AP Euro/H. World History Unit 7 French Revolution Quiz
What did Napoleon tell the people of Paris when he rushed back after the retreat of his armies from Russia?
"My army has had some losses...due to the premature rigor of the climate."
What was the Napoleonic, or Civil, Code?
A new code of law instituted by Napoleon.
Although Napoleon was a general, he also envisioned himself in what other role?
A ruler
What did the enemy call Napoleon in the Italian campaign in 1796?
A young madman.
What goals did Napoleon expect his brothers to carry out as new rulers?
Abolish class distinction, reform laws, and establish justice
How many French soldiers were lost in the Russian campaign in 1812?
About 350,000.
What did Napoleon want the Pope to do?
Agree to a new concordat, giving the emperor total power over the Roman Catholic Church.
All of the following were important in forming a theory of opposition to the absolutist government of France EXCEPT
Alexis de Tocqueville.
THE WAR OF THE AUSTRIAN SUCCESSION, 1740-1748 -- The Anglo-French rivalry: In Europe, the French supported Prussia and the English supported Austria. In Canada, __________ colonists captured the French fortress of Louisbourg. In India, the French seized Madras from the British.
American
What was Napoleon`s probable reaction to Goya`s drawing Execution of the Defenders of Madrid?
Anger.
Who commanded the English forces in Spain in 1809?
Arthur Wellesley Wellington, the first duke of Wellington
What type of military effort did Napoleon mount at Toulon?
Artillery
What was Napoleon`s principle military training in the French military academies?
Artillery
How did the painter Jaques-Louis David paint Napoleon?
As a hero on a white stallion.
How did the people in European countries view Napoleon?
As a heroic figure who embodied the spirit of the age
How did Napoleon view the French expedition to Egypt?
As a way to increase his prestige.
Why did Napoleon have the Duc d`Enghien shot by a firing squad?
As an example to genuine royalist plotters
What country did Napoleon defeat at Ulm in October 1805?
Austria
What country did Napoleon defeat at Wagram in July 1809?
Austria
What country did Napoleon defeat at the Battle of Marengo in northern Italy in 1800?
Austria.
constituted the staple of most urban diets, so sharp price increases were felt quickly and were loudly protested at grain markets or at local bakers' shops.
BREAD
Determined to reassert royal authority, Louis XVI ordered a mercenary army of Swiss guards to march toward Paris and Versailles. In Paris, angry mobs were already protesting the soaring price of bread. As tensions rose, a mob stormed the __________, a royal fortress and prison. The mob freed a handful of prisoners and seized the (same word)'s supply of gunpowder and weapons. The fall of the (same word) marked an important symbolic act against royal despotism. It also pushed Paris to the forefront of the ongoing revolution.
Bastille
Napoleon's battles have fascinated generations of military historians. It is Important to remember that AP EURO test writers are not military historians. You should know that the __________ solidified Napoleon's reputation as a military genius. Otherwise, focus your study time on the impact Napoleon's conquests had in spreading nationalism and In dissolving the Holy Roman Empire.
Battle of Austerlitz
THE FALL OF NAPOLEON -- NAPOLEON'S FINAL BATTLES: Napoleon's enemies quickly took advantage of his weakness after his defeat in Russia. Great Britain, Russia, Prussia, and Austria formed a Grand Alliance that defeated Napoleon at the __________ in October 1813. 2. The allied armies entered Paris in March 1814. Napoleon abdicated his throne and was exiled to the island of Elba.
Battle of Nations
THE FALL OF NAPOLEON -- NAPOLEON'S FINAL BATTLES: In March 1815, Napoleon escaped from Elba and formed a new army. Led by Great Britain and Prussia, the Grand Alliance defeated Napoleon at the __________ in June 1815. Napoleon abdicated a second time and was shipped to St. Helena, a remote island in the South Atlantic. Once the master of Europe, Napoleon now lived in lonely exile writing his memoirs. He died in 1821.
Battle of Waterloo
Why did Napoleon imprison the pope in 1809?
Because the pope had excommunicated Napoleon from the Roman Catholic Church.
Where were the enemies of the French Revolution?
Both inside and outside France
The great power rivalries and wars that took place between 1140 and 1763 can be confusing. It Is Important to remember that Prussia kept Sllesia and that the __________ strengthened their global empire.
British
Why did Napoleon decide not to invade England?
British control of the seas made an invasion too risky.
How did Napoleon decide to attack English interests?
By establishing a French colony in Egypt
How did Napoleon plan to rule his new European territories after 1806?
By putting his family in key positions
How did Napoleon plan to rule his new European territories after 1806?
By putting his family in key positions
In addition, the eighteenth century saw the intrusion of ___________into everyday life. Thanks to a large expansion of overseas trade and a longer-term development of domestic trade, the money economy experienced continued growth. Although self-sufficiency or local exchange remained the preponderant way of economic life, these incursions of (same word) began drawing everyone into some form of regional and even international exchange.
CAPITALISM
The purpose of such pamphlets was not merely to win greater representation for the Third Estate. Their authors were making the case for a new concept of society, in which __________, especially the educated middle classes, had the same value as the other orders.
COMMONERS
THE CONCEPT OF ENLIGHTENED DESPOTISM: George Ill of England (reigned 1760- 1820) and Louis XV of France (reigned 1715-1774) had little or no interest in either the philosophes or the concept of enlightened despotism 1. __________ of Russia, Frederick the Great of Prussia, and Joseph II of Austria were Europe's best-known enlightened despots.
Catherine the Great
Who was king of Spain in 1808 when Napoleon invaded Spain? Charles IV.
Charles IV
The __________of 1801: Napoleon understood the importance of ending the strained relationship between the French government and the Catholic Church. The (same word) of 1801 granted the Catholic Church special status as the religion of "the majority of Frenchmen." The pope regained the right to confirm church dignitaries appointed by the French government, depose French bishops, and reopen religious seminaries. In return, the pope recognized the French government and accepted the loss of church properties confiscated during the Revolution.
Concordat
What did Napoleon need to enforce his blockade of English trade?
