture
Parties to the UNFCCC include
all nations on Earth
what is the cloud base
all of the other answers
Many of those who deny the science of climate change today also previously denied the science of
all of the other answers: the ozone hole acid rain tobacco and cancer
stock
amount of stuff in container
CAPE is proportional to
amount of water vapor in the air
The radiative forcing by extra greenhouse gases is best described as causing
an decrease of outgoing power
Which causes the greater amount of additional warming?
an increase of CO2 from 300 to 400 ppm
Which causes the greater amount of the additional warming
an increase of CO2 from 300 to 400 ppm
Which of the following radiates the most power?
an object with Area = 1 m2 and T = 1000 K
lapse rate feedback
as Earth warms, the lapse rate changes, causing the T = 1 level to warm faster => increases longwave emission - there's a cooling effect - negative feedback
water vapor feedback
as earth warms, air holds more water vapor, decreasing longwave emission - causes more greenhouse gases - positive feedback
what is earth's climate senstivity?
averaging 3K, but can be 1.5-4.5K
what happens in silicate weathering?
basically weathers rocks to produce CaCO3 that gets flushed into oceans
why are clouds white?
because all wavelengths are scattered equally
why the is the Sun orange?
because light was not scattered (longwaves)
why is the sky blue?
because shortwave radiation is scattered (aka blue wavelengths)
why are we not worried about CO2 emissions from the ocean?
because the carbon dioxide in the ocean is dissolved
why is the Northern Hemisphere more important?
because there is more land, so the cycle of photosynthesis and respiration are more based on the northern hemisphere
What is HCO3−?
bicarbonate ion
which of the following is an example of conduction
burn hand on hot pan
Which of the following is not a leading source of anthropogenic methane emissions?
burning natural gas
Imagine that the price of a single permit is 100 $, with each permit covering 1 tC. If a company gets 0 permits for free for the year, and the company burns 3 tC of fossil fuel in that year, what does the company do?
buys 3 permits and thereby loses 300 $
Imagine that the price of a single permit is 100 $, with each permit covering 1 tC. If a company gets 3 permits for free for the year, and the company burns 6 tC of fossil fuel in that year, what does the company do?
buys 3 permits and thereby loses 300 $
Imagine that the price of a single permit is 100 $, with each permit covering 1 tC. If a company gets 0 permits for free for the year, and the company burns 6 tC of fossil fuel in that year, what does the company do?
buys 6 permits and thereby loses 600 $
What is CaCO3?
calcium carbonate
Between a blue berry and a red berry, which has the higher temperature?
cannot tell because their color is scattered light
A carbon-pricing scheme in which 100 permits are given out for free to companies in proportion to their past emissions and 2000 permits are auctioned with proceeds divvied up among all households is best described as
cap & trade and everyone gets the money
A carbon-pricing scheme in which 2000 permits are given out for free to companies in proportion to their past emissions and 100 permits are auctioned with proceeds divvied up among all households is best described as
cap & trade and polluters get the money
A carbon-pricing scheme in which 2000 permits are given out for free to companies in proportion to their past emissions and 100 permits are auctioned with proceeds spent on renewables research and development is best described as
cap & trade and polluters get the money
A carbon-pricing scheme in which 100 permits are given out for free to companies in proportion to their past emissions and 2000 permits are auctioned with proceeds spent on renewables research and development is best described as
cap & trade and victims get the money
In this carbon-pricing scheme, the market sets the price of carbon emissions.
cap-and-trade
halocarbons
carbon atom with atom from halogen element (Cl and Fl) - used as a refrigerant in air conditioning and used to be in hairspray - mainly stoped using bc it depletes ozone
Which of the following gases is relatively opaque to longwave radiation?
carbon dioxide
which of the following gases is relatively opaque to longwave radiation
carbon dioxide
In this carbon-pricing scheme, the government sets the price of carbon emissions.
carbon tax
What is CO3--
carbonate ion
What is H2CO3?
carbonic acid
CH4
caused by livestock burps, landfills, rice paddies, and fugitive natural gas (leaky) - causes more radiative forcing than CO2, but eventually becomes CO2
optical depth equation
change in T = kp X change in z
what does it depend on?
