EVR Chapter 9

What percent of the world's oceans are in protected areas or reserves? View Available Hint(s) 1.6% 6.1% 7.2% 99.9%

1.6%

Approximately what areal percentage of the world's lands are designated as parks, reserves, and protected areas? View Available Hint(s) 1% 12% 88% 100%

12%

________% of Earth's land area is currently covered by forest. 30 50 Less than 5 40 5-10

30

Part complete A plant with which of the following characteristics would likely be most successful in an area where all of the hemlocks have been killed off by the hemlock wooly adelgid? A species that does well in soil with no nitrogen. A species that does well in soil with average nitrogen. A species that does well in soil with low nitrogen. A species that does well in soil with high nitrogen.

A species that does well in soil with high nitrogen.

Most commercial logging today takes place in ________. Canada, Russia, and Brazil the United States Europe Australia Mexico

Canada, Russia, and Brazil

Part complete You are the mayor of Pittsfield, Massachusetts. The trees in your town are under siege from the Asian long-horned beetle. Where should you go to best learn how to eradicate this pest? Chicago, Illinois Duluth, Minnesota St. Louis, Missouri Des Moines, Iowa

Chicago, Illinois

Which of the following areas would be affected most by the decreasing federal budget for the National Park Service? Caribou-Targhee National Forest Effigy Mounds National Monument Pawnee National Grassland Long Lake National Wildlife Refuge

Effigy Mounds National Monument

Your aunt sits on the board of the most successful philanthropic group advocating for protecting public lands. What is she working to improve and protect? Golden Gate National Recreation Area Yosemite National Park Grand Canyon National Park Yellowstone National Park

Golden Gate National Recreation Area

U.N. Food and Agriculture Organization

Issues global forest assessment based on remote sensing data

Part complete How has the "Smokey the Bear" campaign damaged forest health? View Available Hint(s) It has focused attention on forests rather than grasslands. It has allowed too few fires to burn in forests. It has allowed too many fires to burn in forests. It has allowed too much clear-cutting.

It has allowed too few fires to burn in forests.

Both authors describe the unhealthy state of forests but describe very different solutions. Which of the following answers list Koehler's primary solution and Bosworth's primary solution? Koehler: eliminate forest fires; Bosworth: target invasive insect species Koehler: subsidize industrial logging; Bosworth: shift to imported wood only Koehler: ecological restoration; Bosworth: active management (tree thinning) Koehler: increased road networks; Bosworth: end logging in national forests

Koehler: ecological restoration; Bosworth: active management (tree thinning)

Part complete Which of the following statements is true regarding the area effect? View Available Hint(s) The closer an island is to a continent, the fewer species it will have. The number of species on an island is expected to quadruple as the size of an island doubles. Small islands contain more species than do larger islands. Large islands contain more species than do smaller islands.

Large islands contain more species than do smaller islands.

Part complete How do resource managers achieve maximum sustainable yield? View Available Hint(s) They raise the average temperature so that enzymes work faster and growth is greater. When they use up the resource in the area they manage, they move on to a fresh area. They keep the population at 50% of the carrying capacity, thus maximizing the growth rate. They supplement the available natural food with processed, high-nutrient feed.

They keep the population at 50% of the carrying capacity, thus maximizing the growth rate.

Which of the following is true regarding giant sequoias? They need fire and large amounts of water. They do not need fire or much water. They do not need fire, but do need large amounts of water. They need fire, but not much water.

They need fire and large amounts of water.

Established under the leadership of Gifford Pinchot to manage forests for "the greatest good of the greatest number in the long run"

US Forest Service

Why do urbanized societies need stretches of uninhabited and undeveloped land? View Available Hint(s) Uninhabited and undeveloped lands are set aside to provide space for future generations as populations grow. Uninhabited and undeveloped lands are saved so that we can develop them in the future. Uninhabited and undeveloped lands provide natural resources that, in turn, provide the ecosystem services and the psychological relief needed to support urban populations. We need to preserve them to extract resources in the future.

