ethics chapter 2

Identify the situation that best exemplifies willful ignorance leading to a bad ethical choice.

Albert drives away from an accident scene, convincing himself that there were probably other people around to help

According to Chugh and Bazerman, ______ ________ results from failures in focusing, such as when one happens to focus on a particular element of a decision or event and misses all of the surrounding details, no matter how obvious.

inattentional blindness

one of the factors that can explain bad ethical choices is

intentional ignorance

how does in-attentional blindness lead to breakdowns in an ethical decision-making process?

it prevents one from using key information that will prevent unethical behavior

According to a tradition in philosophical ethics, a decision is likely to be impartial, fair, and ethical if _____.

it would be acceptable from the perspective of all stakeholders

According to a tradition in philosophical ethics, a decision is likely to be impartial, fair, and ethical if _____.

it would be acceptable from the perspective or all stakeholders

a decision that is completely responsible and ethical must be

justifiable to all stakeholders involved

Which step of an ethical decision-making process is taken after comparing and weighing alternatives with regard to a decision?

making a decision

What element is found in good people who make decisions that are ethically responsible and lacking in good people who fail to make such decisions?

moral imagination

the inability to recognize ethical issues has been called _____ _______ by some writers, and it is closely related to inattentional blindness

normative myopia

In ethical decision making, what does weighing the alternatives require?

predicting the impact each alternative will have on the stakeholders

Identify the third step of the decision-making process taken immediately after determining the facts and identifying ethical issues

recognizing all the people impacted by a decision

Which of the following is a second step in an ethical decision-making process?

recognizing the ethical issues involved

which of the following is a second step in an ethical decision-making process

recognizing the ethical issues involved

In the context of cognitive barriers to making ethical choices, the act of choosing the alternative that fulfills minimum decision criteria is known as _____.

satisficing

In order to avoid making unethical decisions to resolve an ethical issue, people need to train themselves to _____.

seek different methods of resolution

which of the following is useful for examining the impact a decision will have on others?

shifting one's role

Which of the following is useful for examining the impact a decision will have on others?

shifting ones role

In the context of cognitive barriers to making ethical choices, which of the following is true of the act of satisficing?

It involves people choosing the alternative that is good enough, even if it might not be the ideal alternative.

Which of the following is predominantly responsible for ensuring that an organization's environment discourages unethical behavior and promotes ethical behavior?

Its business management and executive team

Which of the following is a situation in which a bad ethical decision is made because of a lack of motivation rather than an error in cognition?

a person making a bad ethical decision because it was easier to do the wrong thing

One of the major reasons why people make unethical decisions in a business environment is because they _____.

benefit from such acts

how can decision makers protect against risks caused by an inability to identify ethical issues?

by taking input from others during the decision making process

A pharmaceutical company manufactures a drug used to treat a rare disorder. Since it monopolizes the market for that drug, it gradually decreases production of the drug while driving up prices so that it can benefit from the high demand created for that drug. The consumers of the drug, low-level employees, and other market regulators do not notice the difference because of the gradual shift over time. According to Chugh and Bazerman, this exemplifies an inability to notice an ethical issue known as _____.

change blindness

Identify the step taken in an ethical decision-making process immediately before making a decision. Implementing

comparing and weighing alternatives

In an ethical decision-making process, which step involves considering the impact of a decision on one's own character, virtue, and integrity?

comparing and weighing alternatives

An ethical decision often involves dilemmas because there are many perspectives and interests at stake. Each alternative will _____.

deny some stakeholders benefits

In ethical decision making, what does the step of making a decision involve?

devising a plan and implementing it

People make decisions that they later regret because they _____.

do not have the courage to do otherwise

Identify a true statement about comparing alternatives in ethical decision making.

duties can override consequences when comparing alternatives

One of the cognitive barriers that causes people to make bad ethical choices is that they _____.

examine only limited alternatives

In an ethical decision-making process, what is the next step after determining the facts, recognizing the ethical issues involved, and identifying the stakeholders?

examining available alternatives

what is usually the first step in an ethical decision making process?

examining the facts of a situation

In ethical decision making, what is the most helpful way to compare and weigh the available alternatives?

imagine oneself in other stakeholders' roles

Reasoning and making decisions from a limited and personal perspective ensures that one will make a decision that _____.

fails to duly consider other people and perspectives

True or false: In ethical decision making, consequences and justifications are the only means for comparing alternatives.

false

t/f ; the sciences have nothing to do with ethical decision making

false

When people fail to draw clear lines for appropriate behavior, they _____.

find it easy to make bad ethical decisions

many ethical disagreements can be explained in the first step by ______

identifying perceptual differences

when is the identification of an issue the second step in an ethical decision making process?

when a selection of facts gives a rise to a particular ethical dilemma

What are the components of the final step in an ethical decision-making process? (Check all that apply.)

- examining the implications of one's decision -monitoring and learning from the consequences of one's decision modifying one's responses accordingly when faces with similar issues in the future

Which of the following is true of the final step in an ethical decision-making process? (Check all that apply.)

- what is learned in this step can be used to create new procedures and policies - what is learned in this step can be used to adopt new practices -what is learned in this step can be used to avert future crises

What are the factors that contribute to an environment of ethical challenges and unethical decisions in business? (Check all that apply.)

-high levels of corporate executive compensation -considerable distance between decision makers and those whose lives affect -inadequate oversight corporate decisions

Identify a true statement about ethical decision making in a business environment.

Decision makers must examine the implications of both their personal and professional decisions

To avoid making bad ethical decisions, people need courage, especially to _____.

avoid giving in to significant peer pressure

Which of the following aids in making decisions more responsible, accountable, and reasonable?

approaching issues from perspectives different from one's own

________ ________ refers to creativity in identifying ethical options, and it helps a decision maker consider both obvious and much subtler options with regard to a particular ethical dilemma.

moral imagination

what does normative myopia mean?

shortsightedness about values

What do decision makers use to reassure themselves that also leads to bad ethical decisions?

simplified decision rules

What do decision makers willfully use to relieve themselves of responsibility for a bad ethical decision?

simplified decision rules

all the people impacted by an ethical decision, policy, or operation of a company or individual are known as

stakeholders

what role do the sciences play in the first step of ethical decision making?

they help identify the facts surrounding one's decision

True or false: Decisions are often made based on people's understanding of who they are and who they want to be.

true