ethics exam 1

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Radzik: In the repentance theory, you make amends for your wrongdoing by "____ ___ ____" or by experiencing _____ or ____ for what you've done

changing your heart remorse or regret

"________" were asked to administer increasingly severe electric shocks to the "_______" when questions were answered ________

teachers learner incorrectly

How did Douglass respond to the article claiming the negro was not a man?

"I cannot, however, argue, I must assert"

what was different about those who obeyed and those who rebelled in the experiment? Pilgrim listed 3 categories: 1) 2) 3)

1) Obeyed but justified themselves 2) Obeyed but blamed themselves 3) Rebelled

Milgram's experiment included a number of variations. In one, the learner was not only visible but teachers were asked to force the learner's hand to the shock plate so they could deliver the punishment. Less obedience was extracted from subjects in this case. In another variation, teachers were instructed to apply whatever voltage they desired to incorrect answers. Teachers averaged 83 volts, and only ____ percent of participants used the full 450 volts available. This shows most participants were good, average people, not evil individuals. They obeyed only under coercion.

2.5%

Some teachers refused to continue with the shocks early on, despite urging from the experimenter. This is the type of response Milgram expected as the norm. But Milgram was shocked to find those who questioned authority were in the minority. _____%) of the teachers were willing to progress to the maximum voltage level

65%

Mencius emphasized 5 traditional confucian doctrines:

HIFI happiness in day to day life importance of tradition familial relations as central to the good of life importance of ritual

To the charge that he is an "extremist," King explains that there are two kinds of extremists: extremists for _____ and extremists for _____

love and hate

Radzik: Another example of self punishment is...

Dimmesdale in the scarlet letter whipping himself and fasting

the 4 basic steps to a non-violent campaign according to king were:

Direct action (non violent) Fact Gathering Negotiation (talks with politicians and business leaders) Self-purification (inner reflection and workshops on non-violence)

King's litmus test for weather a law just or unjust was:

Does the law uplift or does it degrade human personality

According to DuBois, what would eventually cause someone to lose self-respect

DuBois thought if a person didn't protest the wrongdoing then eventually they would lose self-respect

"Protest is an affirmation of the rights of the victim, the self-respecting victim of injustice will protest to make others recognize, and in that way reassure him, that he has right." _______ referred to this acknowledgment as the "____ ______ ______"

Frederick Douglass All Important Confession

Who said "Do nothing with us, and, if the negro cannot stand on his own legs, let him fall."

Frederick douglass who protested against interference

Frederick douglass agreed or disagreed with protesting?

He agreed with protesting

philosophy is greek for _____

love of wisdom

What was Washington's position on protest?

If a person felt wronged he should do something about it. If he could do nothing about it hen he should hold his tongue and wait for his opportunity

In reality, the only electric shocks delivered in the experiment were single 45-volt shock samples given to each teacher. Why was this done?

So they could get a feeling for the "shock" that were supposedly giving to the learner

Who said, no law can be considered democratically structured when a minority has no part in enacting or creating the law due to discriminatory voting rights and practices.

MLK

3 Examples of situationism are:

Milgrim's Obedience Study Stanford Prison Experiment Israeli Judge Study

Why were those who challenged authority in the minority?

Obedience is so entrenched in all of us that it may void personal codes of conduct

the aim of philosophy is to investigate what?

Our most cherished and basic beliefs

Who claimed that our desires trap us?

Plato

Who claimed we had an ignorance of good?

Plato

What was the letter from Birmingham jail a response to?

The criticism of the 8 local clergymen who considered the demonstrations unwise and untimely and pleaded for patience

"if you don't know your son, look at his friends. If you don't know your lord, look at his attendants." _____ used this phrase to support his view of environment on goodness

Xunzi

Who claimed that the fact that we have to learn to be good means we are naturally bad

Xunzi

_____ believed humans were naturally inclined to greed, aggressiveness, envy, and hate

Xunzi

_____ believed its only possible to do good by ____ _____ so goodness is not natural to humans

Xunzi conscious exertion

"A straight board doesn't need external pressure to be straight" was an argument used by _____ to support their belief that human nature is naturally ____

Xunzi evil

What two philosophers think surroundings are important to human nature

Xunzi and Mencius

What two philosophers thought humans were inherently evil

Xunzi and Plato

According to Doris and Murphy, its fair to _____ us when we act badly and good to ____ us when we act well

blame praise

Doris and Murphy: If anyone deserves to be _____ for their actions, it's people that do really ____ stuff

blamed awful

Who did Washington think was the real victims of social injustice?

Whites (the ones committing the wrongdoing) He thought the act of committing the injustice was more evil than suffering the injustice

How did Washington believe blacks could be worthy citizens?

by developing the qualities of worthy citizens.