Control of Europe
The National Assembly seemed unwilling to grant workers full political and social participation in the new society. One reason for this reluctance was the widespread fear of further unrest. Another was the strong belief among spokespersons for the ___________ that only those with a propertied stake in society could be trusted to exercise reason, or to think for themselves
ENLIGHTENMENT
When the King called for an _________ in 1789, the social tensions plaguing the old regime emerged as a central issue of the Revolution. Traditionally, estates representatives had belonged to one of the three orders of society, and in principle each order had an equal voice before the King. Because nobles dominated the clergy, however, the majority of representatives actually came from the two privileged orders, even though they stood for only 5 percent of the population at most.
ESTATES GENERAL
EUROPEAN REACTION: At first, European liberals supported the French Revolution and applauded the fall of the Old Regime. The English statesman_________ offered a conservative critique of the French Revolution. (same name) warned that mob rule would lead to anarchy and ultimately military dictatorship. To many moderate Europeans, the September massacres and the execution of Louis XVI vindicated Burke's dire predictions. Edmund Burke
Edmund Burke
FOREIGN THREATS: __________, Spain, Holland, and Sardinia joined Prussia and Austria to form the First Coalition. In the spring of 1793, First Coalition armies converged on France.
England
What was the most dangerous obstacle to Napoleon`s ambitions in 1805?
England
Which of Napoleon`s enemy was still undefeated in 1808?
England
To escape the Revolution, many French nobles fled to..
England, Austria, and Prussia.
ENGLAND UNDER WALPOLE: The first two Hanoverian monarchs spoke little __________and exercised little real power.
English
By the spring of 1789, the French government faced the imminent threat of bankruptcy. The refusal of the Assembly of Notables to support Louis XVI's program of tax reform forced the king to call a meeting of the __________.
Estates General
When news of this rural unrest reached the newly renamed National Assembly in Paris, its deputies, feeling pressured to stay ahead of events in the countryside, responded by announcing the "abolition of __________." Their decrees of 4 August represented the first step toward the destruction of the theoretical basis of old regime's system of privileges. Within the year, the assembly would do away with the whole concept of nobility, setting off a vigorous anti noble propaganda campaign in the press.
FEUDALISM
POPULATION STATISTICS: Europe's population increased from 120 million in 1700 to 190 million in 1800; The population of England rose from 6 million in 1750 to more than .10 million in 1800; The population of __________ increased from 18 million in 1715 to 26 million in 1789.
France
What was the condition of France when Napoleon returned from Egypt in 1799?
France was in chaos.
THE SEVEN YEARS' WAR, 1756-1763 -- The war on the Continent: The anti-Prussian alliance achieved a series of victories that threatened to crush Prussia. Prussia was saved from defeat when Russia 's new tsar, Peter Ill, who admired __________, dropped out of the war.
Frederick the Great
THE WAR OF THE AUSTRIAN SUCCESSION, 1740-1748 -- The Austrian-Prussian rivalry: The Pragmatic Sanction guaranteed Maria Theresa (reigned 1740- 1780) right to inherit the Habsburg throne and territories. __________ ignored the Pragmatic Sanction and seized Silesia. Located on the northeastern frontier of Bohemia, Silesia boasted a million people, a prosperous linen industry, and rich deposits of iron ore. Supported by France, his army successfully captured Silesia.
Frederick the Great
THE WAR OF THE AUSTRIAN SUCCESSION, 1740-1748 -- The Austrian-Prussian rivalry: The Pragmatic Sanction guaranteed Maria Theresa (reigned 1740- 1780) right to inherit the Habsburg throne and territories. __________ ignored the Pragmatic Sanction and seized Silesia. Located on the northeastern frontier of Bohemia, Silesia boasted a million people, a prosperous linen industry, and rich deposits of iron ore. Supported by France, his army successfully captured Silesia.
Frederick the Great
THE POPULATION EXPLOSION -- FACTORS LIMITING POPULATION GROWTH: Periodic crop failures caused widespread famine; Epidemic diseases such as bubonic plague decimated Europe's population; Frequent wars destroyed crops and spread contagious diseases. For example, the Thirty Years' War reduced the population of the __________ states by at least one-third.
German
Radicals who distrusted the king and wanted the Revolution to continue sat to the left. The left was divided into two groups: The Jacobins wanted to overthrow the monarchy and create a republic. Key jacobin leaders included Jean Paul Marat, Georges-Jacques Danton, and Maximilien Robespierre. It is important to note that the Marquis de Lafayette was not a Jacobin. The __________ wanted to involve France in a war that would discredit the monarchy and extend France's revolutionary ideals across Europe.
Girondists
During the period of peace and prosperity before the French Revolution, ___________ emerged as Europe's leading commercial nation. The upper classes benefited the most from the rising tide of commercial prosperity.
Great Britain
THE FALL OF NAPOLEON -- (same word) warfare in Spain In 7808, Napofeon deposed Spain's Bourbon rulers and installed his brother Joseph. This ill-advised action outraged the Spanish people. Bands of Spanish fighters known as __________warfare in Spain repeatedly ambushed French troops and then fled into hiding. During the next five years, France lost almost 300,000 men. These losses contributed to Napoleon ultimate defeat.
Guerrilla
What happened when Napoleon escaped from Elba and returned to France in March 1815?
He at once gathered an enthusiastic mob of supporters.
What was Napoleon`s reaction to the condition of France when he returned from Egypt in 1799?
He began to plan a takeover of power
How did England`s control of the seas frustrate Napoleon`s plans?
He could not invade England or expand overseas.
How did Napoleon bring off the coup that brought him to power in 1799?
He dissolved the legislature.
How did Napoleon suppress the royalist insurrection in October 1795?
He fired grapeshot into a mob of rioters
How did Napoleon come to national attention in the royalist revolution in October 1795?
He ordered his troops to fire on the royalist mob.
What reforms did Napoleon initially make in Italy in 1797?
He set up new states with republican constitutions
What were Napoleon`s territorial ambitions after he was crowned emperor in 1804?
He wanted to control Europe.
How was Napoleon received in France when he returned from Egypt?
He was hailed as a hero.
Which of the following statements best applies to Napoleon?
