Evolution Test: Earth Science

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Allopatric specification

"Different homeland"; happens when species arise as a result of geographic isolation; population separated by geographic barriers no longer experienced gene flow between them; the gene pools of each separate population may begin to differ due to genetic drift, mutations, and natural selection

Fifth level of organization(Linnaean)

Class

Grouping objects for information based on similarities

Classification

The corresponding changes of two or more species that are closely associated with each other such as plant and animal that pollinates it are called

Coevolution

Some primate skeletons were located in a cave in association with these things: a variety of tools, the charred bones of some animals they had cooked and eaten, and numerous paintings on the walls. Carbon-14 dating techniques determined that the bones and other artifacts were about 35,000 years old. The skeletal remains probably belonged to _____.

Cro-Magnon

How did the ideas of Thomas Malthus influence Darwin's thinking about evolution?

Darwin used Malthus ideas of populations; head said the environment contains population by death and birth

Give three examples of artificial selection include examples of both animals and plants

Dogs are an example of artificial selection and animals and apples are in example of artificial selection in plants

Broadest level of organization(Linnaean)

Domain

The word bi- Means "two," and the word part nomen means "name". Explain how these weird parts relate to the system scientist use to identify organisms

First name is Genus second name is species

Explain the evidence that indicates that species evolve over time

Fossil show that our modern-day animals and plants have adapted overtime to changing environment

Mushrooms, puffballs, mildews, and some molds belong to the kingdom

Fungi

A heterotrophic you carry it that absorbs nutrients from organic materials in the environment is a

Fungus

Hardy Windburg genetic equilibrium

Genotype frequencies in a population tends to remain the same from generation to generation unless acted upon by an outside influences/forces

Consists of a group of similar species

Genus

Group of related species

Genus

In the scientific name of an organism, the first part is the

Genus

Second level of organization(Linnaean)

Genus

The nucleotide sequence of human and chimpanzee genes differs by only about 1.6%. This fact, along with the fossil record, reveals that.

Humans and chimpanzees evolved from a common ancestor

How does bio geography contribute to an understanding of evolution

In this similar animals are adapted to different environments that are close to each other, areas that are widely separated unrelated animals have similar adaptations to similar environments

assortative mating

Individuals selected a mate that has traits similar to their own traits

Directional selection

Individuals that display a more extreme form of a trait have greater fitness than individuals with an average form of a trait; a shift in one direction only

Disruptive selection

Individuals with either extreme variation of a trait have greater fitness than individuals with the average form of the trait; a shift in both directions away from the center

Stabilizing selection

Individuals with the average form of a trait have the highest fitness; a shift towards the center

According to the principle of superposition the lowest layer cross section of a rock

Is the oldest

Another possible way to classify organisms would be to separate them into unicellular and multicellular organisms. explain why this is not useful classification systems

It doesn't account that they have a very different evolutionary history

Explain why Aristotle system of classifying animals is no longer used by biologists

It was classified by habitat and morphology, trees, shrubs, and herbs where divided by sides

Seventh level of organization (Linnaean)

Kingdom

Phylum

Largest subset for the animal kingdom

Designed a system of classifying organisms based on their physical and structural similarities

Linnaeus

What is species that lives a long time, but has fewer off spring, the more or less likely to go extinct after a sudden change and then environment than a new species that has a short life, but produces large numbers of off spring?

Long live the species might go extinct due to the lack of offspring with different gene variation a species that is short-lived my adapt in time since they have more offspring with different genes this means that some of the offspring have a gene that could aid them in the environment

The species name of the pangolin is

Manis temminckii

How does the classification process used by modern taxonomists differ from that used by Linnaeus

Modern - considers evolutionary history; Linnaeus - considers mainly morphology

Which of the following do cladistic taxonomists Not compare when hypothesizing evolutionary relationships among organisms?

Morphological similarities

The main criterion used in Linnaeus's system of classification is an organisms

Morphology

List three types of evidence used by systematic taxonomists to construct phyllo genetic diagrams

Morphology of fossils and living species, patterns of embryo logical development, comparisons of chromosomes and macro molecules such as DNA and RNA

What is the relationship between evolution and natural selection

Natural selection is the driving force of evolution

Darwin used the phrase "decent with modification" to mean that

New species descended from preexisting species, and species must be able to change over time

Postygotic Isolation

Occurs after fertilization

prezygotic isolation

Occurs before fertilization

Sympatric speciation

Occurs when two subpopulations become reproductively isolated within the same geographic area; individuals within a population could gain an adaptive advantage by using slightly different niches

Each subset within a class of organisms is called a

Order

Fourth level of organization (Linnaean)

Order

Principal of superposition

Rock layers on the bottom are older and decrease in age as you move up.