change in T= kp X change in z - k = constant (depends on the gas and wavelength of light) - p = density - z = distance
feedback parameter
change in net inflow per change in stock; tells us how much net infow changes for a given perturbation
Climate sensitivity is the...
change in temperature for a doubling of CO2
climate sensitivity is
change in temperature for doubling of CO2
A natural-gas-fired power plant is powered by
chemical reactions
Which of the following is a mechanism built into the Kyoto Protocol to allow countries to avoid reducing their own emissions?
clean development mechanism
what makes earth's climate sensitivity uncertain (predicted at 3 K but can really be 1.5-4.5 K)?
clouds
low atmospheric surface pressure usually corresponds to
cloudy and rainy weather
which of the following carbon pools has the largest amount of carbon at present
coal
which of the following carbon pools has the largest amount of carbon at present?
coal
Would most people consider 40 K cold or hot?
cold
Would most people consider 40 °F cold or hot?
cold
pH
concentration of H+ ions in a solution
What is the source of a storm cloud's buoyancy?
condensation
By what process does air hat is in contact with the Earth's surface get heat?
conduction
when mass exchanged energy with an adjacent mass by jiggling against it, what do we call this?
conduction
What do we call a fundamental law of physics that says that stuff is neither created nor destroyed?
conservation law
by what process foes a blob of hot air move its heat from Earth's surface up into the atmosphere?
convection
when energy moves from one place to another because a mass that carries that energy there, what do we call this?
convection
why does a small piece of burning paper float up into the air?
convection
If the Earth suddenly becomes warmer than its steady-state temperature, the Planck feedback tends to make the Earth
cooler
if the earth suddenly becomes warmer than its steady state temperature, the planck feedback to make the Earth
cooler
What made the Cenozoic the Age of Mammals rather than the Second Age of Dinosaurs?
cooler climate in the Cenozoic
What happens to the temperature of your skin when you exercise?
cools down
what is the most certain way to date glacial ice
counting layers
ozone (O3)
created from NOx (NO and NO2) and VOCs (volatile organic compounds) - think smog
Joseph Fourier
created the heat equation; credited with postulating the existence of a greenhouse effect and thereby kicking off the field of climate science
what caused the Great Oxygenation Event 2.4 billion years ago
cyanobacteria
The Climate Science Legal Defense Fund
defends climate scientists being threatened or harassed
The divvying up of the world into Annex-I and Annex-II countries broadly reflects
different economic conditions in North America and Western Europe compared to the former Soviet Socialist republics
What were the Mesozoic megafauna?
dinosaurs
John Tyndall
discovered greenhouse gases - found that there were gases that were transparent, but that others were opaque and could absorb and hold longwave radiation
The acidified ocean is returned to its original pH by
dissolution of calcium carbonate
Fossil Free UC is trying to get UC to
divest from fossil-fuel companies
when is warming the greatest?
during the initial warming, since warming amounts decrease with time
What do we call an animal that relies on environmental heat to keep its body warm?
ectotherm
What force holds electrons in orbit around the nucleus?
electromagnetic
What force prevents you from pushing one hand through your other hand?
electromagnetic
What do we call an animal that generates its own heat to keep its body warm?
endotherm
What is a sink of a storm cloud's buoyancy?
entrainment
what is climate sensitivity aka?
equilibrium climate sensitivity, because we wait for Earth to equilibriate to a new CO2 level
what does respiration do with carbon?
expels it with water vapor
forcing
externally applied change in a flow, specifically net inflow - negative: external reduction - positive: external increase
perturbation
extra stuff (in excess of steady state flow); change in stock - can be positive (more) or negative (less) stock than usual
Biomass energy has the potential to provide all of humanity's current energy needs.
false
Biomass energy has the potential to provide all of humanity's future energy needs.
false
Hydropower has the potential to provide all of humanity's current energy needs.
false
Hydropower has the potential to provide all of humanity's future energy needs.
