Evolution Test: Earth Science
Allopatric specification
"Different homeland"; happens when species arise as a result of geographic isolation; population separated by geographic barriers no longer experienced gene flow between them; the gene pools of each separate population may begin to differ due to genetic drift, mutations, and natural selection
Fifth level of organization(Linnaean)
Class
Grouping objects for information based on similarities
Classification
The corresponding changes of two or more species that are closely associated with each other such as plant and animal that pollinates it are called
Coevolution
Some primate skeletons were located in a cave in association with these things: a variety of tools, the charred bones of some animals they had cooked and eaten, and numerous paintings on the walls. Carbon-14 dating techniques determined that the bones and other artifacts were about 35,000 years old. The skeletal remains probably belonged to _____.
Cro-Magnon
How did the ideas of Thomas Malthus influence Darwin's thinking about evolution?
Darwin used Malthus ideas of populations; head said the environment contains population by death and birth
Give three examples of artificial selection include examples of both animals and plants
Dogs are an example of artificial selection and animals and apples are in example of artificial selection in plants
Broadest level of organization(Linnaean)
Domain
The word bi- Means "two," and the word part nomen means "name". Explain how these weird parts relate to the system scientist use to identify organisms
First name is Genus second name is species
Explain the evidence that indicates that species evolve over time
Fossil show that our modern-day animals and plants have adapted overtime to changing environment
Mushrooms, puffballs, mildews, and some molds belong to the kingdom
Fungi
A heterotrophic you carry it that absorbs nutrients from organic materials in the environment is a
Fungus
Hardy Windburg genetic equilibrium
Genotype frequencies in a population tends to remain the same from generation to generation unless acted upon by an outside influences/forces
Consists of a group of similar species
Genus
Group of related species
Genus
In the scientific name of an organism, the first part is the
Genus
Second level of organization(Linnaean)
Genus
The nucleotide sequence of human and chimpanzee genes differs by only about 1.6%. This fact, along with the fossil record, reveals that.
Humans and chimpanzees evolved from a common ancestor
How does bio geography contribute to an understanding of evolution
In this similar animals are adapted to different environments that are close to each other, areas that are widely separated unrelated animals have similar adaptations to similar environments
assortative mating
Individuals selected a mate that has traits similar to their own traits
Directional selection
Individuals that display a more extreme form of a trait have greater fitness than individuals with an average form of a trait; a shift in one direction only
Disruptive selection
Individuals with either extreme variation of a trait have greater fitness than individuals with the average form of the trait; a shift in both directions away from the center
Stabilizing selection
Individuals with the average form of a trait have the highest fitness; a shift towards the center
According to the principle of superposition the lowest layer cross section of a rock
Is the oldest
Another possible way to classify organisms would be to separate them into unicellular and multicellular organisms. explain why this is not useful classification systems
It doesn't account that they have a very different evolutionary history
Explain why Aristotle system of classifying animals is no longer used by biologists
It was classified by habitat and morphology, trees, shrubs, and herbs where divided by sides
Seventh level of organization (Linnaean)
Kingdom
Phylum
Largest subset for the animal kingdom
Designed a system of classifying organisms based on their physical and structural similarities
Linnaeus
What is species that lives a long time, but has fewer off spring, the more or less likely to go extinct after a sudden change and then environment than a new species that has a short life, but produces large numbers of off spring?
Long live the species might go extinct due to the lack of offspring with different gene variation a species that is short-lived my adapt in time since they have more offspring with different genes this means that some of the offspring have a gene that could aid them in the environment
The species name of the pangolin is
Manis temminckii
How does the classification process used by modern taxonomists differ from that used by Linnaeus
Modern - considers evolutionary history; Linnaeus - considers mainly morphology
Which of the following do cladistic taxonomists Not compare when hypothesizing evolutionary relationships among organisms?
Morphological similarities
The main criterion used in Linnaeus's system of classification is an organisms
Morphology
List three types of evidence used by systematic taxonomists to construct phyllo genetic diagrams
Morphology of fossils and living species, patterns of embryo logical development, comparisons of chromosomes and macro molecules such as DNA and RNA
What is the relationship between evolution and natural selection
Natural selection is the driving force of evolution
Darwin used the phrase "decent with modification" to mean that
New species descended from preexisting species, and species must be able to change over time
Postygotic Isolation
Occurs after fertilization
prezygotic isolation
Occurs before fertilization
Sympatric speciation
Occurs when two subpopulations become reproductively isolated within the same geographic area; individuals within a population could gain an adaptive advantage by using slightly different niches
Each subset within a class of organisms is called a
Order
Fourth level of organization (Linnaean)
Order
Principal of superposition
Rock layers on the bottom are older and decrease in age as you move up.