The distribution of treats in a population may change

Shift away from the normal bell curve - illustrates that most members of a population have similar values for a given measurable trait; only a few individuals display extreme variations of the trait

Amalogous Structures

Similar in unrelated organisms

Evidence for the determination of bipedal locomotion in an animal could be found by an examination of the

Skull

Natural selection

Some members of a population are more likely than other members to survive and reproduce and thus contribute their genes to the next generation

First level of organization(Linnaean)

Species

homologous structures

Structures in different species that are similar because of common ancestry.

How is the classification systems of Aristotle and Linnaus similar

They both divided living things into groups plants and animals

What characteristics distinguish archaea from bacteria

They have different genes and coding them and are comprised of different proteins

What can happen to a tree dwelling species of the lizard if all the trees are dead

They might go extinct because they no longer have a home or they can adapt to the new environment

When trying to determine the evolutionary relationship between two species, would a biologist concentrate homologous features or analogous features?

They should use homologous features Because they have the same ancestor

Isolation

Two parts of a formerly interbreeding population stop interbreeding

What is the idea developed by Charles Lyell which states that the geologic processes that shaped Earth in the past continue to operate in the same way today?

Uniformitarianism

Features that were used for an ancestral organisms but are not useful in a modern organisms that inherited them are

Vestigial

Aristotle classified animals on the bias of

Where they lived

The domain that includes the oldest known fossil cell is called

bacteria

The jaw from the skull of the genus Homo and one from the genus Australopithecus are different, in that the jaw from the genus homo would ________.

be smaller with smaller teeth and not so much definition of tooth type

Naming system that gives each organism a two word name

binomial nomenclature

In cladistics, what term is used for a group of organisms that includes an ancestor and all of its descendants?

clade

Classification system based on phylogeny

cladistics

Group of related orders

class

The placing of information or objects into groups based on certain similarities is

classification

Which factor may have played a large role in human evolution

climatic changes that caused existing primates to search for new food sources

What is the process called by which different species evolve similar traits

convergent evolution

The evolutionary pattern illustrated by the Finch species on the Galapagos islands is an example of

divergent evolution

group of related phyla

kingdom

Kingdom

large taxonomic group, consisting of closely related phyla

If Lamarck's hypothesis of species modification were true, the children of a person who developed large muscles by lifting weights would be born with

larger-than-average muscles

Embryological comparisons reveal that

many vertebrate embryos look similar at early stages of development

Evolutionary history of a species

phylogeny

Eubacteria

prokaryotic, unicellular

Archaebacteria

prokaryotic, unicellular, autotroph and heterotrophs

In an evolutionary sense, an individual organism has high fitness if it

reproduces more successfully than other individuals

Systematics

study of the diversity of life and the evolutionary relationships between organisms

Division

taxonomic term used instead of phylum to group related classes of plants and bacteria

Branch of biology that groups names in organisms

taxonomy

The branch of biology that groups and names of organisms is

taxonomy

Evolution

the development of new types of organisms from preexisting types of organisms over time

What is adaptive radiation

the diversification of a group of organisms into forms filling different ecological niches.

Species identifier

the second part of a species name; humans are known by genus name Homo and by species identifier sapiens; specific epitheti

Population genetics

the study of evolution from a genetic point of view

species name

the two-part scientific name of a species composed of the genus and the species identifier

group of related families

to order

Evidence that Homo erectus was more intelligent than its predecessors would include

tools such as hand axes that have been found near their fire pits

divergent evolution

when two or more species sharing a common ancestor become more different over time

Which kingdoms include multi cellular heterotrophic organisms

Protista, planate, Animalia, and fungi

The domain eukarya

includes Kingdoms Protista, Fungi, Plantae and Animalia

Fossil

A trace of an ancient organism that has been preserved in rock.