Uninhabited and undeveloped lands provide natural resources that, in turn, provide the ecosystem services and the psychological relief needed to support urban populations

Federal lands protected from development but open to camping and nature study

Wilderness Areas

Internationally managed sites of cultural and natural importance

World Heritage Sites

The first national park was ________. General Grant Sequoia Mount Rainier Yellowstone Yosemite

Yellowstone

Part complete Mr. Smith has been hired to manage a swath of land owned by a private company. His goal is to manage the forest in the most sustainable way while still using the land and making a profit. At first, he manages the land using the concept of maximum sustainable yield. After a few years he realizes that ecosystem-based management is more appropriate for this particular swath of land. Mr. Smith is using __________. View Available Hint(s) single-use management timber famine primary-secondary management adaptive management

adaptive management

According to the island biogeography theory, given islands of the same size, which would host the greatest amount of biodiversity? View Available Hint(s) an island just off the mainland an island 50 miles off the mainland an island 100 miles off the mainland an island 1000 miles off the mainland

an island just off the mainland

Part complete Second-growth forests ________. in North America are mostly in British Columbia and Alaska are less abundant on Earth today than they were 500 years ago are forests whose timber has second-rate value are those forests in the National Parks that are protected from logging are forests that establish themselves after virgin timber has been removed from an area

are forests that establish themselves after virgin timber has been removed from an area

Wilderness areas ________. were set up under the administration of George W. Bush in the early 2000s allow hunting as long as proper permits are acquired were set up under the wise-use movement of the 1980s and 1990s are off-limits to development of any kind but are open to low-impact recreation are biosphere reserves managed by UNESCO

are off-limits to development of any kind but are open to low-impact recreation

Paper parks are ________. portions of the wilderness areas where timber harvesting is permitted areas protected on paper but not in reality due to lack of funding portions of the national parks where timber harvesting is permitted land trust areas where timber harvesting is permitted parks established where timber harvesters formerly harvested wood for paper mills

areas protected on paper but not in reality due to lack of funding

You visit Arenal Volcano National Park while on a trip to Costa Rica. Who do you have to thank for originally initiating the concept of the National Park? Australia United States Sweden England

australia

Part complete What is the difference between biosphere reserves and other protected areas? View Available Hint(s) Local people are allowed to live in and harvest resources from the outer areas of the reserve. Rather than open up a costly park, iosphere reserves are put in place after clear-cutting to help establish new old-growth forest. Biosphere reserves are found only around enormous or unusual features. All species are completely protected within the reserve. Even land managers are not allowed to kill any organisms.

Local people are allowed to live in and harvest resources from the outer areas of the reserve.

Mission is to protect natural resources for future generations through use restrictions and prohibition of resource extraction, but provides public access for current enjoyment

National Park Service

Private land trust that purchases and protects areas in natural condition

Nature conservency

________ are replacing primary forests in much of southeast Asia. Invasive exotic species Biosphere reserves Oil palm plantations World heritage sites Reserves for indigenous peoples

Oil palm plantations

Why do developing nations impose few or no restrictions on logging? There is an infinite supply of timber because wood is a renewable resource. They are desperate for economic development. Most timber is extracted by local corporations that support the government. No ancient forests remain in developing nations. Local residents use most of the timber, and the government does not want to impose restrictions on its citizens.

They are desperate for economic development

Part complete Which of the following management practices attempts to minimize ecological impact by allowing some trees in a forest to grow to maturity? View Available Hint(s) maximum sustainable yield ecosystem-based management clear-cutting of secondary forests understory management

ecosystem-based management

he arrow at the top right of the graph represents the ________. point of fastest growth the point at which there are no more births or deaths in the population extinction point equilibrium point where births in the population equal deaths point of maximum sustainable yield

equilibrium point where births in the population equal deaths

What would one call trees planted in a stand at the same time? View Available Hint(s) step-laddered uneven aged terraced even aged

even aged

"Edge effects" are a particular problem when ________. formerly large habitats are reduced to small fragments forests undergo biodiversity changes as a result of climate change wildlife corridors are developed in urban landscapes preserves have a very large area and a roughly circular shape trying to manage and protect island biodiversity

formerly large habitats are reduced to small fragments

The tendency of humans to want to live in these Sky Islands, visit them for recreation, and use them for lumber or for wood pulp, causes ________. increased transitional areas increased habitat fragmentation and alteration increased genetic diversity major changes in local climate increased buffer zones

increased habitat fragmentation and alteration

A fire hits an old forest with large, old trees. A large section of the forest is burnt down. Over many years, new, immature trees replace the old ones. How can the new area be characterized? View Available Hint(s) It is a primary forest. It is a savanna. It is an old-growth forest. It is a secondary forest.

