ESSC 101-Stephanie Welch/TEST 2

Igneous rock formation occurs................

primarily at or near tectonic plate boundaries

What are the types of volcanoes?

shield, cinder cone, composite

What is the definition of a mineral?

naturally occurring, inorganic solid with a specific chemical composition and a definite atomic structure

Contact metamorphism typically produces

non-foliated rocks (marble from limestone) forms close to earth's surface

Intermediate Rocks

--Between felsic and Mafic --Diorite - course grained intrusive intermediate igneous rock (oceanic-continental boundary) --Andesite - fine grained extrusive intermediate igneous rock (oceanic-continental boundary) --contains minerals -pyroxene & Amphibole (dark); and plagioclase feldspar & quartz (light)

Basic classification of metamorphic rocks

--Foliated -- a texture that gives the rock a layered appearance --Non-Foliated - does not exhibit a banded or layered appearance

What are the atomic structures in order from weakest to strongest?

--Isolated silicate structure --Single chain silicate structure --double chain silicate structure --sheet silicate structure --Framework silicate structure

Felsic Rocks

--Light colored rocks that are rich in elements such as aluminium, potassium, silicon, and sodium Rhyolite - fine-grained extrusive felsic rock Granite - course grained intrusive felsic rock (continental-continental convergnce) Obsidian - felsic volcanic glass

Medium grained Clastic rocks:

--Sandstone --made up from the grains of sand --most dominant mineral is quartz --may have iron oxide cementing grains together

Mafic Rocks

--Silica deficient rocks with high contents of: Magnsium; iron & calcium --made up predominantly of: plagioclase feldspar and pyroxene & olivine --Gabbro - course grained intrusive mafic rock --Basalt - fine-grained extrusive mafic rock (oceanic-oceanic boundary)

What happens in a flood volcanic eruption?

--Very low viscosity (basalts) --Creates extensive lava plateaus when it cools and solidifies. --Leaks out of the earth & fills in low lying areas (like the columbia river) --end up with individual layers that makeup the subsurface of the earth

Pre-existing rock to sediment

--chemical and physical weathering --Erosion --dissolution

Ultramafic Rocks

--makes up the mantle, contains less than 45% silica, Iron rich. --Composed of Olivine & Pyroxene --Peridotite - a course grained intrusive ultramafic rock

What happens in a submarine eruption?

--nearly always basaltic, pillow shape due to cooling under water --lava squirts out of the earth then rapidly cools and solidifies (This gives us evidence of how long water has been on earth)

Transportation of rock

--rounding of particles occurs due to abrasion during transport

What are the two most important elements of a mineral?

Atomic structure & specific chemical composition

crystallization of granite minerals from first to last

1. Biotite 2. Plagiclase Feldbar 3. Potassium 4. Quartz

What is granite composed of?

2 types of Feldspar, quartz & Biotite

Phanerozoic Climate Change

250 million years ago when Pangea started to break apart, an extensive amount of CO2 was released into the atmosphere from an extensive amount of volcanism. the atmosphere temps increased rapidly and caused a mass extinction.

composite volcano

A tall, cone-shaped mountain, high viscosity, high gas content and extremely explosive (Mt. Renier, Denali, Mt. Shasta, Mt. St. Helens: Within the Cascade Range)

What is the Hawaiian Islands made of?

Basalt

_____________________ is the main mafic igneous rock to form at ______________________________________

Basalt Divergent plate boundaries

Examples of Depositional Environments

Beach Swamps/Flood Plains River Channell/Delta

What are sedimentary structures?

Bedding Ripple Marks Mud cracks

Types of fossils

Body Trace

Course grained clastic rocks

Breccia Conglomerate

Course grain Clastic rocks are?

Breccia - angular gravel Conglomerate - rounded gravel

Breccia

Clastic, coarse sized grains, usually near-surface faults, angular clasts Could have fallen from a rock fall in the mountains)

The majority of sedimentary rocks are ......

Clastic/Detrial

Sedimentary rock classifications are.........

Clastic/Detrial Inorganic/Chemical organic/biochemical

Sedimentary Rock classification:

Clastic/Detrital Inorganic chemical Organic Biochemical

Chemical weathering of Feldspar and Micas:

Clay minerals

What rocks are formed at the oceanic/continental plate boundaries?

Diorite & Andesite

What are the mineral properties?

Color streak luster hardness cleavage fracture specific gravity magnetism chemical reaction

conglomerate gravel

Composed of rounded clasts that are pebble size or larger (could have formed at a river or stream)

What are the three types of rock metamorphism?

Contact regional shock

atomic structure of Amphoibole Group

Double Chain Structure

If a Diamond and Coal have the exact same composition, which one is harder and why?

Diamond it is covalently bonded in all directions

What is Volcanic Igneous Rock?

