ethics exam 1
Radzik: In the repentance theory, you make amends for your wrongdoing by "____ ___ ____" or by experiencing _____ or ____ for what you've done
changing your heart remorse or regret
"________" were asked to administer increasingly severe electric shocks to the "_______" when questions were answered ________
teachers learner incorrectly
How did Douglass respond to the article claiming the negro was not a man?
"I cannot, however, argue, I must assert"
what was different about those who obeyed and those who rebelled in the experiment? Pilgrim listed 3 categories: 1) 2) 3)
1) Obeyed but justified themselves 2) Obeyed but blamed themselves 3) Rebelled
Milgram's experiment included a number of variations. In one, the learner was not only visible but teachers were asked to force the learner's hand to the shock plate so they could deliver the punishment. Less obedience was extracted from subjects in this case. In another variation, teachers were instructed to apply whatever voltage they desired to incorrect answers. Teachers averaged 83 volts, and only ____ percent of participants used the full 450 volts available. This shows most participants were good, average people, not evil individuals. They obeyed only under coercion.
2.5%
Some teachers refused to continue with the shocks early on, despite urging from the experimenter. This is the type of response Milgram expected as the norm. But Milgram was shocked to find those who questioned authority were in the minority. _____%) of the teachers were willing to progress to the maximum voltage level
65%
Mencius emphasized 5 traditional confucian doctrines:
HIFI happiness in day to day life importance of tradition familial relations as central to the good of life importance of ritual
To the charge that he is an "extremist," King explains that there are two kinds of extremists: extremists for _____ and extremists for _____
love and hate
Radzik: Another example of self punishment is...
Dimmesdale in the scarlet letter whipping himself and fasting
the 4 basic steps to a non-violent campaign according to king were:
Direct action (non violent) Fact Gathering Negotiation (talks with politicians and business leaders) Self-purification (inner reflection and workshops on non-violence)
King's litmus test for weather a law just or unjust was:
Does the law uplift or does it degrade human personality
According to DuBois, what would eventually cause someone to lose self-respect
DuBois thought if a person didn't protest the wrongdoing then eventually they would lose self-respect
"Protest is an affirmation of the rights of the victim, the self-respecting victim of injustice will protest to make others recognize, and in that way reassure him, that he has right." _______ referred to this acknowledgment as the "____ ______ ______"
Frederick Douglass All Important Confession
Who said "Do nothing with us, and, if the negro cannot stand on his own legs, let him fall."
Frederick douglass who protested against interference
Frederick douglass agreed or disagreed with protesting?
He agreed with protesting
philosophy is greek for _____
love of wisdom
What was Washington's position on protest?
If a person felt wronged he should do something about it. If he could do nothing about it hen he should hold his tongue and wait for his opportunity
In reality, the only electric shocks delivered in the experiment were single 45-volt shock samples given to each teacher. Why was this done?
So they could get a feeling for the "shock" that were supposedly giving to the learner
Who said, no law can be considered democratically structured when a minority has no part in enacting or creating the law due to discriminatory voting rights and practices.
MLK
3 Examples of situationism are:
Milgrim's Obedience Study Stanford Prison Experiment Israeli Judge Study
Why were those who challenged authority in the minority?
Obedience is so entrenched in all of us that it may void personal codes of conduct
the aim of philosophy is to investigate what?
Our most cherished and basic beliefs
Who claimed that our desires trap us?
Plato
Who claimed we had an ignorance of good?
Plato
What was the letter from Birmingham jail a response to?
The criticism of the 8 local clergymen who considered the demonstrations unwise and untimely and pleaded for patience
"if you don't know your son, look at his friends. If you don't know your lord, look at his attendants." _____ used this phrase to support his view of environment on goodness
Xunzi
Who claimed that the fact that we have to learn to be good means we are naturally bad
Xunzi
_____ believed humans were naturally inclined to greed, aggressiveness, envy, and hate
Xunzi
_____ believed its only possible to do good by ____ _____ so goodness is not natural to humans
Xunzi conscious exertion
"A straight board doesn't need external pressure to be straight" was an argument used by _____ to support their belief that human nature is naturally ____
Xunzi evil
What two philosophers think surroundings are important to human nature
Xunzi and Mencius
What two philosophers thought humans were inherently evil
Xunzi and Plato
According to Doris and Murphy, its fair to _____ us when we act badly and good to ____ us when we act well
blame praise
Doris and Murphy: If anyone deserves to be _____ for their actions, it's people that do really ____ stuff
blamed awful
Who did Washington think was the real victims of social injustice?
Whites (the ones committing the wrongdoing) He thought the act of committing the injustice was more evil than suffering the injustice
How did Washington believe blacks could be worthy citizens?
by developing the qualities of worthy citizens.
