Evolution

Individual that would have used the theory of natural selection to explain the change in toe structure that occurred in the evolution of the horse

Darwin

Most likely to be in agreement with Lamarck's theory of evolution

Giraffes have long necks because their ancestors stretched their necks reaching for food, and this trait was passed on to their offspring

Which statement is part of the heterotroph hypothesis?

Heterotrophs evolved before autotrophs

Fish, reptiles, and mammals each contain gill slits during part of their embryological development. What best explains this?

They all had a common ancestor

Example: Male turkeys are birds that naturally strut and display their large tail feathers, which attracts female turkeys. This display is an example of

a behavioral adaptation

In the early stages of development, the embryos of dogs, pigs, and humans resemble one another. This observation suggests that these animals may have

a common ancestry

Factor that is least likely to contribute to an increase in the rate of evolution

a long period of environmental stability

A species that lacks the variation necessary to adapt to a changing environment is more likely to

become extinct over time

According to the heterotroph hypothesis, some early heterotrophs evolved into autotrophs because of their ability to synthesize organic compounds from water and

carbon dioxide

Example: A study of the position and shape of the bones in the forelimbs of a flying squirrel, a bat, and a beaver showed that the beaver and the flying squirrel appear to be most closely related. This determination was most likely based on a study in the field of

comparative anatomy

Limited resource contribute to evolutionary change in animals by increasing

competition between members of the species

Natural selection is best described as

differences in survival rates as a result of different inherited characteristics

The evolutionary relationship between pigs and humans is supported by observations showing similar stages of prenatal (before birth) development in these organisms. These observations are most closely associated with the field of comparative

embryology

Factor that has the greatest effect on the rate of evolution of animals

environmental changes

Characteristics that are harmful to a species tend to decrease in frequency from generation to generation because these characteristics usually

have a low survival value for the species

A species in a changing environment would have the best chance of survival as a result of a mutation that has a

high adaptive value and occurs in its gametes

The bones in the wing of a bird, the flipper of a whale, and the arm of a human are considered by many scientists to be

homologous structures

A key concept in the modern theory of evolution explains

how variations occur within a species

The sequence of amino acids in the cytochrome c molecule, an enzyme found in mitochondria, is identical in humans and chimpanzees. This fact best supports the concept that

humans and chimpanzees have a common ancestor

(Best supported by fossil records) The struggle for existence between organisms results

in changes in populations

(Best supported by the theory of evolution) Populations that have advantageous characteristics will

increase in number

Finches on the Galapagos Islands express a variety of traits. Variability in the offspring of these finches is a result of

meiosis and mutation

Certain antibacterial soaps kill 99% of the bacteria on hands. Constant use of these soaps could be harmful over time because

more pathogens may be resistant to the soap

Example: Penicillin killed the susceptible bacteria, while

naturally resistant varieties survived and reproduced

Lamarck proposed that new organs evolved according to the

needs of the organism

Plasma membranes, ribosomes, and mitochondria are similar in different organisms such as the oak tree and grasshopper. This similarity provides evidence of

organic evolution

The results provided by Stanley Miller's experiments involving a simulated primitive environment, as described in the heterotroph hypothesis, show that in this environment

organic molecules can be synthesized

According to the heterotroph hypothesis, which gas was lacking in the atmosphere of primitive Earth

oxygen

Fossil records indicate that between 80 million and 60 million years ago the structure of the horned dinosaur frequently underwent rapid changes separated by long periods of stability. This pattern of change best illustrates the concept of

punctuated equilibrium

Fossils would most likely be found in

sedimentary rocks that are 500 million years old

Antibiotics are substances used to help fight an infection of Streptococcus, a bacterium that causes strep throat. Overuse of these antibiotics can

select for resistant organisms

Reproductive pattern that would be associated with a species that is most likely to undergo evolutionary change

sexual reproduction with a short reproductive

Natural selection produces changes most quickly in

species with short reproductive cycles

Evidence that best supports the theory of biological evolution was obtained from the

study of fossil records

Natural selection and its evolutionary consequences provide a scientific explanation for

the fossil record of ancient life-forms

Observation that could be best used to indicate an evolutionary relationship between two species

they have a similar base sequences

Survival of at least a few members of a population after a major environmental change is most dependent on

variations in many different traits in many individuals in the population