Extrusive

True or False Marble is the parent rock of Limestone

False

silica content from most to least

Felsic Intermediate Mafic Ultramafic

Crystal igneous rocks are mostly

Felsic intermediate Mafic

Crystal Igneous Rocks are mostly......

Felsic intermediate mafic

The composition of granite is called?

Felsic Composition

What makes up the continental crust?

Felsic igneous rock (Granite)

Volcanic Eruptive Types are:

Flood Eruptions Submarine Eruptions

_____________________ in sedimentary rock hold clues to the history of life

Fossils

What is the strongest silicate structure?

Framework

atomic structure of Quartz Feldspar group

Framework Silicate Structure

What rocks make up plate tectonics?

Granite & Basalt

Felsic flow

Granite lava - thick more viscose - harder to flow

Mississippi Bird's Foot Delta

Has 3 distributaries A tremendous amount of sediment comes to rest

What is Calcite Dissolution?

Hydrogen Cations replace others in minerals and allow them to dissolve in a solution. (Calcite dissolving into an acidic solution to form caves)

atomic structure of Olivine?

Isolated Silicate Structure

Mississippi Delta

It has distributaries Water is being diverted out

chemical sedimentary rocks

Limestone Chert - almost entirely of Silica Jasper/Flint - composed of crystal & silica Gypsium/Halite (Salt)

Sediment from chemical precipitation:

Loose solid particles originating from chemical precipitation from solution including secretion by organisms in water. (Calcite precipitation from sea water)

What are the special case bonding?

Metallic Bonding Van der Waals bonding Hydrogen bonding

Elements make up___________________

Minerals

Bowen's Reaction Series

Minerals form in a sequence with mafic rocks forming first deeper in the crust at higher temperatures and Felsic rocks forming last at lower temperatures higher in the crust forming more resistant rocks (like Granite)

from sediment to sedimentary rock

Movement of sediment by water, wind or ice.

mineral content of metamorphoic rocks are dependent on????

Parent rock composition

What are metamorphic rocks?

Parent rocks are "metamorphosed" by changes in composition and structure due to increased temp and pressure

Components of weathering

Physical & Chemical

ripple marks

Preserved in sand that was moved by wind, streams or waves

Deposition

Process in which sediment is laid down in new locations.

The most stable mineral on earth is?

Quartz

What mineral are most beaches made up of?

Quartz

What minerals makeup Granite?

Quartz Plagioclase feldspar potassium feldspar biotite

intraplate volcanism

Rising mantle plumes can produce localized hotspots and volcanoes (ex. Hawaii-basalt, Yellowstone-rhyolite)

Sedimentary rock analysis-----------------

Rock Type Fossils present sedimentary structures

extrusive igneous rock

Rock that forms when magma cools immediately above the surface of Earth

Minerals make up___________________

Rocks

Pre-existing rock to sedement

Rocks exposed at earths surface changed by weathering and erosion, broken into pieces to change their nature

Physical weathering of quartz:

Sand

Medium grained clastic rocks

Sandstone

"Fair Game" Sedimentary Rocks

Sandstone Shale/Mudstone Limestone Evaporites Coal

Fine grained clastic rocls

Shale Fissle Siltstone Claystone

fine grained clastic rocks

Shale Fissle Siltstone Claystone

atomic structure of Mica/Clay group

Sheet Silicate Structure

atomic structure of Pyroxene Group?

Single Chain Structure

cinder cone volcano

Steep sloping, small structure, intermediate viscosity, formed from the debre of a volcanoe

Factors controlling metamorphic rock characteristics are:

Texture Temp pressure tectonic forces foliation

What is physical weathering?

The breakdown of rocks without chemical change. Usually this is caused by abrasion. Actual process of desenegration

Where do Diorite & Andisite usually form?

The cascade range (Northern California, Oregon & Washington) Mt St Helens Mt Renier Mt shasta

What is Chemical weathering?

The process that breaks down rock through chemical changes

Lithification

The process that converts sediments into solid rock by compaction or cementation.

Yellowstone

Volcanic Felsic igneous rock that is very rare

What is a metallic bond?

a bond formed by the attraction between positively charged metal ions and the electrons around them

clastic rock

a sedimentary rock formed when rock fragments are squeezed together (sand & clay)

Bedding Structures

a series of visible layers within a rock *Most common type of structure*

Which word best describes a minerals tendency to break along planes of weakness? a. cleavage b. luster c. specific gravity d. fracture

a. cleavage

Why does basalt makeup most of the ocean floor? a. it forms at divergent plate boundaries b. basalt does not subduct at convergent plate boundaries c. basalt forms at transform plate boundaries d. none if the above

a. it forms at divergent plate boundaries

Contact metamorphism occurs

adjacent to magma bodies introducing pre-existing rock

Which of the following is the name of an angular course grained, clastic sedimentary rock? a. conglomerate b. breccia c. shale d. limestone

b. breccia

Which Silicate structure will result in a mineral that is hardest and has the fewest planes of weakness? a. sheet b. framework c. isolated d. chain

b. framework

What type of volcanic eruption contains the lowest viscosity lavas? a. strato volcano b. shield volcano c. cinder volcano d. volcanic domes

b. shield volcano

Mafic flow

basaltic lava - thin less viscose - flows easy

Mudcrack structures

became very dry over time, recording that time in history

How did the Indonesian islands form?