Resistance

A type of adaptation in which populations of bacteria evolve to resist the effects of some antibiotics

Micro evolution

A change in the collective genetic material of a population (Evolution at the genetic level)

Population

A group of individuals of the same species that routinely interbreed; the smallest unit at which evolution occurs

Divergent evolution would be most likely and which of the following situations

A group of organisms is isolated from the main population on three isolated islands with different environmental conditions

Species

A group of organisms that are morphologically similar and can interbreed to produce fertile offspring

Species

A group of similar organisms that can breed and produce fertile offspring.

What is an out group in cladistic analysis

A more distantly related group of organisms that serves as a reference group when determining the evolutionary relationships of the in group

Cladistics

A phylogenetic classification system that uses shared derived characters and ancestry as the sole criterion for grouping taxa.

Sexual selection

An evolutionary mechanism by which traits that increase the ability of individuals to attract or acquire mates appear with increasing frequency in a population; selection in which a mate is chosen on the bias of a particular trait or traits

adaptive radiation

An evolutionary pattern in which many species evolve from a single ancestral species

Disruption Of genetic equilibrium

Any exception to the five conditions necessary for Hardy Windburg equilibrium can result in evolution

The organisms that live in hostile environments that cannot support other form of life are members of the domain

Archaea

The molecular - clock model of evolutionary relationships is based on the assumption that changes in macromolecules sequences

Are greater in species with more - distant common ancestors

Developed the first system of classification

Aristotle

The system for identifying organisms that use as two words to name the species is

Binomial nomenclature

artificial selection

Breeding organisms with specific traits in order to produce offspring with identical traits.

Prokaryotes that live in most habitats are

Eubacteria

The domain that includes organisms with true nuclei and membrane-bound organelles is called

Eukarya

Protista

Eukaryotes that are not plants, animals, or fungi

Why are acquired traits not directly related to the process of evolution?

Evolution has to do with genes and acquired traits have to do with needs and wants. Acquired traits have nothing to do with heredity.

Third level of organization (Linnaean)

Family

Ask upon differences in survival and reproduction

Favors an increase in the genes of successful reproducers rather than merely those of successful survivors

According to Darwin's theory of natural selection

Organisms that have more favorable traits tend to leave more offspring

A group of related classes of plants is a

Phylum

Group of related classes

Phylum

Sixth level of organization (Linnaean)

Phylum/ division

Characteristics distinguish fungi from plants

Plants are autotrophic making their own energy and fungi are heterotrophic which take In food for energy

Coevolution

Process by which two species evolve in response to changes in each other

convergent evolution

Process by which unrelated organisms independently evolve similarities when adapting to similar environments

Amoebas and paramecia belong to the kingdom

Protista

Relative age

The age of a rock compared to the ages of rock layers

absolute age

The age of a rock given as the number of years since the rock formed.

If an animal has a vestigial structure, what might a biologist and for about the animals evolutionary history

The animals and ancestor probably had this because it was useful at the time

What evidence lead scientist to develop the three domain system of classification

The difference in the RNA sequence

Why do vestigial structures persist in modern organisms?

The environment will not select for or against organisms that have a particular structure unless that structure affects the organisms' fitness.

Speciation

The formation of new species; begins with isolation

Reproductive isolation

The inability of members of a population to successfully interbreed with members of another population of the same or related species

How do you derived characters help cladistic taxonomists determine phylogenetic relationships

The more derived characteristics there are the more closely related they are

Geographic isolation

The physical separation of members of a population

natural section

The process through which organisms better adapted to their environment may survive to reproduce

Taxonomy

The science of describing, naming, and classifying organisms

phylogenetic diagram

a branching diagram that models the relationships by ancestry between different species or other taxonomic groups

In Artificial selection, human select for

a desirable trait

Species

a group of living organisms consisting of similar individuals capable of exchanging genes or interbreeding.

Taxon

a particular group within a taxonomic system

subspecies

a taxonomic classification below species that groups organisms that live in different geographical areas, differ morphologically from other populations of the species, but can interbreed with other populations of the species

Fungi

eukaryotic heterotrophs that have cell walls

Plante

eukaryotic, multicellular

Animalia

eukaryotic, multicellular, heterotrophic

The scales of snakes and the scales of pangolins

evolved independently in the two groups

group of related genera

family

One example of a derived character is provided by the

feathers of birds

The wing of a bat and the foreleg of an alligator are

homologous features


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