false
Observations prove that global warming has made hurricanes more frequent:
false
Observations prove that global warming has made hurricanes more intense:
false
Observations prove that global warming has made tornadoes more frequent:
false
Observations prove that global warming has made tornadoes more intense:
false
halocarbons are still found in aerosol spray cans
false
pressure decreases as we move downwards in a fluid like the ocean or atmosphere
false
final perturbation
forcing/feedback parameter - only applies to negative feedback systems (aka only stable systems, so not sand dunes)
coal is
fossilized peat
coal
fossilized peat (swamp soil) that is compressed to the point where it dries out, depleting it of oxygen and leaving carbon
natural gas is
fossilized plankton
oil is
fossilized plankton
oil
fossilized plankton that is compressed at high pressures and temps
where does conduction move energy into, out of, or within the Earth?
from the surface to the atmosphere
conservation laws
fundamental principles that tell us that certain things are neither created nor destroyed; no exceptions!
Why is the sky blue
gas molecules scatter short wavelengths more than long wavelenghts
Jules Charney
gave the first modern estimate of earth's climate senstivity
What is an example of something that a wind mill does not do?
generate electricity
Tilting PV panels towards the Sun allows them to
generate more power per panel area
Overall, the land surface and the top layers of soil tend to ____ with warming.
get drier
when gas is depressurized, its temperature
goes down
when a gas is pressurized its temperature
goes up
how much oil have we used?
half
roughly how much of the recoverable oil have the humans used
half
condensation of water vapor does the following
heats the air
What is appropriate clothing for 260 K?
heavy winter jacket and earmuffs
how does ocean hide carbon?
hides it through bicarbonate ion (HCO3-), but that makes ocean more acidic bc of more H+
A toaster converts_____ -grade energy into_____ -grade energy.
high / low
the higher k and/or ρ of some gas in the atmosphere, the ____ the effective height of emission to space.
higher
Would most people consider 40 °C cold or hot?
hot
which of the following is an example of convection?
hot air balloon rises
which emits water molecules at a faster rate
hot water
Burning a significant portion of the recoverable fossil fuel will push Earth into what climate state?
hothouse
What climate state was Earth in at the time of the dinosaurs?
hothouse
Which is an example of an endotherm?
human
What is H+?
hydrogen ion
What climate state is Earth in now?
icehouse
optically thick
if some amount of gas is opaque to radiation (aka does not allow passing)
optically thin
if some amount of gas is transparent to radiation (allows passing)
If someone claims to be generating biofuel energy at a rate of 10 W per square meter of cropland, you would say that is
impossible
T = 1
in between transparent and opaque; right where gas goes thin to thick
is Earth in a steady state?
in preindustrial yes because the flow in of sun's energy equaled flow out of radiation, but right now NO
Snowball Earth has occurred
in the Precambrian
What is another name for longwave?
infrared
Which of the three has the longest wavelength?
infrared
if the atmosphere does absorb/emit longwave radiation
infrared thermometer reports 200-300K - when it doesn't, it reports 3K
flows
inputs or outputs for a container of stuff
what does photosynthesis do with carbon?
intakes it to create oxygen and glucose
IPCC
intergovernmental panel on climate change
A negative perturbation
is a decrease in the stock from its steady-state level
a negative perturbation
is a decrease in the stock from its steady-state level
A positive forcing
is an externally applied increase in the net inflow
a positive forcing
is an externally applied increase in the net inflow
A negative forcing
is an externally applied reduction in the net inflow
a negative forcing
is an externally applied reduction in the net inflow
A positive perturbation
is an increase in the stock from its steady-state level
a positive perturbation
is an increase in the stock from its steady-state level
If the number of water molecules in a fixed volume of air is doubled without changing the temperature, what happens to the water vapor pressure pv?
it doubles
If the temperature of air in a sealed jar is doubled without changing the number of air molecules, how does the pressure in the jar change?
it doubles
if the number of air molecules in a sealed jar is doubled without changing the temperature, how does the pressure in the jar change?
it doubles
what makes Earth different from Mars and Mercury?
it has an atmosphere
If the height of a sand dune is 50 meters and the net inflow of sand is 10 kg/s, what can we say about this sand dune?
it is not in steady state
if the height of a sand dune is 50 m and the net inflow of sand is 10 kg/s, what can we say about this sand dune?
