EVR ch 15

If the following are energy returned on investment (EROI) ratios for particular energy sources, which of the following is the most efficient? 48/4 10:1 3 2:1

48/4

Salinization is especially a problem around which inland sea? Kara Sea Caspian Sea Black Sea White Sea Okhotsk Sea

Caspian Sea

Which of the following statements accurately describes nuclear fusion reactors? Nuclear fusion occurs in Earth's crust. Fusion reactions can fuse three isotopes of hydrogen into one helium. Fusion would be a more advanced technology if governments had provided some money for research or if attempts to develop it were more than just a few years old. Fusion reactions require very high temperatures

Fusion reactions require very high temperatures

The bars on the graph are not of equal width. What does the width of each bar represent? the cost-effectiveness of each energy investment the amount of energy saved by an investment, in kilowatts per year the cost of conserved energy for each investment, in dollars per kilowatt-hour the amount of energy saved by an investment, in kilowatt-hours per year

the amount of energy saved by an investment, in kilowatt-hours per year

What does the y-axis show? the cost of conserved energy, in dollars per kilowatt-hour the cost of an energy investment the current price of energy, in dollars per kilowatt-hour the amount of energy saved, in kilowatt-hours per year

the cost of conserved energy, in dollars per kilowatt-hour

Coal continues to be the main fuel used to generate electricity in the United States. This is partially because ________. coal causes almost no air pollution when burned coal deposits in the United States lie very close to the surface and are easily extracted the country has such large reserves of coal the quality of coal in the United States is very consistent from deposit to deposit compared to natural gas and oil, coal contains very few impurities, such as sulfur

the country has such large reserves of coal

What is energy intensity? a measure of the reduction of wasteful or unnecessary energy use the capturing of excess heat during electrical generation the use of LED rather than incandescent light bulbs the energy use per dollar of the Gross Domestic Product (GDP)

the energy use per dollar of the Gross Domestic Product (GDP)

When we burn fossil fuels, ________. the resulting carbonic acid leads to acid rain we liberate carbon back into the carbon cycle, increasing the amount available for plant growth, causing plants to flourish the greatest environmental impact is the local damage from extraction the greatest environmental impact is increased greenhouse gases the greatest environmental impact is the impact on the ozone layer

the greatest environmental impact is increased greenhouse gases

What was the primary cause of the decline in oil prices in 2016 to only one quarter of the prices in 2008? a prolonged peace in the Middle East the oil supply glut caused by fracking a typographical error in a Black Friday sale ad energy conservation and the use of renewable technologies the war against ISIS

the oil supply glut caused by fracking

What environmental problem that contributes to global warming is addressed by using amine solutions to treat the fumes of a coal-burning power plant? the release of heat into the atmosphere the release of carbon dioxide into the atmosphere the production of acid rain the production of fine carbon particles and ash

the release of carbon dioxide into the atmosphere

When did the use of coal for cooking, heating, and other purposes begin? in the 1700s, by people who needed cooking fuel sources thousands of years ago, by Native Americans (and other ancient cultures) with the industrial revolution

thousands of years ago, by Native Americans (and other ancient cultures)

Which of the following energy investments would be cost-effective to install? ground source heat pump solar hot water heating triple paned windows gas stove

triple paned windows

In what habitat are most of the nuclear waste storage or disposal sites in Russia? tundra steppe taiga mixed forest mountains

tundra

If the cost of energy rose to $.18 per kilowatt-hour, which of the following would be true? The cost-effectiveness of all the investments would remain the same. Investing in a solar hot water heating and a ground source heat pump would become cost-effective. Installing triple paned windows would no longer be cost-effective. Investing in a ground source heat pump and a gas stove would become cost-effective.

Investing in a solar hot water heating and a ground source heat pump would become cost-effective.

During peak usage, what happens to the cost of electricity? Cost of electricity always stays the same. It depends on where the power plant is located. It almost always increases. It almost always decreases. It depends on the time of the year.

It almost always increases.

What compound that results from hydraulic fracturing can contaminate groundwater? Sulfur dioxide Carbon dioxide Methane Carbon monoxide

Methane

What is the difference between EROI (energy returned on investment) and net energy? There is no difference between the two metrics. EROI is the net energy times the energy invested, and the net energy is the total amount of energy that is available. Net energy is simply the difference between energy returned and energy invested. EROI is a ratio with energy return in the numerator and energy invested in the denominator. Net energy is the total amount of energy that is gained after the EROI is calculated divided by the initial addition of energy invested.

Net energy is simply the difference between energy returned and energy invested. EROI is a ratio with energy return in the numerator and energy invested in the denominator.

Which location is an area of nuclear bomb testing that is high in environmental contamination and home to polar bears that are genetically distinct from other polar bear subpopulations? European Plain Yakutsk Basin Novaya Zemlya Kamchatka Peninsula Northeast Highlands

Novaya Zemlya

What is the current status of carbon capture and storage (CCS) in the United States? Technologies are not sufficiently reliable, and it is currently too energetically expensive for coal power plants to capture and store their carbon emissions. Many coal power plants are currently voluntarily retrofitting their systems to capture carbon emissions. Carbon is now captured and converted to plastics at most coal power plants in the United States. The U.S. government is currently requiring all coal power plants to institute carbon capture and storage technologies by the year 2025. The rejection of Yucca Mountain as a carbon storage site has resulted in coal power plants storing carbon on-site until a permanent storage location can be approved.