The distribution of treats in a population may change
Shift away from the normal bell curve - illustrates that most members of a population have similar values for a given measurable trait; only a few individuals display extreme variations of the trait
Amalogous Structures
Similar in unrelated organisms
Evidence for the determination of bipedal locomotion in an animal could be found by an examination of the
Skull
Natural selection
Some members of a population are more likely than other members to survive and reproduce and thus contribute their genes to the next generation
First level of organization(Linnaean)
Species
homologous structures
Structures in different species that are similar because of common ancestry.
How is the classification systems of Aristotle and Linnaus similar
They both divided living things into groups plants and animals
What characteristics distinguish archaea from bacteria
They have different genes and coding them and are comprised of different proteins
What can happen to a tree dwelling species of the lizard if all the trees are dead
They might go extinct because they no longer have a home or they can adapt to the new environment
When trying to determine the evolutionary relationship between two species, would a biologist concentrate homologous features or analogous features?
They should use homologous features Because they have the same ancestor
Isolation
Two parts of a formerly interbreeding population stop interbreeding
What is the idea developed by Charles Lyell which states that the geologic processes that shaped Earth in the past continue to operate in the same way today?
Uniformitarianism
Features that were used for an ancestral organisms but are not useful in a modern organisms that inherited them are
Vestigial
Aristotle classified animals on the bias of
Where they lived
The domain that includes the oldest known fossil cell is called
bacteria
The jaw from the skull of the genus Homo and one from the genus Australopithecus are different, in that the jaw from the genus homo would ________.
be smaller with smaller teeth and not so much definition of tooth type
Naming system that gives each organism a two word name
binomial nomenclature
In cladistics, what term is used for a group of organisms that includes an ancestor and all of its descendants?
clade
Classification system based on phylogeny
cladistics
Group of related orders
class
The placing of information or objects into groups based on certain similarities is
classification
Which factor may have played a large role in human evolution
climatic changes that caused existing primates to search for new food sources
What is the process called by which different species evolve similar traits
convergent evolution
The evolutionary pattern illustrated by the Finch species on the Galapagos islands is an example of
divergent evolution
group of related phyla
kingdom
Kingdom
large taxonomic group, consisting of closely related phyla
If Lamarck's hypothesis of species modification were true, the children of a person who developed large muscles by lifting weights would be born with
larger-than-average muscles
Embryological comparisons reveal that
many vertebrate embryos look similar at early stages of development
Evolutionary history of a species
phylogeny
Eubacteria
prokaryotic, unicellular
Archaebacteria
prokaryotic, unicellular, autotroph and heterotrophs
In an evolutionary sense, an individual organism has high fitness if it
reproduces more successfully than other individuals
Systematics
study of the diversity of life and the evolutionary relationships between organisms
Division
taxonomic term used instead of phylum to group related classes of plants and bacteria
Branch of biology that groups names in organisms
taxonomy
The branch of biology that groups and names of organisms is
taxonomy
Evolution
the development of new types of organisms from preexisting types of organisms over time
What is adaptive radiation
the diversification of a group of organisms into forms filling different ecological niches.
Species identifier
the second part of a species name; humans are known by genus name Homo and by species identifier sapiens; specific epitheti
Population genetics
the study of evolution from a genetic point of view
species name
the two-part scientific name of a species composed of the genus and the species identifier
group of related families
to order
Evidence that Homo erectus was more intelligent than its predecessors would include
tools such as hand axes that have been found near their fire pits
divergent evolution
when two or more species sharing a common ancestor become more different over time
Which kingdoms include multi cellular heterotrophic organisms
Protista, planate, Animalia, and fungi
The domain eukarya
includes Kingdoms Protista, Fungi, Plantae and Animalia
Fossil
A trace of an ancient organism that has been preserved in rock.
