EX. 29 Blood

Differential WBC count

"Never Let Monkeys Eat Bananas" 100 WBCs counted. Take number of each WBC found and divide by 100. Used in physical examination to determine elevations

Lymphocyte

(T and B cells) Pale blue cytoplasm Function: mount immune response by direct cell attack

Coagulation Time

2-6 minutes Blood clotting, protective mechanism that minimizes blood loss. injured tissues release tissue factor or PF3 to trigger clotting mechanism Calcium + clotting factors ->1. formation of prothrombin activator->2. prothrombin -> thrombin-> 3. fibrogen-> fibrin

composition of blood

55% Plasma (nonliving) 45% Formed elements (living)

Blood Typing

Agglutination (clumping) = Rh + No Agglutination = Rh -

Type A

Agglutination occurs in anti-A Antigens present on RBC: A Antibodies in Plasma: Anti-B Donations: AO

Type B

Agglutination occurs in anti-B Antigens present on RBC: B Antibodies in Plasma: Anti-A Donations: BO

Type AB

Agglutination occurs in both Antigens present on RBC: A and B Antibodies in Plasma: None Donations: ABO (universal recipient)

Type O

Agglutination occurs in none Antigens present on RBC: None Antibodies in Plasma: Anti-A and B Donations: O (universal donor)

difference between antigen and antibody

Antigen: foreign substance, when introduced in the body will stimulate production of antibodies Antibody: protein that will combine with and inactivate the antigen

Eosinophil

Bilobed nucleus. Red granules Function: allergy and asthma

Hematocrit

Centrifuging whole blood spins the formed elements to the bottom of tube, and plasma to the top. Normal Levels - Male 42-52% - Female 37-47%

True/False. There are no special precautions that I need to observe when performing today's lab.

FALSE. Special precautions needed when handling blood.

Blood Glucose

Fasting: 70-100 mg/dl 2 hrs after eating: 70-145 mg/dl Random: 70-125 mg/dl

Polycythemia

Increased RBC count may result from bone marrow cancer or living in high altitudes where less oxygen is available

Monocyte

Kidney-shaped. gray-blue cytoplasm. Function: Phagocytosis

Agranulocyte

Lymphocyte and Monocyte

Neutrophil

Multilobed nucleus, inconspicuous cytoplasmic granules Function: Phagocytize bacteria

Ganulocytes

Neutrophil, Eosinophil, Basophil

Hypochromic

RBCs paler than normal; not enough pigment that carries oxygen

Erythrocytes

RBCs. biconcave, annucleate disc; salmon colored function: transport oxygen and carbon dioxide

Pregnant women problem

Rh- moms are pregnant with an Rh+ baby. Mom needs to get a Rhogham Injection: Rh antibodies which stops mom from making antibodies. Passive Immunity!

True/False. If an individual is transfused with the wrong blood type, the recipient's antibodies react with the donor's antigens, eventually clumping and hemolyzing the donated RBCs.

True

Leukocytes

WBCs. spherical, nucleated disc Types: Granulocytes and Agranulocytes

Plasma

Water: solvent for carrying other substances; absorbs heat Salts (electrolytes): osmotic balance, pH buffering Plasma proteins - Albumin: osmotic balance - Fibrogen: clotting for blood - Globulins: defense (antibodies) and lipid transport Substances transported by blood - Nutrients - Waste products of metabolism - Respiratory gases - Hormones

Hemoglobin

a protein found in RBCs necessary for the transport of oxygen from lungs to cells

Leukocytosis

abnormally high WBC count. may indicate bacterial or viral infection

Blood typing is based on the presence of proteins known as antigens/antibodies on the outer surface of the red blood cell plasma membrane.

antigens

______ are the leukocytes responsible for releasing histamine and other medications of inflammation

basophil

Macrocytic

bigger RBCs

Vitamin B12

cobalamin; water-soluble vitamin with a key role in the normal functioning of the brain and nervous system, and for formation of blood

leukopenia

decrease in WBC # under 4000/mm

Anemia

decreased oxygen carrying ability in blood may result from decreased RBCs

Mature erythrocytes/leukocytes are the most numerous blood cells and do not have a nucleus

erythrocytes

Three types of formed elements found in blood include...

erythrocytes, leukocytes, and platelets

Intrinsic Factor

glycoprotein produced by parietal cells of stomach, necessary for absorption of vitamin B12

When determining the hematocrit/hemoglobin, you will centrifuge whole blood in order to allow the formed elements to sink to the bottom of the sample

hematocrit

Bleeding Time

hhow long bleeding lasts and availability of platelets to stop bleeding capillaries

Basophil

large blue-purple granules Function: release histamine and contains heparin

The normal hematocrit value for females/males is generally higher than that of the opposite sex

males

Leukemia

malignant disorder of the lymphoid tissues characterized by uncontrolled proliferation of abnormal WBC accompanied by a reduction of RBC platelets. detectable by total WBC count and differential WBC count

The least numerous but largest of all agranulocytes

monocyte

_____ are essential for blood clotting

platelets

Microcytic

smaller RBCs, carries less hemoglbin

Hemoglobin Concentration

testing the hemoglobin content in blood. hemoglobin is responsible for transporting oxygen. Normal levels 12 to 18 g per 100 mL of blood slightly higher in men