Euro Chap 26/27

SA How did the First World War weaken the Italian government in the years before Benito Mussolini came to power?

- Italian government promised the people land that wasn't granted by Versailles Treaty - Catholic party gained strength - conflict between socialists and propertied class over social reforms - all these groups opposed the new government

SA How did Hitler and the Nazis establish control over Germany after the Enabling Act was passed in 1933?

- Nazis put in positions of power in government - overlapping organizations were disorganized but created helpful competition - Nazis became the only party - abolished civil liberties - policy of "coordination" forced society to conform

SA What kind of problems did mass unemployment cause during the Great Depression?

- benefits were minimal, peoplle lost spirit - young people postponed marriage and birthrates declined - increased rates of suicide and mental illness - social powder keg

SA What was the Scandinavian response to the Depression?

- built on the cooperative community action that existed before - increased government spending, maintainging production and employment - taxed the rich (eventually everyone) to pay for it

SA What did the Works Progress Administration attempt to do during the Depression in the United States?

- created to fight unemployment by creating government jobs - labor force build public buildings, bridges, and highways - lessened social tension

SA What led to the Holocaust?

- foreshadowed by euthanasia campaign which killed or sterilized German disabled people - eugenics validated racial prejudices - construction of ghettos in Poland showed disregard for Jews

SA On what basis did John Keynes criticize the Versailles Treaty?

- he said that German prosperity was essential to that of the English - argued harsh reparations would impoverish Germany and the world in turn - this would encourage Bolshevism and turn Germany Communist

SA What was the goal of the Bauhaus school?

- interdisciplinary school meshing fine and applies arts -taught functionalism in which every piece fits its environment and serves a purpose -attracted worldwide students and trained them in modern techniques

SA What was Adolf Hitler's idea of Lebensraum?

- means "living space" - idea that German "master race" needed room to triumph and grow - accomplished by colonizing Eastern Europe and replacing the "subhuman" Jews and Slavs

SA Why did the Soviet state order the collectivization of agriculture in 1929?

- stalin feared land-owning peasants would turn capitalist and threaten communism - believed these farmers could fund all-out industrialization -took power from them

SA What did Gustav Stresemann do to meetthe challenge of runaway inflation in Germany in 1923?

- stopped passive resistence in the Ruhr - agreed in principle to pay reparations that were aligned with what Germany could afford - loans from the U.S. (Dawes Plan)

SA How have historians explained Joseph Stalin's Great Purge of the Communist party?

- terror tactic used to prevent active resistance - rallies people against an enemy (real or not) that threatens a system they've been led to accept - fundamental characteristic of totalitarianism

SA Following the First World War, how did the revolt against established certainties in philosophy differ in the English-speaking world as opposed to continental Europe?

-English countries developed logical positivism which emphasizes rationality and scientific proof, not god or the meaning of life - continental countries developed existentialism, stressing the meaninglessness of existence and individuals could find value themselves

SA What was Kristallnacht in November 1938?

-attack by Nazi gangs on Jewish property and synagogues - dozens of Jews killed - remaining Jews forced to pay for the damages

SA What did Germany hope to accomplish in what is now known as the Battle of Britain?

-gain control of the air before invading all of Britain - first targeted airfields and factories - moved on to cities in hopes of lowering morale (didnt work)

SA Who was the "modern girl"?

-somewhat stereotypical of a modern and independent working woman of the 1920's - few could live up to this ideal - created partly to sell products to young women

Unemployment in the United States averaged only 5 percent in the 1920's but in 1933 soared to about...

30 percent

As practiced in the 1930s, appeasement was...

A British policy that aimed to give Hitler whatever he wanted in order to avoid war

What kind of world did Franz Kafka portray in fiction like "The Trial"?

A pessimistic world in which hellless individuals are crushed by inexplicably hostile forces.

The "cult of the Duce" promoted the image of Mussolini as...

A powerful strongman embodying the best qualities of the Italian people

The American stock market crash of October 1929 was primarily the result of...

An imbalance between real investment and speculation

James Joyce's Ulysses weaves ironic parallels between the adventures of Homer's hero Ulysses and ...

An ordinary man's aimless wandering throught the streets and pubs of Dublin.

Stalin's theory of socialism in one country...

Argued that the Soviet Union could build socialism on its own

What did orthodox economists believe in the 1930's?

Balanced budgets were the key to economic growth

Who were the kulaks in Stalin's Soviet Union?

Better-off peasants who were stripped of land and livestock and usually not allowed to join collective farms

What characteristics did communist and facist dictatorships share?