He was the child both of the Enlightenment and the Revolution.
Which of the following statements best applies to Napoleon's domestic policies?
His Civil Code reaffirmed the ideals of the Revolution and established a uniform legal system.
With whom did Napoleon replace Charles IV of Spain in 1808?
His brother, Joseph.
Who played a major role in Napoleon`s career?
His brothers, sisters, and in-laws
What event was the turning point in Napoleon`s military career?
His victory at Toulon
Napoleon made his brother Louis king of what territory in 1806?
Holland
What went wrong for Napoleon in Holland and Russia in 1810?
Holland and Russia refused to support the trade blockade against the English
Wrong for Napoleon in Holland and Russia in 1810?
Holland and Russia refused to support the trade blockade against the English.
FREDERICK THE GREAT (REIGNED 1740-1786) -- Enlightened reforms: Called himself "the first servant of the state." Invited Voltaire to live in his palace at Potsdam; Supported scientific agriculture; Prepared a unified national code of law; Abolished the use of torture except for treason and murder; Encouraged __________ from France and jews from Poland to immigrate to Prussia
Huguenots
In addition to economic differences, early modern French society was legally stratified by birth. Its three traditional divisions, or "orders," were the clergy, the nobility, and the common people. Nobles ruled over commoners, but even among commoners, specific individuals (such as officeholders) or groups (such as a particular guild or an entire town) enjoyed privileges unavailable to outsiders. Because these privileges were passed on primarily through __________, they tended to constrain social mobility—although without preventing it, since they could also be bought or sold.
INHERITANCE
How did the Revolution respond to the pressures of war and royalist uprisings in 1792?
It became an iron dictatorship.
Which of the following best characterizes Burke's Reflections on the Revolution in France?
It condemned the violence and anarchy of the French Revolution.
What effect did the total control exercised by Napoleon`s government have on France?
It created a new consciousness of a single French nation
What effect did the total control exercised by Napoleon`s government have on Germany?
It created the Confederation of the Rhine, the base for the modern German nation.
How did England use its vast wealth to fight Napoleon?
It financed the Russian, Prussian, and Austrian armies in their struggle against Napoleon.
How many times prior to 1787 had the Estates-General met?
It had met twice since its creation in 1302.
What was the significance of the fall of the Bastille?
It marked the beginning of the French Revolution.
What effect did the signing of the Concordat of 1801 have on the Roman Catholic Church?
It placed the Church under official state protection.
What action was taken by the French Senate on April 3, 1814?
It voted Napoleon out of office.
. Under Napoleon`s reforms, what was done to the educational system?
It was centralized.
What was the outcome of the French expedition to Egypt?
It was nearly a disaster.
What was the political situation in Paris when Napoleon was in Egypt in 1798?
It was very unstable
What was the political situation in Paris when Napoleon was in Egypt in 1798?
It was very unstable.
What was the national origin of Napoleon`s family?
Italian
What was Italy`s national status when Napoleon assumed command of its republican armies in 1795?
Italy was a collection of separate states, not an independent nation.
What was England`s greatest military strength?
Its navy
With experience, a worker could theoretically move up the social hierarchy, but in practice such ascent was extremely difficult to achieve, as the limited number of masterships in any given industry tended to be passed down within a family. Thus in some trades and in some cities __________ complained of feeling restricted and expressed greater solidarity toward their counterparts in other trades than toward their own masters.
JOURNEYMEN
DOMESTIC THREATS: Internal strife also threatened the National Convention. Girondists and royalist Catholics rebelled against the tyranny of radical __________.
Jacobins
LIFE IN THE EIGHTEENTH CENTURY -- Child Rearing: Because of the high mortality rate among infants, parents were reluctant to become emotionally attached to their children. __________ encouraged parents to provide a warm and nurturing environment for their children. Upper-middle-class parents began to place a greater emphasis on child rearing
Jean-Jacques Roussea
THE AGRICULTURAL REVOLUTION -- ENGLISH AGRICULTURE -- Agricultural innovators: Charles "Turnip" Townshend advocated continuous crop rotation using turnips, wheat, barley and clover. __________ invented a seed drill that allowed for sowing crops in a straight row. Robert Bakewell pioneered selective breeding of livestock.
Jethro Tull
CATHERINE THE GREAT (REIGNED 1762-1796) -- Enlightened reforms: Corresponded with Voltaire and invited Denis Diderot to visit her court; Supported Russia first private printing presses; Restricted the practice of torture; Allowed limited religious toleration to __________; Convened a legislative commission to draft a new enlightened law code. However, the nobles refused to concede any of their privileges and very little was accomplished.
Jews
The __________ declared war against Austria and Prussia in April 1 792, thus beginning the War of the First Coalition. The war began badly for the poorly equipped French armies. By the summer of 1 79 2, Austrian and Prussian armies were advancing toward Paris.
Legislative Assembly
__________ (reigned 1715- 1774) was a weak leader who was dominated by his royal mistresses and court favorites. The nobles regained much of the power and privileges they lost during the reign of Louis XIV. Although France was a prosperous and potentially powerful country, government debts continued to mount.
Louis XV
Who was called to be the new ruler of France in 1814?
Louis XVIII
What famous composer dedicated his Eroica symphony to Napoleon?
Ludwig van Beethoven.
THE OLD REGIME -- ROYAL WEAKNESS: Louis XV (reigned 1715- 1774) was a weak and indecisive ruler. Louis XVI (reigned 1774-1792) and his Austrian wife __________ were particularly unpopular and frivolous. The high court of Paris -- the Parliament -- assumed the right to approve or disapprove the king's decrees, thus further eroding royal power.
Marie Antoinette
The post-War of the Austrian Succession Diplomatic Revolution: 1. The Austrian chancellor, Count Kaunitz, vowed to recover Silesia. 2. Kaunitz successfully formed a coalition that included France, Austria, and Russia. One consequence of this new alliance was the marriage of __________, daughter of Maria Theresa, to the future Louis XVI of France. 3. England then formed an alliance with Prussia to implement its policy of maintaining a balance of power on the continent. 4. Note that this diplomatic revolution did not change the basic rivalries between England and France and Austria and Prussia.
