evr chpt 4

If the actual increase in total sea otters was 1,400 individuals between 1985 and 2005, how many new sea otters were added to the population (on average) each year?

70

Which statement is an accurate description of a keystone species?

A keystone species that is a predator controls the herbivore populations, which in turn maintains the plant populations and keeps balance.

Which statement is correct concerning the process of ecological succession?

After a disturbance, the community goes through a somewhat predictable set of changes until reaching a final state.

The following graphs are possible results from Angilletta's experiment. Match each description with the appropriate graph. Graph 3

Ants from urban locations tolerate heat slightly less than ants from rural locations.

The following graphs are possible results from Angilletta's experiment. Match each description with the appropriate graph. Graph 2

Ants from urban locations tolerate heat slightly more than ants from rural location

You would be hard pressed to find tundra anywhere on this continent.

Australia

You are a farmer interested in low-input agriculture. Which of the following do you do?

Increase your use of microbes and decrease your use of chemicals.

Between the years of 1985 and 2005 the total number of sea otters:

Increased by approximately 100%.

Regions with otters tend to host dense forests of kelp, a brown seaweed that anchors to the seafloor. Kelp forests provide a physical structure in which diverse marine communities find shelter and food. Sea otters prey on urchins, which consume kelp. According to James Estes, sea otter populations have dropped dramatically in Alaska and the Aleutian Islands. If sea otter populations in these areas continue to decline, what might happen with populations of sea urchins and kelp?

Sea urchins increase and kelp decreases.

Zebra mussels ________.

are an invasive exotic species that clog pipes and cover boat propellers

If global climate change results in an area of temperate grassland receiving less rainfall and higher temperatures, it will ________.

begin to support more desert species

The statement, "hiking up a mountain in the southwestern United States is like walking from Mexico to Canada," is meant to demonstrate that ________ change(s) rapidly as you change altitude and latitude.

biomes

What potential energy-bearing compound is produced through photosynthesis and made available for consumers?

carbohydrates

What biome is highly seasonal, with mild, wet winters and warm, dry summers?

chaparral

Which list includes biomes in the correct order from those that have the lowest annual rainfall to those that have the highest?

desert, grassland, temperate deciduous forest, tropical rainforest

Many plants have developed complicated defenses to protect themselves against __________.

herbivory

The following graphs are possible results from Angilletta's experiment. Match each description with the appropriate graph. Graph 6

There was a flaw in the experimental design.

You study beetles and wish to apply niche partitioning to your research. Why?

To decrease competition.

Which of the following appears to be critical for successful use of microbes?

Uniting agriculture and ecology.

If you were to randomly visit a specific area on Earth, what two factors would you need to know to determine the type of biome you will visit?

its annual rainfall and temperature

Human activities, including fossil fuel combustion, farming, and deforestation, are known to increase atmospheric levels of greenhouse gases such as carbon dioxide, methane, and nitrous oxide. Measurable warming of Earth due to these gases can alter ecosystem dynamics. In addition to the direct climatic effects on organisms within biomes, warming can melt permafrost in the tundra and increase precipitation in arctic areas. Global warming also can increase sea surface temperatures, melting sea ice in the Arctic and increasing the intensity of hurricanes in temperate and tropical coastal areas. Within communities, climatic change can shift interdependent species "out-of-sync," potentially causing indirect loss of species. Which of the following might be first to populate an area after glaciers melt in response to global climate change?

lichens

Ecologists researching Mount Saint Helens after the 1979 eruption determined that ________.

many species in the blast zone survived the eruption

Temperate deciduous forests are characterized by ________.

moderate temperatures and moderate amounts of precipitation

Two species of lizard live on the same tree and consume the same sorts of food. Regardless, neither species is in direct competition with the other. The key to this scenario is that one of the species is nocturnal; the other is diurnal. What is this called?

resource partitioning

Ecological restoration tries to __________.

return ecosystems to a more "natural" state, often what they were like before industrial civilization altered them

Of the following, chaparral has a climate most similar to ________.

savanna

Fish that eat zooplankton would be considered ________.

secondary consumers

Grazing animals such as deer are ________.

primary consumers

In South America, the density of trees should be comparatively lower in this habitat.

tropical savanna

The following graphs are possible results from Angilletta's experiment. Match each description with the appropriate graph. Graph 1

Ants from urban locations tolerate heat more than ants from rural locations

________ are typical primary consumers in a temperature deciduous forest.

deer

It has been demonstrated that ectotherms (such as insects and reptiles) in warm climates tolerate higher temperatures than ectotherms in cooler climates. Angilletta hypothesized that urban heat islands could lead to similar differences in heat tolerance between urban and rural populations of leaf-cutter ants. He predicted that ants in urban areas would tolerate heat better than ants in nearby rural areas.