Both engaged in state-controlled social engineering projects meant to replace individualism with a unified "people"

Why did Britain adopt a policy of appeasement in its relationship with Hitler?

British conservative leaders underestimated Hitler

What ideas does the functionalist architecture of Le Corbusier promote?

Buildings should be built without ornamentation and instead be practical structures with clean, straight lines.

What was an important factor in both the rapid growth of the American stock market in the 1920's and its collapse in October 1929?

Buying on margin

How did German chancellor Heinrich Brüning try to cope with the Great Depression in the early 1930s?

By cutting government spending and squeezing wages abd prices

In Stalin's Soviet Union, women...

Could enter the ranks of specialists in industry and science

What agreement did the United States develop to resolve the economic problems of Germany and international tensions in Europe in 1924?

Dawes Plan

What did Marcel Proust attempt to do in his novel "Remembrance of Things Past"?

Discover the inner meaning of bittersweet memories of childhood and youthful love.

Why was the Great Depression slow to affect France?

France was less industrialized than the other major continental powers in Europe and somewhat isolated deom the world economy

Which countries in August 1939 signed a nonaggression pact that led directly to war?

Germany and the Soviet Union

The 19th century Danish theologian Søren Kierkegaard taught that...

God's existence could not be proven, but believers must take a leap of faith and accept the existenc of a majestic God.

In 1923, which German politician called off passive resistance in the Ruhr and agreed in principle to pay reparations?

Gustav Stresemann

Why did Stalin call for the mass murder of the kulaks?

He believed that as landowners they would eventually embrace conservative capitalism and become great enemies of socialist progress

How did Stalin use the murder of Sergei Kirov to his own advantage?

He blamed the murder on "fascist agents" within the Communist Party and launched a purge of the party itself that solidified his own control

In the late 1920s, how did Hitler shape the Nazi Party's message to appeal to middle-class voters?

He deemphasized the anti-capitalist elements of National Socialism and vowed to fight communism

In the 20th century, what was John Maynard Keynes known for?

He denounced the Treaty of Versailles for economic reasons

How did Mussolini build support from big business in Italy?

He left big business to regulate itself and never purged its members

Why was Mussolini expelled from the Italian Socialist Party?

He urged Italian entry into World War I

Why did Hitler have the leadership of the SA storm troopers, roughly one hundred individuals, killed in 1934?

He wanted to win the support of the traditional military, but the SA leaders had exprected appointment to top positions in the army

Which of the following social groups was part of the new elite class in the Stalinist state?

Highly regarded artists

The target of the first of two atomic bombs dropped on Japan in 1945 was...

Hiroshima

What is the composer Arnold Schönberg known for?

His creation of 12 tone musuc that abandoned traditional harmony and tonality.

What was the "Europe First" policy adopted by the Allied powers during World War II?

Hitler would be defeated before the Allies mounted an all-out assault on Japan

The German government's printing of money to pay unemployment benefits to workers striking in the Ruhr against the Franco-Belgian occupation of 1923 led to...

Hyperinflation

What did the Swedish response to the Depression involve?

Increasinng social welfare benefits and state spending on public works projects

In "Civilization and Its Discontents" Freud argued that civilization required...

Individuals to renounce their irrational instincts in order to live peaceably in groups.

In 29th century literature, the stream-of-consciousness technique uses...

Internal monologues to explore the psyche

What was the effect of the 1935 Nuremberg Law?

It defined as Jewish anyone having three or more Jewish grandparents

What was the effect of Lenin's 1921 New Economic Plan?

It encouraged peasants to sell their surpluses in free markets and allowed private traders and small manufacturers to do business again

What did the Popular Front do after its 1936 victory in France?

It encouraged the union movement and launched a far reaching program of social reform that included a 40-hour workweek

What was the Nazi Party policy of "coordination"?

It forced Germans society to conform to National Socialist ideology

What was the purpose of the Enabling Act in 1933?

It gave Hitler dictatorial powers for four years

What was the British political party that emerged during the 1920's as the main opposition to the Conservative party?

Labour Party

Who was the director of "Triumph of the Will", a brilliant piece of cinematic propaganda based on the 1934 Nazi Party rally at Nuremberg?

Leni Riefenstahl

Why did Britain's abandonment of the gold standard not aid its recovery?

Many other wealthy countries abandoned the gold standard after Britain, blunting any advantage for Britain

What did the theories if Albert Einstein assert?

Matter and energy are interchangeable, linking the apparently infinite universe with the subatomic world.