because of the subducting plate and the melting of the subducting plate

What is the cleavage of a mineral?

breakage along flat plains

shield volcano

broad shape, low viscosity lava (Hawaiian Islands) Indonesian Islands have all shield volcanoes

A mafic extrusive igneous rock is called? a. granite b. andesite c. basalt d. pumice

c. basalt

Which is NOT part of the definition of a mineral? a. inorganic b. solid c. man made d. specific structure

c. man made

Which of the following minerals is not typically found in granite? a. quartz b. feldspar c. pyroxene d. biotite

c. pyroxene

Non-Foliated Metamorphic Rock is named based on..........

composition (Quartzite)

What composition of igneous rocks are first to solidify from a rising magma plume? a. mafic b. intermediate c. felsic d. ultramafic

d ultramafic

Which of the following information about sedimentary rocks is useful when interpreting past environments? a. sedimentary rock type b. fossils c. sedimentary rock structure d. all of the above

d. all of the above

What types of minerals form as a result of the chemical weathering of feldspar and biotite from a granite? a. framework silicates b. calcite c. organic materials d. clay materials

d. clay minerals

What factor controls the composition of a metamorphic rock? a. type of metamorphism b. temperature c. pressure d. composition of parent rock

d. composition of parent rock

What rocks form at convergent plate boundaries?

different types if igneous rock

The violence of volcanic eruptions are controlled by?

dissolved gasses in the magma (the more trapped gas, the more violent the eruption

Trace fossils are

evidence of the activities of ancient organisms. Ex: footprints, animal trails, or animal burrows.

How is sedimentary rock formed?

from accumulation of fragments of other pre-existing rocks, sediment or from chemical precipitants

What is the fracture of a mineral?

how a mineral breaks

What are the 3 rock types?

igneous, sedimentary, metamorphic

Sedimentary rocks, structures and fossils give us------

important clues to the geological history of an area using rock type, including grain size, fossils and sedimentary structures

sediment

loose materials, such as rock fragments,mineral grains, and the remains of once-living plants and animals, that have been moved by wind, water, ice, or gravity.

Clastic/Detrital Sedimentary Rocks

made of fragments of other rocks( Sandstone, shale, conglomerate) Particularly found formed around continents

Divergent boundaries create.........................

mafic extrusive rock (basalt) that is later subducted beneath continents which is why ocean crust is mafic and continental crust is felsic

How is igneous rock formed?

magma / molten rock solidifies

intrusive igneous rock

magma cools slowly beneath Earth's surface

Limestone was metamorphosed from______________________

marble

regional metamorphism

metamorphism associated with large-scale mountain-building processes (results in foliated rocks)

Shock metamorphism results from:

meteorite impact (Brushy Creek in Louisiana is an impact sight)

Factors controlling metamorphism

parent rock, heat, pressure, fluids

Sedimentary rocks hold clues of_________________________

past environments

Pyroclastic means?

pyro - fire clastic - pieces

What is metamorphism?

refers to solid-state changes to rocks in earth's interior (no complete melting of the rocks occur to bring about these changes)

How is metamorphic rock formed?

rocks that are subjected to high temps and/or pressures (cooked but not melted) (Happens with mountain building)

What kind of rock are fossils found?

sedimentary rock

chemical sedimentary rock

sedimentary rock consisting of material that was precipitated from water by either inorganic or organic means

What is a covalent bond?

sharing of electrons

Sharing of oxygen atoms in _______________________ results in different ___________________ structures

silicate tetrahedra silicate

Silicon-Oxygen Tetrahedra

strongly bonded silicate ion basic structure for silicate minerals

texture of metamorphic rocks depends on......

temp and pressure

Body fossils are

the imprint of the organisms body after decomposition

What is the sedimentary structure?

the pattern formed after the deposition of sediment

Climate impact of volcanism

the release of dissolved greenhouse gasses (CO2, H2S, HCI) from a volcanic eruption can lead to long term warming of the atmosphere by trapping more heat close to the surface of the planet

Importance of the Mississippi River and Delta's?

they enabled Louisiana to be formed and continue to be built The river changes its path over time and builds out additional parts of Louisiana

Why are fossils not found in igneous and metamorphic rocks?

too much heat that would erase any evidence of the fossil

What is ionic bonding?

transfer of electrons

foliated metamorphic rock is named based on...........

type of foliation (Slaty, Schistose, Gneissic)