Boxill argued that protesting was a way to _______ and ______ one's ______

acknowledge confirm worth

Radzik notes that nothing we do can.... but the ____ can be "_____" in the way a ship thats tossing can be righted

actually change the past past can be righted

Boxill agreed or disagreed with protesting?

agreed

according to plato, what keeps us "chained" 3 things

appetite, fear, and desire

Radzik: The process of ______ includes guilt, repudiation of ones motives, and a public apology

atonement

Radzik: Because acts of wrongdoing communicate objectionable _______, wrongdoers can ____ (make amends) for their actions only if they cancel out those ______

attitudes atone attitudes

Plato thinks human nature is fundamentally ____

bad or evil

according to socrates, why does our "appetite" keep us ignorant of good

because it convinces us that the things we WANT are good

Why did Mencius believe humans were naturally good?

because of our ability to learn good

Xunzi argues that our nature is evil because we....

because we long to do good poor people long for riches, ugly people long for beauty, etc..

Laws and regulations are external ways our character and wills can be .........

bent into good shape

In general, more submission was elicited from "teachers" when (1) the authority figure was in ______ _______; (2) teachers felt they could pass on _______ to others; and (3) experiments took place under the auspices of a _______ ________

close proximity responsibility respected organization

Doris and Murphy: Situations soldiers face in _____ often mitigate _______

combat responsibility

Milgram's classic yet controversial experiment illustrates people's reluctance to ............

confront those who abuse power

Mencius was a ____ philosopher

confucian

Xunzi was also a ____ philosopher but he _______ with Mencius

confucian disagreed significantly

non violent action stirs the _______ of the _______

conscionces oppressors

moral theories can be ____ or ____

conservative or radical

Plato was a _____ philosopher

contemporary

Xunzi concluded that our environment was ____ for goodness

crucial for goodness

Mencius explains it in terms of our _____

environment

Plato thinks we have a propensity for ____

evil

Xunzi believed human nature was ____

evil

What does Mencius think our nature depends on?

external things (our environment cultivates us)

According to Doris and murphy, we think of ourselves as ____ and ____ agents

free and responsible

philosophy is the basic understanding of things in the most ____ _____

fundamental way

Mencius thinks human nature is fundamentally ___

good

the desires discussed by plato and socrates presents themselves as _____ but the good/badness of these desires is merely ______

good conditional

ethics is the study of virtues and the "____ _____"

good life

philosophy: to understand how things ____ _____ in the broadest sense of the term

hang together

Milgram recruited subjects for his experiments from various walks in life. Respondents were told the experiment would study the effects of punishment on learning ability. They were offered a token cash award for participating. Although respondents thought they had an equal chance of playing the role of a student or of a teacher, the process was rigged so all respondents ended up playing the _________. The learner was an actor working as a cohort of the experimenter.

teacher

what are the two topics we've covered so far?

human nature how we should respond to evil

Plato explains our propensity for evil in terms of our ____

ignorance

Teachers were instructed to treat silence as an _______ answer and apply the next shock level to the student.

incorrect

King said "_____ anywhere is a threat to _______ everywhere"

injustice justice

Xunzi believed human nature could become good through _______

instruction

Federick Douglass protested against ______

interference

According to king, "_____ to long delayed is ______ denied."

justice justice

In response to the supposed jolts, the "______" would begin to grunt at 75 volts; complain at 120 volts; ask to be released at 150 volts; plead with increasing vigor, next; and let out agonized screams at 285 volts. Eventually, in desperation, the learner was to yell loudly and complain of heart pain.

learner

Radzik: when you break a promise, you're expressing the attitude that you're _____ _____ than the person to whom you made the promise.

more important

Xunzi explains it in terms of our _____ and _____

natural selfishness and environment

According to Radzik, to wrong someone is not just to hurt them, it involves...

not taking them seriously in a deeper way

according to king, freedom is never voluntarily given by the ______

opressor

King expresses disappointment with the white churches because they value ________ over ________

order over justice

according to socrates, what are we imprisoned by?

our 'appetite" food, drink, sex, etc..