Resistance
A type of adaptation in which populations of bacteria evolve to resist the effects of some antibiotics
Micro evolution
A change in the collective genetic material of a population (Evolution at the genetic level)
Population
A group of individuals of the same species that routinely interbreed; the smallest unit at which evolution occurs
Divergent evolution would be most likely and which of the following situations
A group of organisms is isolated from the main population on three isolated islands with different environmental conditions
Species
A group of organisms that are morphologically similar and can interbreed to produce fertile offspring
Species
A group of similar organisms that can breed and produce fertile offspring.
What is an out group in cladistic analysis
A more distantly related group of organisms that serves as a reference group when determining the evolutionary relationships of the in group
Cladistics
A phylogenetic classification system that uses shared derived characters and ancestry as the sole criterion for grouping taxa.
Sexual selection
An evolutionary mechanism by which traits that increase the ability of individuals to attract or acquire mates appear with increasing frequency in a population; selection in which a mate is chosen on the bias of a particular trait or traits
adaptive radiation
An evolutionary pattern in which many species evolve from a single ancestral species
Disruption Of genetic equilibrium
Any exception to the five conditions necessary for Hardy Windburg equilibrium can result in evolution
The organisms that live in hostile environments that cannot support other form of life are members of the domain
Archaea
The molecular - clock model of evolutionary relationships is based on the assumption that changes in macromolecules sequences
Are greater in species with more - distant common ancestors
Developed the first system of classification
Aristotle
The system for identifying organisms that use as two words to name the species is
Binomial nomenclature
artificial selection
Breeding organisms with specific traits in order to produce offspring with identical traits.
Prokaryotes that live in most habitats are
Eubacteria
The domain that includes organisms with true nuclei and membrane-bound organelles is called
Eukarya
Protista
Eukaryotes that are not plants, animals, or fungi
Why are acquired traits not directly related to the process of evolution?
Evolution has to do with genes and acquired traits have to do with needs and wants. Acquired traits have nothing to do with heredity.
Third level of organization (Linnaean)
Family
Ask upon differences in survival and reproduction
Favors an increase in the genes of successful reproducers rather than merely those of successful survivors
According to Darwin's theory of natural selection
Organisms that have more favorable traits tend to leave more offspring
A group of related classes of plants is a
Phylum
Group of related classes
Phylum
Sixth level of organization (Linnaean)
Phylum/ division
Characteristics distinguish fungi from plants
Plants are autotrophic making their own energy and fungi are heterotrophic which take In food for energy
Coevolution
Process by which two species evolve in response to changes in each other
convergent evolution
Process by which unrelated organisms independently evolve similarities when adapting to similar environments
Amoebas and paramecia belong to the kingdom
Protista
Relative age
The age of a rock compared to the ages of rock layers
absolute age
The age of a rock given as the number of years since the rock formed.
If an animal has a vestigial structure, what might a biologist and for about the animals evolutionary history
The animals and ancestor probably had this because it was useful at the time
What evidence lead scientist to develop the three domain system of classification
The difference in the RNA sequence
Why do vestigial structures persist in modern organisms?
The environment will not select for or against organisms that have a particular structure unless that structure affects the organisms' fitness.
Speciation
The formation of new species; begins with isolation
Reproductive isolation
The inability of members of a population to successfully interbreed with members of another population of the same or related species
How do you derived characters help cladistic taxonomists determine phylogenetic relationships
The more derived characteristics there are the more closely related they are
Geographic isolation
The physical separation of members of a population
natural section
The process through which organisms better adapted to their environment may survive to reproduce
Taxonomy
The science of describing, naming, and classifying organisms
phylogenetic diagram
a branching diagram that models the relationships by ancestry between different species or other taxonomic groups
In Artificial selection, human select for
a desirable trait
Species
a group of living organisms consisting of similar individuals capable of exchanging genes or interbreeding.
Taxon
a particular group within a taxonomic system
subspecies
a taxonomic classification below species that groups organisms that live in different geographical areas, differ morphologically from other populations of the species, but can interbreed with other populations of the species
Fungi
eukaryotic heterotrophs that have cell walls
Plante
eukaryotic, multicellular
Animalia
eukaryotic, multicellular, heterotrophic
The scales of snakes and the scales of pangolins
evolved independently in the two groups
group of related genera
family
One example of a derived character is provided by the
feathers of birds
The wing of a bat and the foreleg of an alligator are
homologous features