it is not in steady state
If a sand dune's feedback parameter is +8 kg/s/m, what happens if we suddenly reduce the height of the dune by 2 m?
it will disappear
if a sand dune's feedback parameter is +8 kg/s/m, what happens if we suddenly reduce the height of the dune by 2 m?
it will disappear
If a sand dune's feedback parameter is −5 kg/s/m, what happens if we suddenly add 4 m of sand?
it will go back to its original steady state
if a sand dunes feedback parameter is -5 kg/s/m, what happens if we suddenly add 4 m of sand
it will go back to its original steady state
if a sand dune's feedback parameter is −5 kg/s/m, what happens if we suddenly add 4 m of sand?
it will go back to steady state bc we add stock
Which of the following is a mechanism built into the Kyoto Protocol to allow countries to avoid reducing their own emissions?
joint implementation
when was most oil formed
jurassic period 150 Mya
An ASMU measures temperature at many heights in the atmospheric emission at multiple wavelengths on the side of an oxygen resonance that each have a different
k and so a different T=1
What are the units of kinetic energy?
kg m^2/s^2
Which of the following is not a positive feedback
lapse-rate feedback
Planck's feedback
largest negative feedback system - more longwave emission that goes out has a cooling effect by SB law
When water vapor condenses, this is an example of
latent converting to sensible
What do we call energy hidden in a particular phase of matter?
latent heat
with a negative feedback system, forcing
leads to a new steady state; reestablishes equilibrium - if the earth warms, it will cool - if the earth cools, it will warm
cloud feedback
less clouds has lower albedo, so more sunlight is absorbed and warms - positive feedback
Lifting a 20-kg weight a height of 0.5 m a total of 7 times requires lifting a 5-kg weight a height of 1 m a total of 15 times.
less energy than
ice feedback
less ice and snow causes lower albedo, which causes more sunlight to be absorbed - positive feedback
how do greenhouse gases work? what is the greenhouse effect?
lets shortwave in, but traps that energy by slowing longwave emission and collective cooling - basically traps longwave from escaping
if RH < 1, then
liquid water evaporates
longwave
little scattering, but a lot of absorption and emission
Which is an example of an ectotherm?
lizard
What do we call the radiation emitted by a planet?
longwave
Imagine that the carbon tax is 100 $/tC. If a company burns 3 tC of fossil fuel in that year, what does the company do?
loses 300 $
Imagine that the carbon tax is 100 $/tC. If a company burns 3 tC of fossil fuel in that year, what does the company do? nothing
loses 300 $
Imagine that the carbon tax is 100 $/tC. If a company burns 6 tC of fossil fuel in that year, what does the company do?
loses 600 $
A coal-fired power plant converts -grade energy into -grade energy
low / high
which of the following is not one of the primary pieces of evidence for global warming
lunar brightness records
Charles David (Dave) Keeling
made scientists aware of global warming because of measurements at Mauna Koa in 1953
what was James Watt's primary contribution?
making the steam engine much more efficient
CAPE is the amount of kinetic energy per mass of air that a cloud could theoretially get by rising through the atmosphere with and no drag.
maximum / no entrainment
When talking about the wavelengths of radiation from the Sun and Earth, it is most convenient to use which unit?
micrometer
for climate studies, what are the two most important instruments inside a stevenson enclosure
min temperature and max temperature thermometers
acid
molecule adding H+ ions to water
Pulling a seed out of molten silicon is a way to generate
monocrystalline silicon
as the Earth warms, the atmosphere holds, ---- water vapor and that tends to cause the Earth to emit --- radiation into space
more and less
How many COPs have there been?
more than 20
An extra molecule of CH4 in the atmosphere causes ___ an extra molecule of CO2 in the atmosphere.
more warming than
Plastering all residential roofs with solar panels would generate
much less than 60 TW
A cap and trade scheme with auctioning of all permits preferentially favors
neither
A carbon tax with proceeds divvied up among all households preferentially favors
neither
Through this program, you are allowed to effectively sell your surplus solar electricity to the utility during the daytime.
net metering
Do suction cups work in space?
no
If a bank account accrues interest at a rate of 4% per year, by what percentage has the initial principal increased after 50 years?