Marie Antoinette
THE TREATY OF PARIS, 1763: 1. The British acquired French Canada and the land between the Appalachian Mountains and the __________ River. 2. France retained her Caribbean sugar islands and a few commercial installations in India. 3. Prussia retained possession of Silesia.
Mississippi
CHARACTERISTICS OF THE EIGHTEENTH CENTURY: ___________remained the most prevalent form of government; Divine-right (same word) evolved into enlightened despotism in Eastern Europe; Aristocrats regained much influence. Powerful nobles and wealthy merchants influenced and sometimes dominated inept monarchs.
Monarchy
CHARACTERISTICS OF THE EIGHTEENTH CENTURY: ___________remained the most prevalent form of government; Divine-right (same word) evolved into enlightened despotism in Eastern Europe; Aristocrats regained much influence. Powerful nobles and wealthy merchants influenced and sometimes dominated inept monarchs.
Monarchy
THE FALL OF NAPOLEON -- The invasion of Russia: The Continental System prevented Russia from exporting grain to Great Britain. When Tsar Alexander I (reigned 1801 to 1825) refused to stop this vital trade, Napoleon prepared to invade Russia. Napoleon's Grand Army reached __________. However, Alexander refused to surrender, thus forcing Napoleon to retreat. A combination of bitterly cold weather, disease, and merciless Russian attacks decimated Napoleon's army
Moscow
In 1806, Napoleon made his brother Joseph king of which territory?
Naples and Sicily
THE LOSS OF LIBERTY: __________censored the press and suppressed all political opposition. Despite the loss of individual liberties, France enjoyed security, stability, and prosperity. Supported by a grateful nation, (same name) declared himself emperor on December 2, 1804.
Napoleon
Public discontent mounted as the Directory failed to deal with inflation, food shortages, and corruption. On November 9, 1799, an ambitious and talented young general named __________) overthrew the Directory and seized power.
Napoleon Bonaparte
What honor was bestowed on Napoleon in 1804?
Napoleon was crowned emperor.
Which of the following is the best reason why Europe was engaged in endless warfare during Napoleon`s reign
Napoleon`s ambitions upset the balance of power in Europe, and he had to be stopped.
The Civil Constitution of the Clergy, August 1790, passed by the __________, did the following: Confiscated the lands owned by the Roman Catholic Church; Decreed that bishops and priests would be elected by the people and paid by the state; Required the clergy to take a loyalty oath to support the new government.
National Assembly
Where did the French expedition land in Egypt?
Near Alexandria
How long did Napoleon`s comeback last?
One hundred days
Historians have estimated that in lean years 90 percent of the __________ lived at or below the subsistence level, earning only enough to feed their families. Others commenting on the lot of impoverished peasants before 1789 blamed the tensions between rich and poor on the country's vast social differences.
PEASANTS
The great powers of Europe included Britain, France, Austria, __________, and Russia. Spain, Holland, Poland, Sweden, and the Ottoman Empire were no longer considered great powers.
Prussia
WARFARE, 1740-1763 -- GREAT POWER RIVALRIES: The Hohenzollerns of __________ and the Habsburgs of Austria vied for power in central Europe.
Prussia
What country did Napoleon defeat at Jena in October 1806?
Prussia
What was the major threat to the French Revolution in 1792? Invasion from England, Austria, and
Prussia
FACTIONS IN THE LEGISLATIVE ASSEMBLY: Members of the Legislative Assembly sat together in separate sections of the meeting hall. The political terms right, center, and left are derived from this seating arrangement. Conservatives who supported the king made up the _________. Moderates comprised a large group in the Center.
Right
THE REIGN OF TERROR: Faced with foreign invaders and the threat of domestic rebellion, the National Convention established the Committee of Public Safety to 'defend France and safeguard the Revolution. Led by __________, the Committee of Public Safety exercised dictatorial power as it carried out a Reign of Terror. In the name of creating a Republic of Virtue, (same name) executed the queen, his chief rivals, and thousands of "dangerous" class enemies.
Robespierre
The Thermidorean Reaction resulted in the fall of
Robespierre
__________ death ended the radical phase of the French Revolution. On the new revolutionary calendar, July was called Thermidor from the French word for "heat." Hence, the revolt against (same name) is called the Thermidorian reaction.
Robespierre's
LIFE IN THE EIGHTEENTH CENTURY -- Neoclassical Art: Neoclassical style supplanted __________ during the 1780s. Key figures were depicted as classical heroes. Works portrayed the classical virtues of self-sacrifice and devotion to the state. Compositions emphasized the Greek ideals of restraint, simplicity, and symmetry. leading artists and works: Jacques-Louis David, Oath of the Horatii, Jean-Antoine Houdon, Voltaire Seated, and Thomas Jefferson, Monticello.
Rococo
What did Napoleon require of Russia in the terms of the treaty signed at Tilsit in 1807?
Russia agreed to close its ports to all British trade.
Napoleon's decision to invade Russia stemmed from
Russia's defection from his Continental System.
What country did Napoleon defeat at Austerlitz in December 1805?
Russia.
What country, after being defeated at Austerlitz in 1805, came back for more warfare against Napoleon`s armies in 1807?
Russia.
By 1795, he was leading a conspiracy, although his goals and plans remained vague. Nevertheless, the political authorities worried about class war; they considered him a dangerous egalitarian revolutionary and arrested him. At his trial, Babeuf delivered an inspiring attack on private property and endorsed a system of property sharing that many see as a forerunner of __________.
SOCIALISM
LIFE IN THE EIGHTEENTH CENTURY -- REASONS FOR THE DECLINE OF WITCHCRAFT: Religious wars finally came to an end, thus restoring social stability. Protestants emphasized the concept of a supreme God, thus making the Devil seem less threatening. The __________ and the Enlightenment emphasized reason and uniform laws of nature. Support for superstition and witchcraft declined as educated Europeans turned to rational explanations of natural events.
