Ethics: Discovering Right and Wrong - Chapter 6 Quiz, Secondary Phil Support

The text suggests the female "golden rule" could be:

"Treat others as friends in need, without violating principles of justice."

The self-satisfaction argument states this: "Everyone is an egoist, for everyone always tries to do what will bring him or her satisfaction." Which president of the United States famously argued this point?

Abraham Lincoln

A religion that is considered to have essentially a secular system of thought is:

Confucianism

Who modifies the position "Traits without principles are blind, but principles without traits are impotent" by distinguishing between two types of virtues?

Frankena

Which philosopher believed that reason is sufficient for establishing the moral law as something transcendent and universally binding on all rational creatures, and that it is rational will not desire that grounds our morality?

Immanuel Kant

. The opposing viewpoint that denies the theses of the Divine Command Theory is which of the following?

Independence Thesis

Who gives five criticisms of traditional male-oriented ethics, including the criticism that traditional ethics denies the moral agency of women?

Jaggar

In her groundbreaking book, Carol Gilligan discovered through studies that girls' morals develop differently from that of boys' based on the research from what Harvard professor?

Lawrence Kohlberg

Kant's formulation for the Categorical Imperative that believes each person is a rational being and has dignity and profound worth, that he or she must never be exploited or manipulated or merely used as a means to our idea of what is for the general good, is termed:

Principle of Ends.

The view that the perfection of one's abilities in a state of happiness is the highest goal for humans and that we have a moral duty to attempt to reach this goal is held by ________.

Rand

Who emphasized the need of women to be sexually appealing to men?

Rousseau

Which of the following is not one of the several common themes surrounding an ethics of care?

Women focus on abstract principles surrounding moral situations.

Aristotle considered ethics to be:

a branch of politics.

For Immanuel Kant the only acts that can truly be considered morally valuable acts are those actions that are accompanied by:

a good will.

Noddings argued that the care value is best expressed as ________.

a virtue

When an action is considered to result in the best actual consequences, it is said to be:

absolutely right.

Immanuel Kant is considered to be both an absolutist and which of the following?

absolutist

Which of the following claims that an action is right if an only if it results in as much good as any available alternative action?

act-utilitarianism

The approach to moral theory that involves acting properly to follow moral rules and judging people based on how they act is known as:

action-based.

The theory of Prima Facie was advocated by philosopher William D. Ross. It includes seven moral duties that are tentatively binding on us until one duty conflicts with another and becomes what kind of duty?

actual

The theory that holds that we should sometimes put other peoples' interests above our own is ________.

altruism

Smith's argument that an individual looking out for his own self-interest will eventually lead to the best overall situation for that society, is also described as the result of:

an invisible hand.

Kant believed that we do not have any obligations to animals because they:

are not rational beings.

The three formulations of Kant's Categorical Imperative are Principle of the Law of Nature, Principle of Ends, and Principle of:

autonomy.

According to your text, over the history of humanity, religion has dominated the moral landscape so much that it has often thought to:

be indistinguishable from religion.

In Immanuel Kant's philosophy, "ought" implies which of the following?

can

Carol Gilligan argues that ________ the central component of female ethics.

care is

Which of the following is not one of Plato's four cardinal virtues?

charity

A term that incorporates both utilitarian and deontological reliance on action-guiding rules is known as:

deontic.

A type of moral theory when a person decides to act on the principle of keeping promises is:

deontology.

According to the text, if the separate-but-equal option were instituted it could lead to:

disastrous consequences for women.

Moral differences between men and women for Wollstonecraft ________.

do not exist

The virtue of nonmaleficence is derived from the principle of:

duty not to harm.

Which of the following is not a criticism of action-based ethics?

emphasizes the development of character

The doctrine that claims that everyone ought always to do those acts that will serve his or her own best self-interest is known as which of the following?

ethical egoism

William Frankena distinguishes two types of virtues. The first virtue is the standard moral virtues, while the second are non-moral virtues sometimes known as:

evil virtues.

Wollstonecraft argues that women and men are ________.

fundamentally the same morally and psychologically

Utilitarians and Consequentialists seem to provide a very strong philosophical justification for the notion that we have obligations to which of the following?

future generations

The text discusses four options regarding gender and ethics which include all of the following except the ________.

gender-neutral option

Which of the following terms did Aristotle associate with living well and virtue?

habits

Jeremy Bentham invented a scheme to measure pleasure and pain to assist in making proper decisions. He called it which of the following?

hedonic calculus

Which of the following views pleasure as the sole good and pain as the only evil?

hedonistic utilitarianism

The term used for a person whose actions are motivated by the authority of others and is the opposite of autonomy.

heteronomy

A recent study of rhesus monkeys suggests that there is a ________ basis for the toys that boys and girls prefer.

hormonal

The three theses of the action-based moral view are the action-nature of the rules thesis, the reductionist thesis and the:

instrumental value thesis.

