EX. 29 Blood
Differential WBC count
"Never Let Monkeys Eat Bananas" 100 WBCs counted. Take number of each WBC found and divide by 100. Used in physical examination to determine elevations
Lymphocyte
(T and B cells) Pale blue cytoplasm Function: mount immune response by direct cell attack
Coagulation Time
2-6 minutes Blood clotting, protective mechanism that minimizes blood loss. injured tissues release tissue factor or PF3 to trigger clotting mechanism Calcium + clotting factors ->1. formation of prothrombin activator->2. prothrombin -> thrombin-> 3. fibrogen-> fibrin
composition of blood
55% Plasma (nonliving) 45% Formed elements (living)
Blood Typing
Agglutination (clumping) = Rh + No Agglutination = Rh -
Type A
Agglutination occurs in anti-A Antigens present on RBC: A Antibodies in Plasma: Anti-B Donations: AO
Type B
Agglutination occurs in anti-B Antigens present on RBC: B Antibodies in Plasma: Anti-A Donations: BO
Type AB
Agglutination occurs in both Antigens present on RBC: A and B Antibodies in Plasma: None Donations: ABO (universal recipient)
Type O
Agglutination occurs in none Antigens present on RBC: None Antibodies in Plasma: Anti-A and B Donations: O (universal donor)
difference between antigen and antibody
Antigen: foreign substance, when introduced in the body will stimulate production of antibodies Antibody: protein that will combine with and inactivate the antigen
Eosinophil
Bilobed nucleus. Red granules Function: allergy and asthma
Hematocrit
Centrifuging whole blood spins the formed elements to the bottom of tube, and plasma to the top. Normal Levels - Male 42-52% - Female 37-47%
True/False. There are no special precautions that I need to observe when performing today's lab.
FALSE. Special precautions needed when handling blood.
Blood Glucose
Fasting: 70-100 mg/dl 2 hrs after eating: 70-145 mg/dl Random: 70-125 mg/dl
Polycythemia
Increased RBC count may result from bone marrow cancer or living in high altitudes where less oxygen is available
Monocyte
Kidney-shaped. gray-blue cytoplasm. Function: Phagocytosis
Agranulocyte
Lymphocyte and Monocyte
Neutrophil
Multilobed nucleus, inconspicuous cytoplasmic granules Function: Phagocytize bacteria
Ganulocytes
Neutrophil, Eosinophil, Basophil
Hypochromic
RBCs paler than normal; not enough pigment that carries oxygen
Erythrocytes
RBCs. biconcave, annucleate disc; salmon colored function: transport oxygen and carbon dioxide
Pregnant women problem
Rh- moms are pregnant with an Rh+ baby. Mom needs to get a Rhogham Injection: Rh antibodies which stops mom from making antibodies. Passive Immunity!
True/False. If an individual is transfused with the wrong blood type, the recipient's antibodies react with the donor's antigens, eventually clumping and hemolyzing the donated RBCs.
True
Leukocytes
WBCs. spherical, nucleated disc Types: Granulocytes and Agranulocytes
Plasma
Water: solvent for carrying other substances; absorbs heat Salts (electrolytes): osmotic balance, pH buffering Plasma proteins - Albumin: osmotic balance - Fibrogen: clotting for blood - Globulins: defense (antibodies) and lipid transport Substances transported by blood - Nutrients - Waste products of metabolism - Respiratory gases - Hormones
Hemoglobin
a protein found in RBCs necessary for the transport of oxygen from lungs to cells
Leukocytosis
abnormally high WBC count. may indicate bacterial or viral infection
Blood typing is based on the presence of proteins known as antigens/antibodies on the outer surface of the red blood cell plasma membrane.
antigens
______ are the leukocytes responsible for releasing histamine and other medications of inflammation
basophil
Macrocytic
bigger RBCs
Vitamin B12
cobalamin; water-soluble vitamin with a key role in the normal functioning of the brain and nervous system, and for formation of blood
leukopenia
decrease in WBC # under 4000/mm
Anemia
decreased oxygen carrying ability in blood may result from decreased RBCs
Mature erythrocytes/leukocytes are the most numerous blood cells and do not have a nucleus
erythrocytes
Three types of formed elements found in blood include...
erythrocytes, leukocytes, and platelets
Intrinsic Factor
glycoprotein produced by parietal cells of stomach, necessary for absorption of vitamin B12
When determining the hematocrit/hemoglobin, you will centrifuge whole blood in order to allow the formed elements to sink to the bottom of the sample
hematocrit
Bleeding Time
hhow long bleeding lasts and availability of platelets to stop bleeding capillaries
Basophil
large blue-purple granules Function: release histamine and contains heparin
The normal hematocrit value for females/males is generally higher than that of the opposite sex
males
Leukemia
malignant disorder of the lymphoid tissues characterized by uncontrolled proliferation of abnormal WBC accompanied by a reduction of RBC platelets. detectable by total WBC count and differential WBC count
The least numerous but largest of all agranulocytes
monocyte
_____ are essential for blood clotting
platelets
Microcytic
smaller RBCs, carries less hemoglbin
Hemoglobin Concentration
testing the hemoglobin content in blood. hemoglobin is responsible for transporting oxygen. Normal levels 12 to 18 g per 100 mL of blood slightly higher in men