Scientific Revolution
THE OLD REGIME -- GOVERNMENT DEBT: Louis XIV's profligate spending left a massive public debt that consumed half the nation's tax revenues. The cost of fighting the __________ and financing the American War for Independence worsened the fiscal crisis.
Seven Years' War
What happened to Napoleon in December 1800?
Someone attempted to assassinate him.
What did Napoleon impose on the newspapers of Paris?
Strict censorship
MAKING COMPARISONS: PETER THE GREAT AND FREDERICK THE GREAT -- Policies: Both rulers waged wars to conquer strategic territory. Peter's victory over __________ enabled Russia to take over warrn-water outlets and become the leading Baltic power. Frederick victory over Austria enabled Prussia to take control over Silesia and become a leading German power.
Sweden
Members of the first and second estates assumed that each estate would receive one vote. This system would enable them to impose their will on the third estate. Led by Abbe Sieyes, the third estate rejected this method of voting and demanded that all three estates meet together. When the king refused, the third estate declared itself the true National Assembly of France. Locked out of their official meeting place, the third estate met in a nearby where they took an oath not to disband until they drafted a constitution. The __________ marked the beginning of the French Revolution.
Tennis Court Oath
With whom did Napoleon do battle in northern Italy in 1796 and 1797?
The Austrians
What was Napoleon`s new form of government in 1799 called?
The Consulate.
The declaration proclaimed that all men were "born and remain free and equal in rights." These natural rights included the rights to "liberty, property, security, and resistance to oppression." The declaration provided for freedom of religion, freedom from arbitrary arrest, freedom of speech and the press, and the right to petition the government.
The Declaration of the Rights of Man and the Citizen
Women gained increased rights to inherit property and to divorce. Women did not gain the right to vote or to hold political office. In her book, A Vindication of the Rights of Women, Mary Wollstonecraft argued that women are not naturally inferior to men. The appearance of inferiority is created by a lack of education.
The Declaration of the Rights of Man and the Citizen
Why did Napoleon seek closer control of Spain in 1808?
The English were landing in Portugal and could therefore threaten the French from the south.
What was the Bastille?
The French royal prison
The "Reign of Terror" was
The Revolutionary government's campaign against internal enemies and counter-revolutionaries.
What did the French find when they invaded Russia in 1812?
The Russians burned their farms and towns as they retreated, leaving no provisions for the French
What was the condition in France by December 1813?
The allies were invading France.
Under Napoleon`s reforms, where were administrative and financial powers controlled?
The central government
After Napoleon`s exile from France, the forces of nationalism and progress in Europe were suppressed for three decades by whom?
The crowned heads of Europe.
What did the French republican army's take with them as they pushed into Europe in 1795
The ideas of the Revolution
After Napoleon`s territorial conquests, what was his next project in 1802?
The internal reform of France
Who or what of the following were most threatened by The French Revolution?
The monarchy and the upper classes
What did Admiral Nelson say about Napoleon?
The probability of universal monarchy was greatest under Napoleon`s rule.
Which of Napoleon's dreams fit well with the artistic movement known as Romanticism?
The revival of the ancient Roman Empire
Which of Napoleon`s dreams fit well with the artistic movement known as Romanticism?
The revival of the ancient Roman Empire
What was the outcome of the revolt led by Napoleon in Corsica?
The revolt was a fiasco.
What happened when it was discovered that the December 1800 assassination attempt on Napoleon was a right-wing royalist plot?
The right-wingers were jailed, but the left-wingers who were first arrested were also held.
What was Napoleon`s view of why Europe was engaged in endless warfare during his reign?
The rulers of Europe were still trying to defeat the French Revolution through war.
What caused Louis XVI to recognize the National Assembly in 1789?
There were defections from the First and Second Estates.
What did Napoleon say about the democratic principles that undergirded the French Revolution and the Republic?
They led to chaos and instability.
How did the people in the conquered territories feel about Napoleon`s brothers as rulers?
They resented them
With regard to religion, Napoleon`s reforms did what to the actions of the Revolution?
They reversed the actions of the Revolution
Many of Napoleon`s reforms did what to the principles established by the Revolution?
They reversed the principles established by the Revolution.
How did the Spanish people react to Joseph Bonaparte, Napoleon`s brother, taking the Spanish throne?
They revolted
What honor did the French people bestow on Napoleon in 1802?
They voted him consul for life.
What was the attitude of Napoleon`s defeated enemies in 1808?
They were only waiting for the chance to strike back.
The __________ estate: everyone else The third estate comprised 9 5 percent of the population. It included a diverse group of peasant farmers, urban workers, middle-class shopkeepers, wealthy merchants, and successful lawyers. Those in this group resented aristocratic privileges.
Third
Why did Napoleon return to Corsica in 1789?
To lead a revolt against the domination of the nobles and priests
What was Napoleon`s main task as first consul in 1799?
To restore order.
THE NAPOLEONIC EMPIRE, 1804-1815: Between 1805 and 1807, Napoleon defeated Austria, Prussia, and Russia in a series of brilliant military victories. Napoleon's victory at Austerlitz solidified his reputation as a military genius. By 1808, French rule extended from the North Sea to Spain and included much of Italy. It is important to note that Lord Nelson's naval victory at __________thwarted Napoleon's goal of controlling the seas and mounting an invasion of Great Britain.
Trafalgar
THE WAR OF THE AUSTRIAN SUCCESSION, 1740-1748 -- The __________: Frederick retained control of Silesia, thus confirming Prussia status as a great power and chief rival of Austria in German affairs. The English restored Louisbourg to France, and the French gave Madras back to England.
Treaty of Aix-la-Chapelle
Where was the island of St. Helena, the place of Napoleon`s final exile in 1815?
Twelve hundred miles from the African coast
On October 5, 1789, thousands of women marched to __________ demanding cheap bread and insisting that the royal family move to Paris. The king quickly capitulated, and a few days later the National Assembly also moved to Paris.