it is a secondary forest

You are an entomologist with a plan to stop the emerald ash borer at its most ecologically damaging stage. What are you targeting? larvae eggs adult females adult males

larvae

Part complete Ecosystem-based timber harvesting uses methods that ________. are ecologically harmless have the greatest impacts on forest ecosystems are the most cost efficient in the short term leave seed-producing or mature trees uncut to provide for future forests are very popular with timber companies

leave seed-producing or mature trees uncut to provide for future forests

Which of the following is a result of the prescribed burning of an open and grassy pine savannah? more species of hardwood plants less-intense natural wildfires fewer grasses a mature hardwood forest

less-intense natural wildfires

If the Sky Islands become rapidly warmer and drier, the endemic species there will ________. successfully adapt to changing conditions be forced to interbreed with other species to preserve genetic diversity probably suffer a high extinction rate move down the mountain slopes and displace species living at lower elevations move farther into the core area of the "sky island"

probably suffer a high extinction rate

What are corridors? View Available Hint(s) a part of a biosphere reserve covered walkways built by the park service tunnels that allow animals to travel through mountains protected lands that allow animals to travel between islands of habitat

protected lands that allow animals to travel between islands of habitat

What component of weather is watched most closely when determining when to conduct a prescribed burn? relative humidity angle of the sun temperature the night before a burn barometric pressure

relative humidity

Clear-cutting ________. removes all trees from an area is harvesting trees from coastal areas only restricts timber harvesting to mountaintops involves elimination of subsidies to farmers is a form of violent protest favored by radical environmental organizations

removes all trees from an area

Part complete With very few exceptions, what sort of forest is in the United States? View Available Hint(s) primary forests secondary forests tertiary forests quaternary forests

secondary forests

Which of the following phrases best describes the goals behind the resource management strategies? View Available Hint(s) preservation of natural areas soil conservation sustainable use of natural resources maintenance of species diversity in ecosystems

sustainable use of natural resources

Prescribed burns would be used in forests ________. that have heavy recreational use to warn people about the dangers of fires plagued with insects as a cheaper alternative to pesticides where there high densities of endangered species, such as tropical rain forests to convert primary forests into secondary forests that are subject to severe wild fires to remove fuel load and stimulate new growth

that are subject to severe wild fires to remove fuel load and stimulate new growth

Forests reach their greatest ecological complexity when ________. they are frequently logged using clear-cutting in the early stages of recovering from logging they are frequently burned shrubs and other ground cover plants are absent they are mature and exhibit a multi-level canopy

they are mature and exhibit a multi-level canopy

Part complete Concessions granted by developing nations allow ________. establishment of wilderness areas timber extraction according to strictly sustainable forestry principles restoration of deforested regions timber extraction by foreign multinational corporations the establishment of national parks

timber extraction by foreign multinational corporations

What is the process in which forest plants release water back into the atmosphere? View Available Hint(s) clear-cutting deforestation transpiration snag

transpiration

Fire history in an open pine woodland ecosystem would be best determined by ________. tree ring scars charcoal in the soil the density of vegetation soil chemistry ambient air temperature

tree ring scars

Currently, what sorts of forests are being lost more rapidly than others? View Available Hint(s) temperate rainforests tropical rainforests boreal forests city forests

tropical rainforests

Part complete Velvet grass, an invasive plant, has been found in Yosemite National Park. Who is most likely to remove it? AmeriCorps members a group of park rangers janitorial staff volunteers

volunteers

The National Forest Management Act ________ national forest land. directs timber companies to remove small trees, underbrush, and dead trees to reduce fires in offers subsidies to timber companies for road building on was passed in 1976 with the intent to ensure multiple use and sustainable yield of was passed by the Bush administration in 2004 to loosen environmental protections and restricting public oversight of was passed to set up the formation of land trusts on

was passed in 1976 with the intent to ensure multiple use and sustainable yield of

The UNFAO has demonstrated that forest loss has slowed but ________. we still lose forests at the rate of 5.2 million ha/yr all nationally owned forests should be managed by clear-cutting to protect forest biodiversity, forested public lands should be closed to recreation there will be no forest ecosystems left by 2040 deforestation is now in equilibrium with new planting

we still lose forests at the rate of 5.2 million ha/yr

When will a population grow most rapidly? View Available Hint(s) when it is at 25% of carrying capacity when it is at 50% of carrying capacity when it is at 75% of carrying capacity when it is at 90% of carrying capacity

when it is at 50% of carrying capacity

What challenge does the concept of SLOSS represent? View Available Hint(s) whether to make a few large reserves or many small reserves whether to pursue total conversion of land or to fragment it over time whether to pursue primary-growth forests or secondary-growth forests on federally owned lands whether to allow for the use of federally owned lands for hunting

whether to make a few large reserves or many small reserves

his is the U.S. government designation that provides the most protection from human damage to a public area. View Available Hint(s) wilderness area national forest national park national wildlife refuge

wilderness area

Part complete Dale Bosworth describes several reasons why America's national forests are not pristine landscapes. Which of the following reasons does he include in his essay? American Indians have managed forests for thousands of years through the use of fire. Most grazing activity took place on grasslands rather than forest areas. European settlers left forested areas intact when they came to North America. Climate change is not likely to affect forested areas.