Technologies are not sufficiently reliable, and it is currently too energetically expensive for coal power plants to capture and store their carbon emissions.

How is the energy produced by nuclear fission used to produce electricity? The radiation is used to make plasma, which is harnessed directly for electricity. Water in the containment vessel is kept under high pressure and heat from the fission reactions that heat it to well over boiling. This is then used to boil another loop of water, which turns a turbine that drives a generator and makes electricity. The fission process produces a strong magnetic field that moves electrons through loops of copper wire, thus making electricity.

Water in the containment vessel is kept under high pressure and heat from the fission reactions that heat it to well over boiling. This is then used to boil another loop of water, which turns a turbine that drives a generator and makes electricity.

What is the cost of conserved energy for compact fluorescent lighting? about $.02 per kilowatt-hour about $.08 per kilowatt-hour about $.12 per kilowatt-hour about 1,500 kilowatt-hours per year

about $.08 per kilowatt-hour

How much energy would be saved by adding insulation to ceilings? about $0.06 per kilowatt-hour about 2,000 kilowatt-hours/year about 3,000 kilowatt-hours/year about 5,000 kilowatt-hours/year

about 2,000 kilowatt-hours/year

How much energy would the family save by investing in all of the features that are cost-effective at the current price of energy? about $.12 per kilowatt-hour about $.13 per kilowatt-hour about 7,000 kilowatt-hours per year about 9,000 kilowatt-hours per year about 13,000 kilowatt-hours per year

about 9,000 kilowatt-hours per year

Which of these energy investments is the least expensive to install? adding insulation to ceilings triple paned windows solar hot water heating cannot be determined from the graph

adding insulation to ceilings

From which of the nations below did the United States import the most crude oil in 2012? Saudi Arabia Iran Kuwait Iraq Canada

canada

Which of the following countries exports the most oil to the United States? Venezuela Canada Kuwait Saudi Arabia

canada

Many pollutants from coal-fired power plants are properly managed today. Which of the following is currently considered to be the biggest threat to the environment? methane gas nitrous oxide carbon dioxide oxygen sulfur dioxide

carbon dioxide

Which country leads the world in coal production and consumption by extracting and consuming approximately half of the world's annual coal yield? Canada India Russia China United States

china

All of the following, are forms of renewable energy EXCEPT: tidal. wind. geothermal. solar. coal

coal

The world's most abundant fossil fuel is ________. oil natural gas biodiesel coal methane

coal

Which of the fossil fuels is most abundant on Earth? electricity coal crude oil natural gas

coal

Once the carbon dioxide is captured from the fumes of a coal-burning power plant, something must be done with it. The option with the least environmental impact involves releasing the carbon dioxide into __________. the air deep underground caverns frozen lakes during the winter months the oceans

deep underground caverns

The practice of reducing wasteful or unnecessary energy use is called ________. technology reduction energy switching energy conservation energy efficiency cogeneration

energy conservation

What term describes the ability to obtain a given result while using less energy? CAFE standards energy efficiency conservation cogeneration

energy efficiency

When assessing energy resources, it is helpful to use a measure called EROI, which is ________. energy returned plus energy invested energy returned minus energy invested money invested in extraction and processing minus income from sales energy returned divided by energy invested amount of energy invested minus heat released into the environment

energy returned divided by energy invested

U.S. oil production ________. will peak out in 2100, requiring for the first time imports to meet growing demand falls far short of U.S. oil consumption is now high enough for us to export nearly 50% is sufficient to meet national needs thanks to major conservation efforts

falls far short of U.S. oil consumption

Which of the following is a method to gain additional power from coal? carbon storage pyrolysis hydraulic fracturing gasification

gasification

Where is electricity made at a coal-fired power plant? cooling tower generator silo boiler control room

generatorD

Organizations like OPEC have formed ________. in order to take maximum advantage of developed nations dependence on imported oil to protect their national members' petroleum reserves for their own use to ensure that developing nations get their fair share of fossil fuels to develop technologies to conserve non-renewable energy resources as a military alliance to protect developed nations' energy reserves

in order to take maximum advantage of developed nations dependence on imported oil