Versailles
For all its momentousness, however, the elimination of privilege did not bring an end to the social conflicts underlying the Revolution. Instead, it marked the beginning of another system of social distinctions, set forth in a new constitution introduced by the National Assembly. The most notable of these was the distinction between "active" citizens, who were granted full rights to vote and hold office, and "passive" citizens, who were subject to the same laws but could not vote or hold office. Membership in one class or the other was determined by one's income level, gender, race, religion, and profession. With the Le Chapelier Law of 1791, the National Assembly further differentiated workers from property owners and banned ___________ as being harmful to national unity.
WORKER ASSOCIATIONS
THE SEVEN YEARS' WAR, 1756-1763 -- The Colonial War: In Canada, the British defeated the French and gained control of Quebec. In the ___________, the British gained control of major French sugar islands. In India, the British gained control over key French trading posts.
West Indies
MAKING COMPARISONS: PETER THE GREAT AND FREDERICK THE GREAT -- Goals: Both Peter the Great and Frederick the Great were determined to transform their countries into great powers. Both Peter the Great and Frederick the Great imported __________ ideas to accelerate the pace of change.
Western
Napoleon made his brother Jerome king of what territory in 1807?
Westphalia
What is the basic argument about Napoleon`s contribution to world history?
Whether Napoleon`s rule furthered the cause of freedom in Europe or laid the foundations for modern dictatorship.
ENGLAND UNDER WALPOLE: Robert Walpole emerged as England's first prime minister. Walpole led the __________ party in Parliament and was the government's leading minister.
Whig
. How did Napoleon plan to destroy English trade?
With an enormous blockade.
The War of the Austrian Succession was caused by the fact that in 1740 the heir to the Austrian throne was a
Woman, Maria Theresa.
The immediate cause of the French Revolution was
a series of financial reversals
The program of de-Christianization did not include
a systematic execution of bishops.
The Napoleonic Code: Napoleon's legal experts consolidated hundreds of local law codes into a uniform legal code that is still the basis of French Law. The new code guaranteed many achievements of the French Revolution, including equality before the law, freedom of religion, the __________, and the protection of property rights.
abolition of privilege
Leopold II of Austria and Frederick William II of Prussia issued the Declaration of Pillnitz (August 1791) declaring that the restoration of _________ in France was of "common interest to all sovereigns of Europe."
absolutism
LIFE IN THE EIGHTEENTH CENTURY -- Patterns of marriage and the family after 1750: The growth of the cottage industry increased income and helped young people become financially independent. As income rose, ___________ declined. Increased mobility reduced parental and village controls. Young peasant women increasingly left home to work as domestic servants.
arranged marriages
In its attempt to "preserve" the revolution from its internal enemies, the Committee of Public Safety
brutally crushed cities that rebelled against the government.
In the eighteenth century, Prussia's
bureaucracy and military were dominated by Junkers
THE AGRICULTURAL REVOLUTION -- Traditional Agricultural Production: In the early 1700s, peasants living in village communities farmed much of the land in western Europe. Peasant farmers used an open-field system that included these characteristics: Animals grazed on the __________ or open lands; Villagers divided the remaining land into long, narrow strips. Fences and hedges did not divide this open land; Peasants traditionally used a two- or three-field system of crop rotation. This system was intended to restore exhausted soil. In practice, it meant that one-third to one-half of the land was allowed to lie fallow on any given year.
common
THE "NATION IN ARMS": The levee en masse created a national military based upon mass participation. This marked the first example of the _________ mobilization of a country for war. Motivated by patriotism and led by a corps of talented young officers that included Napoleon Bonaparte, France's citizen soldiers defeated the First Coalition's professional armies.
complete
The republican calendar of 1793
contributed to the overall plan of de-Christianization.
During the years 1792 and 1793, the city of Paris was
controlled by a Commune that favored radical change.
THE OLD REGIME -- PEASANT DISTRESS: Peasants comprised over four-fifths of France's 26 million people. Peasants lost half their income in taxes. They paid feudal dues to nobles, tithes to the church, and royal taxes to the king's agents. In addition, they paid a land tax called the taille and performed forced labor called the __________. Grain shortages led to sharp increases in the price of bread. The rising cost of bread was a major cause of discontent.
corvee
The newly elected National Convention abolished the monarchy and declared that France was now a republic. The National Convention then had to decide Louis XVI's fate. The Girondists favored imprisonment while the Jacobins demanded that he be executed as a tyrant and a traitor. After a contentious debate, the National Convention passed a resolution condemning Louis XVI to death. The resolution passed by one vote. Supported by the sans-culottes, the Jacobins branded the Girondins as _________and ousted them from the National Convention
counterrevolutionaries
All of the following were reforms of Napoleon's Consulate era EXCEPT
creation of the Committee on Public Safety
NAPOLEON AND THE CONSULATE, 1799-1804: Napoleon quickly took command of the new government. As first consul, he held all the power and made all the decisions. Napoleon's popularity continued to rise as he restored order, stimulated prosperity, and defeated the Second Coalition. Grateful voters overwhelmingly endorsed Napoleon's rule. He successfully used the democratic process to destroy __________.
democracy
THE CONCEPT OF ENLIGHTENED DESPOTISM: It is important to note that the philosophes did not support ___________. Like Thomas Hobbes, they believed that the people could not be trusted with self-government.
democracy
THE AGRICULTURAL REVOLUTION -- INNOVATIONS IN THE LOW COUNTRIES: Reasons for Low Country leadership in farming: The Low Countries were the most __________ region in Europe. Dutch farmers were thus forced to seek maximum yields from their lands. The Low Countries contained a growing urban population that created demand for farm products. New innovations in the Low Countries: Enclosed fields; Continuous crop rotation; Use of manure as fertilizer; Planting of a variety of crops; Use of drainage to reclaim marshes.
densely populated
THE FALL OF NAPOLEON -- In 1806, Napoleon closed all European ports to British ships and goods. Napoleon hoped that his Continental System would create a __________ in Great Britain while promoting French prosperity
depression
LIFE IN THE EIGHTEENTH CENTURY -- REASONS FOR THE GROWTH OF EUROPEAN WITCH HUNTS: Religious reformers stressed the great powers of the Devil. The Devil's diabolical activities reinforced the widespread belief in witchcraft. Women were believed to be weak and thus susceptible to the Devil's temptations. Religious wars and __________ caused great social and economic stress. Older, widowed women usually lacked power and thus became convenient scapegoats.
