Evolution
Individual that would have used the theory of natural selection to explain the change in toe structure that occurred in the evolution of the horse
Darwin
Most likely to be in agreement with Lamarck's theory of evolution
Giraffes have long necks because their ancestors stretched their necks reaching for food, and this trait was passed on to their offspring
Which statement is part of the heterotroph hypothesis?
Heterotrophs evolved before autotrophs
Fish, reptiles, and mammals each contain gill slits during part of their embryological development. What best explains this?
They all had a common ancestor
Example: Male turkeys are birds that naturally strut and display their large tail feathers, which attracts female turkeys. This display is an example of
a behavioral adaptation
In the early stages of development, the embryos of dogs, pigs, and humans resemble one another. This observation suggests that these animals may have
a common ancestry
Factor that is least likely to contribute to an increase in the rate of evolution
a long period of environmental stability
A species that lacks the variation necessary to adapt to a changing environment is more likely to
become extinct over time
According to the heterotroph hypothesis, some early heterotrophs evolved into autotrophs because of their ability to synthesize organic compounds from water and
carbon dioxide
Example: A study of the position and shape of the bones in the forelimbs of a flying squirrel, a bat, and a beaver showed that the beaver and the flying squirrel appear to be most closely related. This determination was most likely based on a study in the field of
comparative anatomy
Limited resource contribute to evolutionary change in animals by increasing
competition between members of the species
Natural selection is best described as
differences in survival rates as a result of different inherited characteristics
The evolutionary relationship between pigs and humans is supported by observations showing similar stages of prenatal (before birth) development in these organisms. These observations are most closely associated with the field of comparative
embryology
Factor that has the greatest effect on the rate of evolution of animals
environmental changes
Characteristics that are harmful to a species tend to decrease in frequency from generation to generation because these characteristics usually
have a low survival value for the species
A species in a changing environment would have the best chance of survival as a result of a mutation that has a
high adaptive value and occurs in its gametes
The bones in the wing of a bird, the flipper of a whale, and the arm of a human are considered by many scientists to be
homologous structures
A key concept in the modern theory of evolution explains
how variations occur within a species
The sequence of amino acids in the cytochrome c molecule, an enzyme found in mitochondria, is identical in humans and chimpanzees. This fact best supports the concept that
humans and chimpanzees have a common ancestor
(Best supported by fossil records) The struggle for existence between organisms results
in changes in populations
(Best supported by the theory of evolution) Populations that have advantageous characteristics will
increase in number
Finches on the Galapagos Islands express a variety of traits. Variability in the offspring of these finches is a result of
meiosis and mutation
Certain antibacterial soaps kill 99% of the bacteria on hands. Constant use of these soaps could be harmful over time because
more pathogens may be resistant to the soap
Example: Penicillin killed the susceptible bacteria, while
naturally resistant varieties survived and reproduced
Lamarck proposed that new organs evolved according to the
needs of the organism
Plasma membranes, ribosomes, and mitochondria are similar in different organisms such as the oak tree and grasshopper. This similarity provides evidence of
organic evolution
The results provided by Stanley Miller's experiments involving a simulated primitive environment, as described in the heterotroph hypothesis, show that in this environment
organic molecules can be synthesized
According to the heterotroph hypothesis, which gas was lacking in the atmosphere of primitive Earth
oxygen
Fossil records indicate that between 80 million and 60 million years ago the structure of the horned dinosaur frequently underwent rapid changes separated by long periods of stability. This pattern of change best illustrates the concept of
punctuated equilibrium
Fossils would most likely be found in
sedimentary rocks that are 500 million years old
Antibiotics are substances used to help fight an infection of Streptococcus, a bacterium that causes strep throat. Overuse of these antibiotics can
select for resistant organisms
Reproductive pattern that would be associated with a species that is most likely to undergo evolutionary change
sexual reproduction with a short reproductive
Natural selection produces changes most quickly in
species with short reproductive cycles
Evidence that best supports the theory of biological evolution was obtained from the
study of fossil records
Natural selection and its evolutionary consequences provide a scientific explanation for
the fossil record of ancient life-forms
Observation that could be best used to indicate an evolutionary relationship between two species
they have a similar base sequences
Survival of at least a few members of a population after a major environmental change is most dependent on
variations in many different traits in many individuals in the population