Effects attributed to Chernobyl ________. have not been extensively documented include increased incidence of thyroid cancers include serious respiratory illnesses but no fatalities include increased incidence of emphysema

include increased incidence of thyroid cancers

The heavy levels of soot from the electrical plant upwind of Soweto, along with dust from gigantic gold and coal mines, created particulate pollution more than three times the recommended level. This would be expected to result in ________. enriched agricultural fields and increased crop yields high levels of birth defects high levels of heart disease increased incidence of lung disease problems with running local automobiles and other machinery

increased incidence of lung disease

Scientists currently assessing the environmental impacts of the 2010 Deepwater Horizon oil spill in the Gulf of Mexico report that ________. the coastal marshes of Louisiana suffered no measurable damage the entire Gulf food web will eventually collapse it may take years or decades before the full impacts are known the damage was limited to wildlife kills immediately after the spill Gulf productivity has already returned to normal and no further effects will be felt

it may take years or decades before the full impacts are known

Acid rain is a problem in the region encompassing which city? Samara Moscow Kazan Kiev Irkutsk

kiev

Natural gas is primarily composed of ________. sulfur dioxide nitrite nitrogen methane oxygen

methane

One-quarter of Scotland's electricity is generated by the third-largest coal-fired power station in Europe. In just three minutes, this power plant uses __________ of coal. one train car (wagon) 1,000 pounds 4 billion tons 4 million tons

one train car (wagon)

Crude oil is ________. formed less than 100 yards below the surface; in deeper places with more pressure, coal is formed composed of less than ten different hydrocarbon molecules formed in a wide range of temperature and pressure circumstances refined to separate the chemicals used for gasoline, lubricants, plastics, and other products usable in its raw form

refined to separate the chemicals used for gasoline, lubricants, plastics, and other products

All fossil fuels, including coal, are considered an indirect form of ____________ energy. nuclear wind solar renewable geothermal

solar

What is bitumen? A thick type of petroleum formed in clay and sand A bitter form of crude oil eaten by birds A rare form of uranium A vitamin-enriched form of coal

A thick type of petroleum formed in clay and sand

Russia has enormous reserves of freshwater but, ironically, suffers from a deficit of pure drinking water. Which of the following best explains why? All of Russia's rivers and lakes suffer from severe salinization. The freshwater in Russia is not easily accessible. All of the major river systems in Russia are heavily polluted. Russia lacks sufficient rivers and lakes that can provide freshwater. all of the above

All of the major river systems in Russia are heavily polluted.

How does a coal-fired power plant use the energy in coal to produce electricity? Burning coal heats water and creates steam that turns the blades of a turbine and generates electricity. Burning coal heats air that spins the blades of a turbine and produces electricity. Burning coal generates light that is converted into electricity. Burning coal heats wires to very high temperatures, which then generate electricity.

Burning coal heats water and creates steam that turns the blades of a turbine and generates electricity.

What are the three fossil fuels that are used today to meet society's needs? Electricity, crude oil, and hydroelectricity Coal, natural gas, and electricity Crude oil, hydroelectricity, and geothermal energy Coal, natural gas, and crude oil

Coal, natural gas, and crude oil

The country with the largest amount of domestic oil available for sale on the international market is ________. Iran Japan Germany the United States Saudi Arabia

Saudi Arabia

Which of the following is one of the two methods for mining oil shale? Fire treating Deep-sea drilling Surface drilling Strip mining

Strip mining

In the year 2000, the worst air pollution levels in the region were in downtown Johannesburg and Soweto. The probable explanation is that in downtown Johannesburg ________, while in Soweto ________. trash incinerators were a problem; gasoline-powered electrical generators were the cause gasoline-powered electrical generators were the cause; trash incinerators were a problem automobile traffic was the cause; the burning of fuels in each home for heating, light, and cooking was a major contributor to indoor and outdoor air pollution automobile traffic was the cause; ozone depletion was also the cause coal-fired electrical plants were the cause; automobile traffic in overcrowded areas was the problem

automobile traffic was the cause; the burning of fuels in each home for heating, light, and cooking was a major contributor to indoor and outdoor air pollution

What color smoke coming from a coal-fired power plant would indicate wasted fuel? black white clear green red

black

One of the problems with finding new fossil fuel deposits in developing countries is that ________. multinational corporations often move in to harvest the new deposit, and very little money or resource remains in the country it is very expensive to transport the deposit elsewhere their governments seldom allow extraction of the deposit without imposing huge taxes to fund new social benefits for the country their governments seldom allow extraction of the deposit without meeting expensive environmental regulations those countries tend to keep the resource for themselves, not sharing with other countries

multinational corporations often move in to harvest the new deposit, and very little money or resource remains in the country

Alaskans benefit from the trans-Alaska pipeline because Alaska's state constitution requires approximately 25% of state revenues associated with the oil industry to be placed into a monetary fund called the Permanent Fund, which ________. is divided equally among the politicians in the state for running their offices is used for social infrastructure, such as hospitals, roads, and schools pays for education of native Alaskans through scholarships is used as a main source of funds to reduce environmental damage pays yearly dividends to all Alaska residents

pays yearly dividends to all Alaska residents

Secondary extraction of petroleum ________. causes less environmental damage than tertiary extraction occurs immediately after primary extraction is less expensive than primary extraction uses solvents, water, or steam allows the oil to be extracted to the last dro

uses solvents, water, or steam

Efficiency of coal-fired power plants can be nearly doubled by ________. switching to oil using cogeneration using coal with higher sulfur content using household wastes along with the coal adding wood chips to the coal

using cogeneration