ESC 1000 Ch.1

Which of Earth's layers accounts for most of the volume of Earth?

mantle

Which of the following statements about differentiation are true? A. The Moon formed as a result of differentiation. B. The mantle formed as a result of differentiation. C. The Earth is round because of differentiation. D. The core formed as a result of differentiation.

mantle and core

The two most common gases of Earth's atmosphere are

nitrogen (N2) and oxygen (O2).

The Earth's magnetic field is generated by which of the following layers?

outer core

The geothermal gradient

refers to the rate of increase in temperature with increasing depth in the Earth.

Soil forms when ________ interact(s) with air, water, and organisms.

sediment

What is the stream of charged particles given off from the Sun called?

solar wind

Earth's layers in order from highest to lowest density.

Inner core Outer core Mantle Crust

Which of the following regions makes up the biggest percentage of the Earth's surface?

abyssal plains

Which of the following patterns would you observe if you started at sea level and traveled upward through the Earth's atmosphere to an elevation of 100 km?

changes from warming trends to cooling trends at distinct boundaries decreasing pressure decreasing density

planetesimals looked like inside

chondritic meteorites

Place in chronological order the events that led to life as we know it on Earth.

1. ocean formed 2. photosynthetic organisms appeared on earth 3. Oxygen accumulated atmosphere 4. multicellular life developed rapidly on earth

the birth of the Earth occurred approximately

4.54 Ga

Which of Earth's layers is the thinnest?

crust

Scientists have been able to determine the numerical age of the most important events in history by using a combination of radiometric age dating and mathematical modeling. Please put the accompanying events in order from youngest (top) to oldest (bottom).

formation of the moon formation of the Earth nuclear fusion in the proto-sun Big Bang

Earth's core

generates Earth's magnetic field.

The larger a planet or moon is, the more likely it is to

have a spherical shape.

Atoms that are heavier than iron are generally produced by

high-energy fusion reactions during the explosion of supernovae.

The earliest nebulas to form in the Universe were made almost entirely of

hydrogen and helium.

Chonological order the events that led to the formation of the Earth.

1) earth cleared it's orbit 2) the moon formed 3) volcanic activity occurred releasing gases 4) an atmosphere formed

describe the relationship between air pressure and altitude.

At the top of Mt. Everest, air pressure is less than 0.4 bars.

Formation of the Solar System, identify statements that are true of Earth. Choose one or more: A.It consists of equal amounts of refractory and volatile elements. B.It is homogenous. C.It formed from the third protoplanet from the Sun. D.It has one moon.

C. It formed from the third protoplanet from the Sun. D. It has one moon.

Formation of the Solar System, identify ways in which heavier elements form Choose one or more: A. in stars B. during the Big Bang C. during accretion D. during supernovae explosions

D. during supernovae explosions A. in stars

Rocky planets are closest to the Sun, and the gas and ice giants are farther away. Which of the following sequences places the planets in the correct order?

Mercury, Venus, Earth, Mars, Jupiter, Saturn, Uranus, Neptune

The boundary separating the crust from the mantle is called the

Moho.

The Earth's atmosphere is mostly composed of which two gases?

Ni & O

Select the statements below that correctly describe where Earth's three most abundant elements (iron, oxygen, and silica) are located.

The majority of iron is located in the core. Silica is abundant in the mantle and crust. The majority of oxygen is located in the crust and mantle.

The leading hypothesis for the formation of our Moon states that it

was formed by the collision of Earth with a Mars-sized protoplanet.