none of the other answers
Roughly how much more water vapor is in an atmosphere once it is 20 K warmer?
none of the other answers
If a sand dune's feedback parameter is +1 kg/s/m, what is the final perturbation if a forcing of -2 kg/s is applied?
nonsense question because the dune is unstable
If a sand dune's feedback parameter is +3 kg/s/m, what is the final perturbation if a forcing of 3 kg/s is applied?
nonsense question because the dune is unstable
if a sand dune's feedback parameter is +3 kg/s/m, what is the final perturbation if a forcing of 3 kg/s is applied?
nonsense question because the dune is unstable
if a sand dunes feedback parameter is +1 kg/s/m, what is the final perturbation if a forcing of -2 k/s
nonsense question because the dune is unstable
which of the following is a violation of conservation of mass/momentum/energy?
nothing
if RH=1, then
nothing happens
static equilibrium
nothing is happening
What is special about 0 K?
nothing moves
Americium in your smoke detector releases energy by
nuclear fission
Existing nuclear power plants are powered by
nuclear fission
A hypothetical tokamak power plant is powered by
nuclear fusion
The Sun is powered by
nuclear fusion
If constructed, the Keystone XL pipeline will carry
oil from Alberta tar sands
If constructed, the Dakota Access Pipeline will carry
oil past Native-American land
A cap and trade scheme with free distribution of permits based on historical emissions preferentially favors
old companies
A carbon tax with proceeds returned to companies based on historical emissions preferentially favors
old companies
optical depth
opacity in T (tau)
What dies optically thick mean?
opaque
T > 1
opaque (optically thick)
Large optical depth T >> 1 corresponds to being:
optically thick
large optical depth T>> 1 corresponds to being
optically thick
Small optical depth T<<1 corresponds to being:
optically thin
small optical depth T<< 1 corresponds to being
optically thin
gas
overcooked oil
Which of the following gases is transparent to longwave radiation
oxygen
Why is the amount of oxygen in the atmosphere decreasing?
oxygen is being reacted with carbon to make carbon dioxide
which of the following is the ideal gas law
p ∝ NT
What is appropriate clothing for 280 K?
pants and a sweater
Dalton's law states that
partial pressures add
Scotch, the alcoholic drink and not the people, is made using
peat
what is scotch made from?
peat
What do we call the layer of the Sun emits light to space?
photosphere
what do we call the layer of the Sun that emits light to space?
photosphere
by what process do cyanobacteria release oxygen
photosynthesis
what occurs more in the summer?
photosynthesis
what is earths biggest negative feedback
planck feedback
what kind of orbit do most ASMUs fly
polar
Freezing silicon in a vat is a way to generate
polycrystalline silicon
Is the ice-abedo feedback a positive or negative feedback?
positive
is the ice-albedo a positive or negative feedback?
positive
With respect in Earth's temperature, an increase in CO2 in the atmosphere can be described as a
positive forcing
With respect to Earth's temperature, an increase in CO2 in the atmosphere can be described as a
positive forcing
infared thermometer
power per area in infrared radiation emitted by an object you point at it - calculates T by PPA
nitrous oxide (N2O)
primarily the result from fertilizers, but also used as a propellant and as laughing gas
The number of what particle determines what element an atom is?
proton
Which is not a type of photon?
proton
Luke Howard
published paper in 1803 that we use to classify clouds today
by what process does energy from the Sun get to Earth's surface?
radiation
when a mass exchanges energy with a faraway mass by sending photons to it, what do we cal this?
radiation
Which of the following is not a step in enacting a new treaty?
reconciliation
Which of the three has the longest wavelength?
red
what occurs more in the winter?
respiration
The climate of Venus is best described as
runaway greenhouse
Silicon is obtained from
sand
Imagine that the price of a single permit is 100 $, with each permit covering 1 tC. If a company gets 6 permits for free for the year, and the company burns 3 tC of fossil fuel in that year, what does the company do?
sells 3 permits and thereby earns 300 $
The energy budget of a wet-bulb thermometer is described by power being delivered to the bulb as heat and power being removed from the bulb as heat.
sensible / latent
When liquid water evaporates, this is an example of
sensible converting to latent
What do we call regular heat that you can feel?