According to Pilgrim, what are the two reasons people obey?

out of fear or out of desire to appear cooperative

According to Doris and Murphy, if what I do is a result of factors _______ of my control, then it seems I am perhaps ___ morally responsible

outside not

King answers the charge of being an "_______" by asserting his organizational ties in Birmingham; more important, he is in Birmingham because "___________."

outsider injustice is here

Washington thought that the _____ of injustice needed to be saved and not the ______

perpetrators victims

Radzik: Atonement can be ____, and so it doesn't cancel out the public expressions of ill will that are made in acts of wrongdoing

private

Radzik: Repentance can be a ____ act, but because wrongdoing communicates something about wrongdoers, it is a _____ act

private public

Participants demonstrated a range of negative emotions about continuing. Some pleaded with the learner, asking the actor to answer questions carefully. Others started to laugh nervously and act strangely in diverse ways. Some subjects appeared cold, hopeless, somber, or arrogant. Some thought they had killed the learner. Nevertheless, participants continued to obey, discharging the full shock to learners. One man who wanted to abandon the experiment was told the experiment must continue. Instead of challenging the decision of the experimenter, he _______, repeating to himself, "It's got to go on, it's got to go on."

proceeded

Xunzi believed human nature was naturally inclined toward ____

profit (self-interest)

Boxill argued that the self respecting person must, in some way, .....

protest to ensure himself that he has self respect

Radzik concludes that only a _____ act can serve to atone for acts of wrongdoing

public

Platos moral theory is considered to be ___

radical, because it requires us to reject our ordinary conception of morality

something that doesn't distort or bias ones thinking is considered ___ ___

really good

something that is "_____ _____" is something worth pursuing in any circumstance

really good

Radzik: ______ is the goal of atonement because it is only possible if a wrongdoer has publicly _______ the hurtful attitudes expressed in acts of wrongdoing

reconciliation repudiated

Participants were debriefed after the experiment and showed much _____ at finding they had not harmed the student

relief

Radzik: If you caused someone material harm, how can you materially "make it up" to them?

reparations

Radzik: One popular theory of atonement is the ____ _____

repentance theory

Ethics aka moral philosophy is the study of ___ and ____, ____ and ___

right and wrong good and bad

Washington never claimed that black america had ______. _____ would have proved that they do

rights protests

Radzik: Atonement as self punishment seems ____ ____.. It's focused exclusively on the _____ and doesn't seem to communicate the right messages about the ____

self-indulgent wrongdoer victim

Radzik: On another theory of ____-______, we atone for our wrongdoing by causing ourselves to ____ We must be _____

self-punishment suffer penitent

Radzik: One way to self punish ourselves for wrongdoing is _____ _____

serious guilt

Doris and Murphy: If what you do is explained by features of your _______, and the _____ is out of your control, then it seems you are not (or less) ______ for what you do

situation situation responsible

The view that our behavior is largely (if not entirely) explained by the situations we find ourselves is the idea of _____

situationism

Radzik: It's possible to restore the _____ _____ that was upset by a wrongdoing

social balance

According to Mencius, in many cases like the child in the well from the reading, we have a ______ ______ of ______

spontaneous reaction of goodness

What is one thing Mencius and Xunzi disagree on?

spontaneous reactions

Mencius thinks human nature is good because it supplies us with the "_______ __ _________" that, when cultivated, allow us to become good people

sprouts of rightness

King said a just law "......." and an unjust law"......"

squares with the law of god is out of harmony with divine law

All segregation laws are unjust because they spuriously assign ____________ to one group and__________ to another

superiority inferiority

Washington saw protests as a plea for ______

sympathy

Washington criticized Douglass for constantly bringing up the sufferings of black people, arguing that this showed a dependance on ______ and not one's ______ _______

sympathy own efforts

At some point the actor would refuse to answer any more questions. Finally, at 330 volts the actor would be totally silent-that is, if any of the ________ participants got so far without rebelling first.

teacher

If at any point the innocent ______ hesitated to inflict the shocks, the experimenter would pressure him to proceed. Such demands would take the form of increasingly severe statements, such as "The experiment requires that you continue."

teacher

What is Doris and Murphy's view on war crimes

they think they should be exculpated due to the stresses of the situation that the soldiers face..

Why did MLK protest?

to create tension and change

in some cases, ethicists might simply formulate rules or guidelines for behavior, the ___ ____ ___ is an example of this

university ethics contract

According to King, One who defies an _______ law, while willingly suffering the punishment for this defiance, shows the highest regard for _____ law

unjust just

The clergymen have argued that the demonstrators' actions, while peaceful themselves, have caused _______ in others. King compares this argument to contending that a robbed man is guilty of having goods that cause another man to steal.

violence

Washington _______ with protests and DuBois _______ with protests

washington disagreed DuBois agreed

Mencius thinks that in order to become good, we don't have to do what?

we don't have to do violence to our natures (Willow tree 6A1)

Xunzi argued Mencius that humans are NOT naturally good because..

what is natural will flow through you spontaneously (referring to mencius' view that we are good because of our ability to learn good)

when is something considered "conditionally good?"

when it feels good, helpful or useful in a certain situation but not in another

Radzik: A problem with repentance is that "changing one's heart" seems insufficient to cancel out the ______

wrongdoing


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