American Indians have managed forests for thousands of years through the use of fire.

Part complete Matthew Koehler includes several statistics about impacts of logging in national forests. Which of the following statements describe an ecological impact of logging? Approximately 50% of riparian areas require restoration due to logging and other land uses. Existing national forest roads require $10 billion in maintenance. U.S. national forests supply less than 2% of our nation's wood products. National forest logging levels have decreased since the mid-1990s.

Approximately 50% of riparian areas require restoration due to logging and other land uses.

Although Koehler and Bosworth disagree about the role of logging in U.S. national forests, their essays suggest one potential point of agreement. Which of the following statements would both authors support? America's wilderness areas provide sufficient protection for our remaining old-growth forests. The U.S. Forest Service is following its mandate and properly managing our national forests. National forests are a critical source of domestic lumber. Removing some trees from forests can reduce the threat of wildfire in protected areas.

Removing some trees from forests can reduce the threat of wildfire in protected areas.

You are a U.S. senator who plans to introduce an updated version of the Organic Administration Act of 1897. What scientific information would be useful for rewriting the original law? Research on the effects of logging on ecosystem services provided by forests A comparison of the ecosystem effects of different logging techniques Analysis of the costs of imported versus domestic lumber A research report analyzing various road-building strategies and their effects on forests

Research on the effects of logging on ecosystem services provided by forests

Which one of the following statements about prescribed burns is true? Deer are very frightened by any sign of fire. Some species of pine trees require fire to reproduce. Gopher tortoises and snakes typically climb to escape the dangers of fire. Prescribed burns typically result in a few people being burned to death each year.

Some species of pine trees require fire to reproduce.

What sorts of limitations are placed upon national wildlife refuges? View Available Hint(s) The refuges are open from 6 a.m. to 10 a.m. only for educational purposes. The refuges are open for hunting, fishing, education, and other public uses. The refuges are public lands with no restrictions for use whatsoever. The refuges are preserves that are off limits to all public uses.

The refuges are open for hunting, fishing, education, and other public uses.

In a grassy pine savannah, a longer interval between prescribed burns typically leads to _____. less-intense fires the elimination of grasses bigger woody species the elimination of woody species

bigger woody species

The city in which you reside is home to the four major species of ash trees. Which of the following is likely to fair the best if the emerald ash borer makes its way to your community? black ash green ash white ash blue ash

blue ash

Part complete Most of the world's forests are __________. View Available Hint(s) temperate rainforests tropical dry forests tropical rainforests boreal forests

boreal forests

Which of the following harvesting methods is the most cost-efficient but has the greatest ecological impacts? View Available Hint(s) the uneven approach the shelterwood approach the seed-tree approach clear-cutting

clear-cutting

There are groups of tropical birds, such as trogons and parrots that are usually considered to live in Central America and the mountains of southern and central Mexico. Small populations of these birds migrate into the United States each year. It is probably true that ________. more of these birds are found in the taller mountains of Colorado than in the shorter mountains in southern Arizona, even if the relative area of the mountains is the same these birds have higher genetic diversity in the U.S. populations than in the populations in Central America these birds can live in the lower, drier elevations in the United States as well as in the mountain ranges more of these birds are found in the mountains of New Mexico and Arizona than in the mountains of Colorado, Utah, or Nevada these birds migrate to the United States in the winter because it is warmer here

more of these birds are found in the mountains of New Mexico and Arizona than in the mountains of Colorado, Utah, or Nevada

If the Sky Islands become warmer and drier, the species that live at lower elevation will ________. move into and dominate the altered sky islands create a helpful buffer zone between themselves and the "sky island" species strengthen the biodiversity of the islands by adding many new species move even farther down the slopes become extinct

move into and dominate the altered sky islands

If Lower Michigan has another severe winter, what effect will it most likely have on the emerald ash borer? They will all be killed off. No effect. Their population will decrease by about 25%. Their population will decrease by about 50%.

no effect

Part complete In an open and grassy pine savannah, fires _____. prevent the growth of grasses prevent the development of a hardwood forest prevent the growth of trees leave the soil barren and without life

prevent the development of a hardwood forest

Land trusts are ________. private nonprofit groups corporations municipal government entities state government entities federal government entities

private nonprofit groups