sensible heat
Phil Tagami is trying to
ship coal to Asia through an Oakland port
What is appropriate clothing for 300 K?
shorts and t-shirt
What do we call the radiation emitted by the Sun?
shortwave
what do stevenson screen measurements show?
show an increase in surface air temps (and collectively across locations too) through min and max temps
what book is credited with kicking off the U.S. environmental movement in 1962?
silent spring by rachel carson
Order the four global climate states from coldest to warmest.
snowball / icehouse / hothouse / runaway greenhouse
what is peat
soggy swamp soil
permafrost
soil that is frozen all year long
Which of the following is not synonymous with the others?
solar power tower
What is serial computing?
solving a single problem on a single computer
What is parallel computing?
solving a single problem on multiple computers at the same time
shortwave
some scattering, but very little absorption and emission
The fossil-fuel industry employs scientists and public-relations firms primarily to
spread doubt about the state of climate science
What word do we ascribe to a sand dune that has no grains of sand being added or removed?
static equilibrium
What do we call a situation where wind is actively blowing sand onto and off of the sand dune, but the height of the sand dune is not changing in time?
steady state
what do we call a situation where wind is actively blowing sand onto and off the sand dune, but the height of the sand dune is not changing?
steady state
What force keeps neutrons and protons bound together?
strong
The objective of the IPCC assessment reports is to
summarize the state of climate science
what do IPCC assessments do?
summarize the state of climate science
January during the Southern Hemisphere's
summer
which of the following was not a consequence of the great oxygenation event
swarms of earthquakes
According to the Clausius-Clapeyron equation, the saturation vapor pressure pv* is a function only of
temperature
What causes the seasons?
the Earth's axis of rotation is tilted with respect to Earth's orbital plane
The divvying up of the world into Annex-I and non-Annex countries broadly reflects
the North-South divide
what happens with each doubling?
the amount of warning gets smaller, but still increases
What best describes the atmospheric greenhouse effect
the atmosphere lets shortwave pass through but greenhouse gases readily absorb longwave
Between a blue star and a red star, which has the higher temperature?
the blue star by Wien's law
climate sensitivity
the change in mean global temp for a doubling of atmospheric CO2
what is the lapse rate
the decrease in atmospheric temperature with height
what motivated the formation of the International Meteorological Organization, later renamed the World Meteorological Organization, in the 1800s?
the desire for weather knowledge, large storms for Europe, and telegraph
The rate of heat conduction, in watts, from a hot place to a cold place is proportional to
the difference in temperature between the hot and cold places
Which is a valid definition of wavelength?
the distance from a peak to an adjacent peak
why does the burning of fossil fuel cause global warming
the extra CO2 lifts the T=1 layer to a colder level in the atmosphere
why does burning fossil fuels cause global warming?
the extra atmospheric CO2 lifts the τ = 1 layer to a colder level in the atmosphere
Why does burning fossil fuels cause global warming?
the extra atmospheric CO2 lifts the τ=1 layer to a colder level in the atmosphere
As you move from the equator to one of the poles, the land tends to get less solar power per land-surface area. This is because
the higher latitudes receive sunlight at a more glancing angle
the higher the k and/or ρ of some gas in the atmosphere...
the higher the effective height emission to space
how can we use borehole temps to show warming?
the more you descend in boreholes, the more sampling you get from thousands of years ago. upper layers are warmer than they should've been
The Clausius-Clapeyron equation tells us
the pressure of water molecules leaving a liquid surface
global warming
the response of Earth's steady-state heat budget to a positive forcing from extra greenhouse gases in the atmosphere -decrease of radiation flow out (bc radiation is being held)
Lifting a 10-kg weight a height of 0.5 m a total of 5 times requires lifting a 5-kg weight a height of 1 m a total of 5 times.
the same energy as
the higher the density (p)...
the shorter the distance change in Z to get to T =1 - today, the density of greenhouse gases is increasing, so we get to T =1 faster
feedback
the system's natural change in inflows in response to a perturbation; positive amplifies the perturbation, while negative dampens the perturbation
The timescale for a process is
the time it takes for the process to be mostly done
timescale
the time it takes something to get mostly done
what is the active layer?