Boxill argued that protesting was a way to _______ and ______ one's ______
acknowledge confirm worth
Radzik notes that nothing we do can.... but the ____ can be "_____" in the way a ship thats tossing can be righted
actually change the past past can be righted
Boxill agreed or disagreed with protesting?
agreed
according to plato, what keeps us "chained" 3 things
appetite, fear, and desire
Radzik: The process of ______ includes guilt, repudiation of ones motives, and a public apology
atonement
Radzik: Because acts of wrongdoing communicate objectionable _______, wrongdoers can ____ (make amends) for their actions only if they cancel out those ______
attitudes atone attitudes
Plato thinks human nature is fundamentally ____
bad or evil
according to socrates, why does our "appetite" keep us ignorant of good
because it convinces us that the things we WANT are good
Why did Mencius believe humans were naturally good?
because of our ability to learn good
Xunzi argues that our nature is evil because we....
because we long to do good poor people long for riches, ugly people long for beauty, etc..
Laws and regulations are external ways our character and wills can be .........
bent into good shape
In general, more submission was elicited from "teachers" when (1) the authority figure was in ______ _______; (2) teachers felt they could pass on _______ to others; and (3) experiments took place under the auspices of a _______ ________
close proximity responsibility respected organization
Doris and Murphy: Situations soldiers face in _____ often mitigate _______
combat responsibility
Milgram's classic yet controversial experiment illustrates people's reluctance to ............
confront those who abuse power
Mencius was a ____ philosopher
confucian
Xunzi was also a ____ philosopher but he _______ with Mencius
confucian disagreed significantly
non violent action stirs the _______ of the _______
conscionces oppressors
moral theories can be ____ or ____
conservative or radical
Plato was a _____ philosopher
contemporary
Xunzi concluded that our environment was ____ for goodness
crucial for goodness
Mencius explains it in terms of our _____
environment
Plato thinks we have a propensity for ____
evil
Xunzi believed human nature was ____
evil
What does Mencius think our nature depends on?
external things (our environment cultivates us)
According to Doris and murphy, we think of ourselves as ____ and ____ agents
free and responsible
philosophy is the basic understanding of things in the most ____ _____
fundamental way
Mencius thinks human nature is fundamentally ___
good
the desires discussed by plato and socrates presents themselves as _____ but the good/badness of these desires is merely ______
good conditional
ethics is the study of virtues and the "____ _____"
good life
philosophy: to understand how things ____ _____ in the broadest sense of the term
hang together
Milgram recruited subjects for his experiments from various walks in life. Respondents were told the experiment would study the effects of punishment on learning ability. They were offered a token cash award for participating. Although respondents thought they had an equal chance of playing the role of a student or of a teacher, the process was rigged so all respondents ended up playing the _________. The learner was an actor working as a cohort of the experimenter.
teacher
what are the two topics we've covered so far?
human nature how we should respond to evil
Plato explains our propensity for evil in terms of our ____
ignorance
Teachers were instructed to treat silence as an _______ answer and apply the next shock level to the student.
incorrect
King said "_____ anywhere is a threat to _______ everywhere"
injustice justice
Xunzi believed human nature could become good through _______
instruction
Federick Douglass protested against ______
interference
According to king, "_____ to long delayed is ______ denied."
justice justice
In response to the supposed jolts, the "______" would begin to grunt at 75 volts; complain at 120 volts; ask to be released at 150 volts; plead with increasing vigor, next; and let out agonized screams at 285 volts. Eventually, in desperation, the learner was to yell loudly and complain of heart pain.
learner
Radzik: when you break a promise, you're expressing the attitude that you're _____ _____ than the person to whom you made the promise.
more important
Xunzi explains it in terms of our _____ and _____
natural selfishness and environment
According to Radzik, to wrong someone is not just to hurt them, it involves...
not taking them seriously in a deeper way
according to king, freedom is never voluntarily given by the ______
opressor
King expresses disappointment with the white churches because they value ________ over ________
order over justice
according to socrates, what are we imprisoned by?
our 'appetite" food, drink, sex, etc..