In the early 20th century, the traditional arts and amusements of people in villages and small towns was overshadowed by...

Modern mass media such as cinema and radio

In the 20th century, Werner Heisenberg established the "uncertainty principle", which postulates that...

Nature istelf is ultimately unknowable and unpredictable and lacks any absolute objective realiy.

What was the main argument of logical positivism in the 29th century?

Philosophy is only the logical clarification of thoughts

What did President Franklin Roosevelt's National Recovery Administration attempt to do?

Plan and control the U.S. economy

The signatories of the 1928 Kellogg-Briand Pact, initiated by French prime minister Aristide Briand and U.S. secretary of state Frank B. Kellogg, agreed to...

Renounce war as an instrument of international policy

Lenin's New Economic Plan was a political compromise with...

Russian peasants

What did Jean-Paul Sartre mean by the expression "existence precedes essence"?

Since there are no timeless or absolute truths, people must struggle to define their essense after they are born, completely on their own

Why did the Soviet army stop its advance on Warsaw in August 1944?

So that the German army could destroy a Polish insurgence that intended to resist the Soviet army as well

The German Communist Party, noisy and active in the 1920's, reserved their greatest hatred and sharpest barbs for...

Social Democrats

Which battle was the decisive turning point in the clash between the Soviet Union and Germany?

Stalingrad

With the United States' failure to ratify the Versailles treaty, many French leaders placed their hopes for future security on...

Strict implementation of the treaty

The Great Depression did not hit Britain as hard as the United States or Germany, in part because...

The British economy had moved away from international marketsand towards production of goods for the domestic market

Gabriel Marcel found the answer to the postwar broken world in...

The Catholic Church

What does "middle way" refer to?

The Scandanavian response to the Great Depression

According to Hitler's New Order, which European race was considered subhuman along with the Jews?

The Slavic race

In the Lateran agreement, how did Mussolini resolve the status of the Catholic Church in Italy?

The Vatican was recognized as an independent state that recieved heavy support from the Italian state?

In his philosophical writings, Friedrich Nietzsche argued that ...

The Western world had overemphasized rationality and stifled the authentic passions that drive human activity and true creativity.

In his writings on human psychology, Sigmund Freud asserted that...

The id is the unconscious source of sexual and aggressive instincts.

What was the Holocaust?

The systematic effort of the Nazi state to exterminate all European Jews during the Second World War

The parliamentary government in Italy was breaking down at the time of the Fascist march on Rome in October 1922, largely because of...

The violence perpetrated by Mussolini's own black-shirted militants

How did the Nazi Party seek to promote the idea of the Volksgemeinschaft?

They created mass organizations such as the Hitler Youth and held mass rallies to spread Nazi ideology and enlist volunteers

How did the Nazis seek to legitimize their radical policies?

They established research institutes and academies that measured and defined racial differences in order to present prejudice in the guise of enlightened science

Why did Stalin and his supporters sponsor the first five-year plan?

They feared a gradual restoration of capitalism and, more importantly, wanted to catch up with the West and overcome traditional Russian "backwardness"

How did Jean-Paul Sartre think that people could live authentically in the 20th century?

They must choose their actions fully aware of their responsibility for their behavior.

Hoe did France and Belgium react when Germany refused to make its second reparations payment?

They occupied the Ruhr district

How did real wages for workers and peasants in the Soviet Union in 1937 compare with those in the Russian Empire in 1913?

They were lower

What problem was faced by most of the underground resistance groups who opposed the Nazis?

They were not well unified, for they had differing political goals

For artists such as the Dadaists and Surrealists, what was the purpose of art?

To expose the bankruptcy of modern society and produce radical social change.

What was Germany's goal in the Battle of Britain?

To gain air supremacy in anticipation of an invasion of Great Britain

What was the primary goal of the opponents of the Nazis in the Protestant and Catholic churches?

To roeserve religious life in Germany?

Britain and France finally confronted Hitler with the threat of was when he...

Used the pretext of German minorities in Dazig to threaten Poland

The Allies adopted the principle of the unconditional surrender of Germany and Japan in order to...

further encourage the home from in each Allied country

Where did Nazi administrators initially gain experience in mass murder?

the murder of Germans with physical and mental disabilities prior to the war

Hoe did the Nazis manage the northern European states that they conquered?

they established puppet governments with collaborators willing to rule the states in accord with German needs

What were the duties of the German Einsatzgruppen (special task force)?

they followed the German army into Central Europe, systematically murdering ?undesirables" as they moved from town to town