the top layer of permafrost that thaws out
the active layer is
the top layer of soil that thaws out at least once every year
in the ocean and in the atmosphere, pressure is equal to
the weight per area of overlying fluid
when there is a geometric increase in CO2
there is a linear increase in temp
what is happening to the glaciers?
they are disappearing
Halocarbons were initially phased out by international law because
they generated the o zone hole
Which radiates the most power, a wall with a total area of 2 m2 and temperature of 310 K, or a chair with a total area of 2 m2 and temperature of 310 K?
they radiate the same power
Which of the following is not the same as the rest?
thousand of a meter
supercomputer
thousands and millions of computers wired together for parallel computing
steady state
total flow in = total flow out
What does optically thin mean?
transparent
T < 1
transparent (optically thin)
in a house, hot air rises and cold air sinks
true
in a pot of water heated from below, hot water rises and cold water sinks
true
in the atmosphere, hot air rises and cold air sinks
true
relative humidity is the vapor pressure in the air divided by the saturation vapor pressure?
true
Studies of boreholes reveal that these layers of the ground are warmer than they would be in the absence of global warming.
upper layers
stevenson screen
used for surface air temp measurements; enclosure that shades and ventilates, as well as reflect away sunlight
which of the following is not an example of a gas being pressurized
using a can of air duster to clean a computer
Denoting wind speed by v, the kinetic energy of a blob of air is proportional to
v^2
Denoting wind speed by v, the power generated by a wind turbine is proportional to
v^3
which of the following is an example of radiation?
warm hands by the fireplace
If the Earth suddenly becomes cooler than its steady-state temperature, the Planck feedback tends to make the Earth
warmer
if the earth suddenly becomes cooler than its steady-state temperature, the planck feedback tends to make the Earth
warmer
Venus is the planet in the Solar System
warmest
AMSU records show the atmosphere
warming at low altitudes and cooling at high altitudes
The unique fingerprint of CO2-induced global warming is
warming at low altitudes and cooling at high altitudes
what does AMSU show?
warming at low altitudes and cooling at high altitudes
Which more strongly absorbs longwave radiation
water vapor
Which more strongly absorbs longwave radiation?
water vapor
if RH>1, then
water vapor condenses
What is acidic water?
water with a high concentration of H+ ions
What is the Earth's biggest positive feedback?
water-vapor feedback
what is the reality if we keep going?
we will more than double but less than quadruple our CO2 ppm
grid cells
weather and climate models discretize the world into boxes
Which way do storms move in the continental United States
west to east
serial computing
when a single computer solves a single problem
why is ocean acidification bad?
when acid increases, it blocks the production of CaCo3, which harms animals w CaCo3 structures (coral, sea butterfly, sea urchin)
parallel computing
when multiple computers solve a single problem
negative feedback
when there is a decrease in perturbation size; males steady state possible
positive feedback
when there is an increase in perturbation size
What color are clouds as seen from space?
white because water drops and ice scatter all wavelengths
When the Northern Hemisphere is in summer, the southern hemisphere is in
winter
where does convection move energy into, out of, or within the earth?
within the atmosphere
James Hansen
woke the public to global warming in 1988
do suction cups work in the deep ocean
yes
If the dry-bulb temperature and wet-bulb temperature are much greater than normal skin temperature, then
you are dying
If the dry-bulb temperature and wet-bulb temperature are much less than normal skin temperature, then
you are not sweating
If the dry-bulb temperature is much greater than normal skin temperature and the wet-bulb temperature is much less than normal skin temperature, then
you are sweating
To make 1 J of ethanol energy from Brazilian sugarcane, we have to expend
0.1 to 0.25 J
in a business per usual scenario, what is a likely concentration of atmospheric CO2 in the year 2100?
1000 ppm
When was the universe formed
14 Gya
Consider a 0.01-kg feather initially at rest, so vi = 0, at height hi in a vacuum. It is dropped and reaches a final speed of vf = 10 m/s at the ground, where hf = 0. What was hi?
5 m
Which of the three has the shortest wavelength?
blue, ultraviolet
what is another name for cyanobacteria
blue-green algae