economic uncertainty
NAPOLEON AND THE CONSULATE, 1799-1804: Secure in his power, Napoleon enacted policies designed to transform France into an efficient modern state. It is interesting to note that in many ways Napoleon embodied the philosophes' concept of an __________.
enlightened despot
The 18th Century has three distinctive periods before the French Revolution: 1. A period of peace and prosperity from 1715 to 1 740; 2. A period of warfare from 1740 to 1763; 3. A period of __________ from 1763 to 1789
enlightened despotism
The main goals of the Directory government, dominated by the middle class, included establishing a society where money and property were the only requirements for prestige and
establishing a society where money and property were the only requirements for prestige and power
THE THERMIDORIAN REACTION: The Committee of Public Safety successfully crushed internal dissent and defeated the First Coalition. Despite these victories, Robespierre continued to pursue his fanatical dream of creating a Republic of Virtue. Fearing for their lives and yearning for stability, the National Convention reasserted its authority by __________ Robespierre.
executing
The British aristocracy of the eighteenth century allowed the monarchy to maintain some power because of its own
factional struggles
THE REORGANIZATION OF GERMANY: Napoleon's victories enabled him to dissolve the Holy Roman Empire. He consolidated previously independent German states into a French-dominated Confederation of the Rhine. Posing as a champion of the Revolution, Napoleon abolished __________ and granted peasants freedom from manorial duties.
feudalism
The __________ estate: the clergy: The Catholic Church held about 20 percent of the land. The French clergy paid no direct taxes. Instead, they gave the government a "free gift" of about 2 percent of their income.
first
The labor of African slaves and eastern European serfs supported key commodities: 1. African slaves labored on immensely profitable Caribbean sugar plantations. 2. Serfs labored in the rich __________ regions of eastern Europe.
grain-producing
The National Assembly did create a constitutional monarchy; divide France into 83 departments governed by elected officials; establish the metric system of measurement; abolish internal tariffs; abolish __________. The National Assembly did not abolish private property or give women the right to vote
guilds
Napoleon believed that liberty is...
he need of a small class.
Historians have noted that the French Revolutionary Army
helped create the modem concept of nationalism.
The Napoleonic Code: The code increased the authority of __________within the family. Women and children were legally dependent on their (same word) or father. For example, women could not buy or sell property without the consent of their (same word).
husbands
By the eighteenth century the French nobility and bourgeoisie were
increasingly less distinguishable from each other.
THE FALL OF NAPOLEON -- Aura of invincibility: Napoleon's appeared to be __________. Many called him the greatest military commander in . European history. Napoleon insatiable desire for power led him to make three disastrous mistakes that led to his downfall.
invincible
ENGLAND UNDER WALPOLE: A ruling "aristocracy" of __________ and wealthy merchants dominated Parliament.
landed gentry
THE "NATION IN ARMS": While the Terror crushed domestic dissent, Robespierre turned to the danger posed by the First Coalition. In 1793, the Committee of Public Safety proclaimed a "__________" decreeing compulsory military service for all men between the ages of 18 and 40.
levee en masse
In the century before the French Revolution the great powers fought ___________ wars: Professional armies fought wars based on maneuver and strategy rather than bloody mass combat. Rulers fought wars for specific territorial and economic objectives. There were no religious wars among the great powers.
limited
Prussia's Frederick the Great succeeded in
making Prussia's scattered lands more unified and secure
THE AGRICULTURAL REVOLUTION -- ENGLISH AGRICULTURE -- The enclosure movement: English landowners consolidated previously scattered pasture lands into compact fields enclosed by fences and hedges. The new enclosed farmland enabled landowners to rapidly implement agricultural innovations. This encouraged the development of __________ agricultural production. The enclosure movement forced many poor rural people to move to cities and work in factories.
market-oriented
THE POPULATION EXPLOSION -- FACTORS PROMOTING POPULATION GROWTH: Eighteenth-century wars were fought by professional armies with specific geographic and economic objectives. As a result, eighteenth-century wars were less destructive than the seventeenth-century religious wars; It is important to note that __________ advances did not play an important role in eighteenth-century population growth.
medical
After 1763 British authorities and American colonists came into conflict over
methods of raising revenue.
THE REORGANIZATION OF GERMANY: It is important to note that Napoleon unwittingly sparked a wave of German __________that fueled resistance to his rule. People who at first welcomed the French as liberators now felt they were being exploited by foreign invaders. Napoleon thus inadvertently accelerated the cause of German unification.
nationalism
LIFE IN THE EIGHTEENTH CENTURY -- Rococo: The Rococo style reached its peak of popularity during the reign of Louis XV (1715-1771). Artists depicted lighthearted and often frivolous scenes of "_________ at play." Paintings featured light -colored pastels. Architecture featured highly decorated interior ceilings. Leading artists and works: Antoine Watteau -- Pilgrimage to Cythera, Franois Boucher -- Cupid a Captive, and Jean-Honore Fragonard --The Swing.
nobles
THE OLD REGIME -- ARISTOCRATIC RESISTANCE: French __________ were exempt from paying taxes. The nobles successfully resisted all attempts to reform the tax system.
nobles
LIFE IN THE EIGHTEENTH CENTURY -- Marriage and the Family before 1750: Most young married European couples lived in __________ families. Large multi-generational households were not the norm. Most couples postponed marriage until they were in their late twenties. Couples delayed marriage in order to acquire land or learn a trade. A combination of parental authority and strict laws exercised tight control over marriage.
nuclear
The Declaration of the Rights of Man and Citizen
owed much to the American Declaration of Independence.
THE CONCEPT OF ENLIGHTENED DESPOTISM The ___________ urged Europe's absolute rulers to use their power for the good of the people.
philosophes
THE POPULATION EXPLOSION -- FACTORS PROMOTING POPULATION GROWTH: The agricultural revolution produced a more abundant food supply; In Europe, the ___________ became a key food staple during the eighteenth century; A single acre of potatoes could feed a family for a year; Advances in transportation reduced the impact of local crop failures.
potato
Napoleon sought to bring Britain to its knees by
preventing Britain from trading with the continent.