-Measure the heat tolerance of many ants of the same species from a city center and from a rural area in the same region -Measure the heat tolerance of many ants of the same species as a function of the distance they live from a city center.

graph chpt1 question 34 In the year 2005 there were approximately ____ more sea otters in total than in 1985.

1,400

The following graphs are possible results from Angilletta's experiment. Match each description with the appropriate graph. Graph 4

Ants from urban locations tolerate heat less than ants from rural locations.

How does predation differ from parasitism?

Parasites rarely kill their host, while predators kill their prey.

In 1991, scientist James Estes and his team observed a new trend of orcas preying on sea otters. Orcas normally prey on great whales, but those populations had been dramatically reduced by industrial whaling. Estes hypothesized that the decrease in the great whale population had caused orcas to turn to smaller prey -- sea otters. If this hypothesis is correct, predict what might happen to sea otter numbers if great whale population numbers increase.

Sea otter populations would increase.

The following graphs are possible results from Angilletta's experiment. Match each description with the appropriate graph. Graph 5

There is little to no difference in the heat tolerance of ants from each type of location.

Part BPart complete Which of the following is true regarding soil microbes?

There are many species and large populations.

Human activities, including fossil fuel combustion, farming, and deforestation, are known to increase atmospheric levels of greenhouse gases such as carbon dioxide, methane, and nitrous oxide. Measurable warming of Earth due to these gases can alter ecosystem dynamics. In addition to the direct climatic effects on organisms within biomes, warming can melt permafrost in the tundra and increase precipitation in arctic areas. Global warming also can increase sea surface temperatures, melting sea ice in the Arctic and increasing the intensity of hurricanes in temperate and tropical coastal areas. Within communities, climatic change can shift interdependent species "out-of-sync," potentially causing indirect loss of species. Global warming has been hypothesized to cause many plants to flower earlier. If bees and other pollinators begin the search for food earlier in response to this, this would represent ________ within the community.

coevolution

Human activities, including fossil fuel combustion, farming, and deforestation, are known to increase atmospheric levels of greenhouse gases such as carbon dioxide, methane, and nitrous oxide. Measurable warming of Earth due to these gases can alter ecosystem dynamics. In addition to the direct climatic effects on organisms within biomes, warming can melt permafrost in the tundra and increase precipitation in arctic areas. Global warming also can increase sea surface temperatures, melting sea ice in the Arctic and increasing the intensity of hurricanes in temperate and tropical coastal areas. Within communities, climatic change can shift interdependent species "out-of-sync," potentially causing indirect loss of species. If the climate warms significantly, glaciers may melt, exposing underlying rock. This may lead to ________ in the community.

coevolution

The taiga is the largest terrestrial biome in the world. It is characterized by this plant community.

coniferous forest

This plant community grows on stable terrain, the soil of which tends to be young, acidic, and poor in nutrients.

coniferous forest

Which trophic level provides energy for all of the other trophic levels?

first

Which of the following is a pathogen?

influenza virus

A community may undergo a regime shift or a phase shift if ________.

it loses a keystone species or suffers a major climatic change

Human activities, including fossil fuel combustion, farming, and deforestation, are known to increase atmospheric levels of greenhouse gases such as carbon dioxide, methane, and nitrous oxide. Measurable warming of Earth due to these gases can alter ecosystem dynamics. In addition to the direct climatic effects on organisms within biomes, warming can melt permafrost in the tundra and increase precipitation in arctic areas. Global warming also can increase sea surface temperatures, melting sea ice in the Arctic and increasing the intensity of hurricanes in temperate and tropical coastal areas. Within communities, climatic change can shift interdependent species "out-of-sync," potentially causing indirect loss of species. The relationship between flowering plants and bees is best described as ________. Read the following scenario and answer the question(s) below. Human activities, including fossil fuel combustion, farming, and deforestation, are known to increase atmospheric levels of greenhouse gases such as carbon dioxide, methane, and nitrous oxide. Measurable warming of Earth due to these gases can alter ecosystem dynamics. In addition to the direct climatic effects on organisms within biomes, warming can melt permafrost in the tundra and increase precipitation in arctic areas. Global warming also can increase sea surface temperatures, melting sea ice in the Arctic and increasing the intensity of hurricanes in temperate and tropical coastal areas. Within communities, climatic change can shift interdependent species "out-of-sync," potentially causing indirect loss of species. The relationship between flowering plants and bees is best described as ________. parasitism herbivory competition predation mutualism

mutualism

Many wild orchids cannot be successfully dug up and transplanted because they need the native mycorrhizae (a fungus) in the soil to survive. What kind of interaction is this?

mutualism

Secondary succession ________.

occurs after a fire or flood

Herbivory is actually a type of ________.

predation