Jeremy Bentham's concept of utilitarianism is simply to maximize pleasure and:

minimize suffering.

Which of the following is the normative ethical theory that maintains that there is a privileged moral principle, or group of principles, that prescribe determinate actions that dictate that it would always be wrong not to act in accordance with those principles no matter what the consequences?

moral conservatism

The theory of which care-ethics is a part of which states that morality always involves certain relations with certain people, rather than lifeless abstractions, is known as:

moral particularism.

Honesty, benevolence, nonmalevolence, fairness, kindness, conscientiousness, and gratitude are considered which of the following?

moral virtues

According to the Divine Command Theory, being against the will of God is equivalent to:

moral wrongness.

According to author Richard Dawkins, what when done successfully can be seen as evolutionary strategy for gene replication?

morality

The term that reflects that we are responsible not only for the evil we commit, but also for the evil we allow is known as what?

negative responsibility

According to the Independence Thesis, rightness and wrongness are:

not based simply on God's will.

The argument that states that in order to reach the goal of egoism, a person must give up egoism and become an altruist, is the:

paradox of ethical egoism.

"The best way to attain happiness is to forget it" is asserted by which of the following?

paradox of hedonism

This theory suggests that psychological egoism has severe problems.

paradox of hedonism

According to your author, Smith's economic argument is a two-tier system. Tier 2 is utilitarian while tier 1 is ________.

practical egoism

Immanuel Kant believed that humans do not need an external authority such as God to determine the nature of moral law. He termed this what?

principle of autonomy

The position that we always do the act that we perceive to be in our own best self-interest.

psychological egoism

The theory that claims that if a person had a different nature, then that person would have different feelings and desires, and hence they would have different moral principles, is commonly believed amongst what group?

rationalists

Under Kant's Principle of Ends formulation and according to Kantian logic, people should be treated in exact proportion to their ability to:

reason.

Elliot Sober illustrates what type of altruism through the system of distributing socially beneficial rewards and punishments?

reciprocal

Pluralistic ethicists, like virtue theorists, must reject the ________.

reductionist thesis, the action-nature of the rules thesis and the instrumental value thesis

What type of utilitarianism focuses on the set of rules that are most likely to bring about the most good in a situation, rather than focusing on the consequences of particular actions?

rule

The position which claims that we must decide what is right or wrong in each situation by consulting moral rules that we receive through intuition.

rule-intuitionism

A group that has remainder rules such as this third-level remainder rule: when no other rule applies, simply do what your best judgment deems to be the act that will maximize utility.

rule-utilitarian

Your text states that all reasoning, including moral reasoning, needs which of the following?

rules

According to 18th century economist Adam Smith, individual ________ in a competitive marketplace produces a state of optimal goodness for society at large.

self-interest

According to the Divine Command Theory, ethical principles are:

simply the commands of God.

When it comes to rule-making decisions such as conserving water in a desert community, the term used to describe what is different from relativism and consistent with objectivism, and has to do with the application of moral principles, is what?

situationalism

According to your text, an egoist can't give advice or argue about his opinion. He must act alone, atomistically or ________ in moral isolation.

solipsistically

Aristotle saw female virtue as naturally one of ________.

subservience

Thomas Aquinas, a medieval law philosopher, argued that humans have a special mental process which is able to give us a general knowledge of good morals. This process is known as:

synderesis.

For David Hume and John Locke, the human mind is an empty slate upon which experience imposes lessons to us. The mind in this case is termed which of the following?

tabula rasa

A type of ethics sometimes referred to as consequentialist ethics that judges an action based on its consequences.

teleological

For Immanuel Kant, a universally applicable principle of conduct that is correct for each and every situation to be done by each and every individual is termed which of the following?

the categorical imperative

Your text states that utilitarians could and would misuse the legal or medical system to carry out their plans if this would benefit their overall goal, and that this is one of the criticisms of utilitarianism. Which of the following problems of utilitarianism does it represent?

the justice objection

Alasdair MacIntyre argues that rule-governed ethics is a symptom of the Enlightenment which exaggerated the ability of each person to arrive at a moral code by reason alone. The term to describe this is:

the principle of autonomy.

Carol Gilligan argues that in moral views, men usually emphasize rights and principles, whereas women place more importance on:

the process.

Ayn Rand, a writer whose name is the most associated with ethical egoism, argues that selfishness is a virtue and altruism is a(n):

vice.

Which of the following claims that it is important not only to do the right thing, but also to have the proper disposition, motivation, and emotion in being good and doing right?

virtue ethics

The Greek word 'arete' is the root of which of the following words?

virtue or excellence

According to your text, if God is not the source of morality in our lives, then:

we could think that God is less sovereign or necessary to our lives.

Moral rightness, according to the Divine Command Theory, means:

willed by God.

The Divine Command Theory states that:

without God, there would be no universally valid morality.