France during the eighteenth century lost an empire and acquired a huge
public debt.
After the Thermidorean Reaction, the Directory government
relied heavily on military support for its survival.
JOSEPH II (REIGNED 1780-1790) -- Protest and reaction: The nobles bitterly opposed Joseph's program of reforms . Following Joseph death, the new emperor, Leopold II, placated the nobles by repealing many of Joseph's reforms . Serfdom and the __________ remained in effect until 1848.
robot
LIFE IN THE EIGHTEENTH CENTURY -- Increased Life Expectancy: During the eighteenth century, the life spans of Europeans increased from 25 to 35 years. New foods such as the potato combined with better farming techniques improved the diet of the poor. Improved __________. and the beginning of the science of immunology reduced death rates. Edward Jenner performed the first smallpox vaccination in 1796. The conquest of smallpox was the greatest medical triumph of the eighteenth century.
sanitation
THE SECOND FRENCH REVOLUTION: During the summer of 1792, radicals called __________ (literally "without breeches") took control of the Paris Commune (city government). The revolutionary Paris Commune intimidated the Legislative Assembly into deposing Louis XVI and issuing a call for the election of a national cgnvention. This new body would then form a more democratic government.
sans-culottes
THE SECOND FRENCH REVOLUTION: Violence once again exploded in Paris. Convinced that royalists would betray the Revolution, mobs of _________ executed over a thousand priests, bourgeoisie, and aristocrats. These "September massacres" marked the beginning of a second French Revolution dominated by radicals.
sans-culottes
The __________ estate: the nobility Nobles comprised 2 to 4 percent of the population. Nobles owned about 25 percent of the land.
second
The United States Constitution of 1789 was
seen by Europeans as the fulfillment of Enlightenment dreams.
CATHERINE THE GREAT (REIGNED 1762-1796) -- Pugachev's Rebellion: From 1773 to 1775, a Cossack soldier named Emelian Pugachev led a dangerous uprising of serfs living along the Volga River. The rebellion finally ended when Pugachev was captured, tortured, and executed. Pugachev's Rebellion marked the end of Catherine's program of enlightened reforms.Determined to prevent any future rebellions, Catherine gave the nobles additional privileges and absolute power over their estates and serfs.
serfs
FREDERICK THE GREAT (REIGNED 1740-1786) -- The junkers and serfs: A firm believer in social order, Frederick strengthened the junker's privileges. The Junkers retained full control over their __________.
serfs
MAKING COMPARISONS: PETER THE GREAT AND FREDERICK THE GREAT -- Policies: Both rulers imported Western ideas. Peter took the unprecedented step of visiting western Europe. His program of westernization opened Russia to new ideas, crops, and technologies. Frederick took the unprecedented step of inviting Voltaire to live in Prussia. His program of enlightened despotism opened Prussia to religious ptoleration, scientific agriculture, and a new code of laws. Both rulers instituted changes that affected only the top layers of their societies. The __________ in both Russia and Prussia remained tied to the land and completely dominated by nobles.
serfs
THE CONCEPT OF ENLIGHTENED DESPOTISM: Enlightened despots would combat ignorance and __________ by eliminating irrational customs, promoting religious toleration, reforming legal codes, and supporting education.
superstition
CATHERINE THE GREAT (REIGNED 1762-1796) -- Territorial expansion: Catherine ignored the philosophes' arguments against war. During her reign, Russia gained territory at the expense of the Ottoman Empire and Poland. Catherine's armies defeated the Ottomans and gained control over___________ and most of the northern shore of the Black Sea. Catherine along with Prussia and Austria annexed Polish territory in a series of partitions that took place in 1772, 1793, and 1795. As a result of these partitions, Poland disappeared as an independent nation
the Crimean Peninsula
Men,are born, and always continue free and equal in respect of their rights. Civil distinctions, therefore, can be founded only on public utility." In 1789, these statements were part of
the Declaration of the Rights of Man and the Citizen.
During the War of the First Coalition, Faced with defeat, recruits rushed to Paris singing __________, a stirring appeal to save France from tyranny. The rejuvenated French forces stopped the Austro-Prussian army, thus saving the Revolution.
the Marseillaise
The Jacobins took their name from
the convent in Paris where they often met.
Political developments in eighteenth-century Britain included
the increased power of the king's ministers to make public policy.
Of paramount importance to the American victory over the British was
the military and financial assistance of France.
The achievements of the Jacobins included all of the following EXCEPT the distribution of all land among
the peasants
THE DIRECTORY, 1795- 1799: The government consisted of a two-house legislature and an executive body of five men known as the Directory. Dominated by __________, the Directory proved to be corrupt and unpopular.
the rich bourgeoisie
The controversy over voting by order rather than voting by head in the Estates-General led eventually to
the withdrawal of the Third Estate to form a National Assembly.
JOSEPH II (REIGNED 1780-1790) -- Enlightened reforms: Abolished serfdom and feudal dues; Abolished the system of forced labor known as the robot; Proclaimed religious toleration for all Christians and Jews; Reduced the influence of the church; Reformed the judicial system; Abolished __________ and ended the death penalty.
torture
Napoleon's Grand Empire
was composed of three parts but held together by loyalty to him.
The Austrian emperor Joseph II
was discouraged by the discontent that greeted his reforms.
During the revolution, French women
were not allowed to participate in political activities.
LIFE IN THE EIGHTEENTH CENTURY -- WITCHCRAFT PERSECUTIONS: During the sixteenth and seventeenth centuries, between 100,000 and 200,000 people were officially tried for witchcraft. Between 40,000 and 60,000 people were executed for witchcraft. Elderly, __________ women were the most likely to be accused of witchcraft.
widowed
LIFE IN THE EIGHTEENTH CENTURY -- WITCHCRAFT PERSECUTIONS: During the sixteenth and seventeenth centuries, between 100,000 and 200,000 people were officially tried for witchcraft. Between 40,000 and 60,000 people were executed for witchcraft. Elderly, __________ women were the most likely to be accused of witchcraft.
widowed