According to Pilgrim, what are the two reasons people obey?
out of fear or out of desire to appear cooperative
According to Doris and Murphy, if what I do is a result of factors _______ of my control, then it seems I am perhaps ___ morally responsible
outside not
King answers the charge of being an "_______" by asserting his organizational ties in Birmingham; more important, he is in Birmingham because "___________."
outsider injustice is here
Washington thought that the _____ of injustice needed to be saved and not the ______
perpetrators victims
Radzik: Atonement can be ____, and so it doesn't cancel out the public expressions of ill will that are made in acts of wrongdoing
private
Radzik: Repentance can be a ____ act, but because wrongdoing communicates something about wrongdoers, it is a _____ act
private public
Participants demonstrated a range of negative emotions about continuing. Some pleaded with the learner, asking the actor to answer questions carefully. Others started to laugh nervously and act strangely in diverse ways. Some subjects appeared cold, hopeless, somber, or arrogant. Some thought they had killed the learner. Nevertheless, participants continued to obey, discharging the full shock to learners. One man who wanted to abandon the experiment was told the experiment must continue. Instead of challenging the decision of the experimenter, he _______, repeating to himself, "It's got to go on, it's got to go on."
proceeded
Xunzi believed human nature was naturally inclined toward ____
profit (self-interest)
Boxill argued that the self respecting person must, in some way, .....
protest to ensure himself that he has self respect
Radzik concludes that only a _____ act can serve to atone for acts of wrongdoing
public
Platos moral theory is considered to be ___
radical, because it requires us to reject our ordinary conception of morality
something that doesn't distort or bias ones thinking is considered ___ ___
really good
something that is "_____ _____" is something worth pursuing in any circumstance
really good
Radzik: ______ is the goal of atonement because it is only possible if a wrongdoer has publicly _______ the hurtful attitudes expressed in acts of wrongdoing
reconciliation repudiated
Participants were debriefed after the experiment and showed much _____ at finding they had not harmed the student
relief
Radzik: If you caused someone material harm, how can you materially "make it up" to them?
reparations
Radzik: One popular theory of atonement is the ____ _____
repentance theory
Ethics aka moral philosophy is the study of ___ and ____, ____ and ___
right and wrong good and bad
Washington never claimed that black america had ______. _____ would have proved that they do
rights protests
Radzik: Atonement as self punishment seems ____ ____.. It's focused exclusively on the _____ and doesn't seem to communicate the right messages about the ____
self-indulgent wrongdoer victim
Radzik: On another theory of ____-______, we atone for our wrongdoing by causing ourselves to ____ We must be _____
self-punishment suffer penitent
Radzik: One way to self punish ourselves for wrongdoing is _____ _____
serious guilt
Doris and Murphy: If what you do is explained by features of your _______, and the _____ is out of your control, then it seems you are not (or less) ______ for what you do
situation situation responsible
The view that our behavior is largely (if not entirely) explained by the situations we find ourselves is the idea of _____
situationism
Radzik: It's possible to restore the _____ _____ that was upset by a wrongdoing
social balance
According to Mencius, in many cases like the child in the well from the reading, we have a ______ ______ of ______
spontaneous reaction of goodness
What is one thing Mencius and Xunzi disagree on?
spontaneous reactions
Mencius thinks human nature is good because it supplies us with the "_______ __ _________" that, when cultivated, allow us to become good people
sprouts of rightness
King said a just law "......." and an unjust law"......"
squares with the law of god is out of harmony with divine law
All segregation laws are unjust because they spuriously assign ____________ to one group and__________ to another
superiority inferiority
Washington saw protests as a plea for ______
sympathy
Washington criticized Douglass for constantly bringing up the sufferings of black people, arguing that this showed a dependance on ______ and not one's ______ _______
sympathy own efforts
At some point the actor would refuse to answer any more questions. Finally, at 330 volts the actor would be totally silent-that is, if any of the ________ participants got so far without rebelling first.
teacher
If at any point the innocent ______ hesitated to inflict the shocks, the experimenter would pressure him to proceed. Such demands would take the form of increasingly severe statements, such as "The experiment requires that you continue."
teacher
What is Doris and Murphy's view on war crimes
they think they should be exculpated due to the stresses of the situation that the soldiers face..
Why did MLK protest?
to create tension and change
in some cases, ethicists might simply formulate rules or guidelines for behavior, the ___ ____ ___ is an example of this
university ethics contract
According to King, One who defies an _______ law, while willingly suffering the punishment for this defiance, shows the highest regard for _____ law
unjust just
The clergymen have argued that the demonstrators' actions, while peaceful themselves, have caused _______ in others. King compares this argument to contending that a robbed man is guilty of having goods that cause another man to steal.
violence
Washington _______ with protests and DuBois _______ with protests
washington disagreed DuBois agreed
Mencius thinks that in order to become good, we don't have to do what?
we don't have to do violence to our natures (Willow tree 6A1)
Xunzi argued Mencius that humans are NOT naturally good because..
what is natural will flow through you spontaneously (referring to mencius' view that we are good because of our ability to learn good)
when is something considered "conditionally good?"
when it feels good, helpful or useful in a certain situation but not in another
Radzik: A problem with repentance is that "changing one's heart" seems insufficient to cancel out the ______
wrongdoing