Exam 1

Define and understand the importance of colostrum

Breastmilk produced during the first three days or so after delivery is different from the milk produced later. this early milk contains higher levels of protein, minerals, and antibodies than "mature" milk.

Define enzymes and provide specific examples

Enzymes are protein substances that speed up

What is the most common single nutrient deficiency?

Iron deficiency.

What are the chemical processes involved in digestion of fats?

LIPASE- breaks down fats into fragments of fatty aids and glycerol

-gluten free

Less than 20 parts per million of gluten

What are the leading causes of death relating to diet and chronic disease in the US?

Lifestyle-related chronic diseases, such as, diabetes, heart disease, cancer, hypertension. high cholesterol.

What are the common elements of the SAD diet?

Low in- fruits, vegetables, whole grains, dried beans, poultry, nuts, fish. High in- meats, refined grains, sugars, calories, salts.

What is an example of an antioxidant?

Lycopene, Anthocyanins, beta-carotene,

Discuss the nutritional advantages of breastfeeding for infants and the dietary recommendations for breastfeeding mothers

appropriate composition and balance of nutrients -hormones that promote physiological dev. -cognitive development -protects against infections -protects against some diseases such as type 1 diabetes -protects against food allergies // 3-4 hours, infants should be fed on demand

How often should infants eat

are based primarily on energy and nutrient needs and the developmental readiness and a large educational component

Define Disaccharide

are simple sugars consisting of two sugar molecules

Explain why the need for calories changes with aging

fewer calories because less energy but still need nutrient dense foods

Be able to read and understand a food label

obvious

Identify characteristics of dietary patterns that promote health

obvious

Define digestion

the mechanical and chemical processes in whereby ingested food is converted into substances that can be absorbed by the intestinal tract and utilized by the body.

-good source

From 10 to 19% of the Daily Value for a particular nutrient

Describe 5 key elements of healthy dietary patterns for children and adolescents

The quantities, proportions, variety, or combination of different foods, drinks, and nutrients in diets, and the frequency with which they are habitually consumed

What are dietary patterns?

The quantities, varieties, proportions, or combinations of foods, drinks, and nutrients in the diet and the frequency with which they are habitually consumed.

Define nutrition

The study of food, their nutrients and other chemical constitutes.

Should I care about cow farts? Why/why not?

Yes CO2 emmisions

define monosaccharides

are simple sugars

What is inflammation and how is it related to nutrition?

chronic inflammation is low-grade inflammation that lasts a long time.Relates to nutrition because they are sustained by excess body fat and diets high in saturated and trans fats.

How can you make mealtimes pleasurable and eating enjoyable for children

colorful healthy fun options and explain how its made

Do most children have inborn preference for food

no

What are the 4 characteristics of a healthful dietary pattern

• Adequacy • Variety • Balance •Health maintenance

What are GMOS

(GMOs) GMOs contain selected, individual genes transferred from one organism, usually a bacteria, to another. (genetically modified organisms)

What are added sugars

- sugars added to foods during processing or preparation

-low sodium

140 grams or less sodium

What is food insecurity?

A limited or uncertain availability to safe nutritious food- or the ability to acquire them in socially acceptable ways.

What is food security ?

Access at all times to a sufficient supply of safe, nutritious foods.

What are food additives

Any substances added to food that become part of the food or affect the characteristics of the food. The term applies to substances added both intentionally and unintentionally to food.

Understand what the following claims on a label mean: -more

At least 10% more of the Daily Value for a vitamin, mineral, protein, dietary fiber, or potassium

-less

At least 25% less of a nutrient or of calories than appropriate reference foods (similar products)

-less sugar

At least 25% less sugar than appropriate reference foods (similar products)

Know the basics of Mediterranean style and DASH diets

DASH-Helps control mild/moderate hypertension (high blood pressure) •Reduces the risk of some types of cancer, osteoporosis, and heart disease •Emphasizes fruits, vegetables, low-fat dairy foods, whole- grain products, poultry, fish, and nuts - Ample amounts of potassium, magnesium, calcium, fiber, and protein •Limits fats, red meats, sweets, sugary drinks - Limited amounts of saturated and trans fats (a type of unsaturated fatty acid) // MEDITERRANEAN- bottom (>physical activity) - frutis veggies- fish and seafood- poultry and eggs- top (meats and sweets <)

Identify strengths and weaknesses of food labelling system

Deceiving and informative but also uninformative

How does genetics play a role in digestion?

One contributing genetic factor to obesity appears to be the form of the FTO gene present that participates in processes that regulate appetite and food intake

What are the effects of fetal alcohol exposure?

Permanently delays mental development Behavioral problems

What are the national recommendations regarding supplements

Take notice that they aren't approved

What is a UL?

Tolerable Upper Intake Level- is the maximum usual daily intake levels at which no risk of adverse health effects is expected for most of the individuals in a specific group based on stage of life.

What are the effects of skipping breakfast?

can make you more susceptible to weight gain and increase your risk for heart disease, obesity, high blood pressure, high cholesterol and diabetes,

What is the importance of fiber in digestion?

prevents diarrhea, bloating, and gas

What are short term consequences of malnutrition?

recurring illness, weakness, delayed physical and mental development, irritability, poor appetite, low weight for age, etc.

recognize common dietary and growth behaviors/trends for each stage of childhood adolescence

they get older they eat more for growth spurts

What percent of US households are food insecure?

14.3%

How do nutrient needs change with pregnancy

15% more calories are required, should increase their intake of nutrient dense foods more than their cosumption of calorie-rich foods

-high

20% or more of the Daily Value for a particular nutrient

-low fat

3 grams or less of fat

-low calorie

40 calories or less

What are the common weight gain recommendations for pregnancy

< 18.5 (Underweight) Up to 40 pounds 18.5 - 24.9 (normal weight) 25 to 35 pounds 25.0 - 29.9 (overweight) 15 to 25 pounds > 30.0 (Obese) 11 to 20 pounds

What are the chemical processes involved in digestion of carbs?

AMYLASE- breaks downs starch into smaller glucose SUCRASE- separates the disaccharide sucrose into the monosaccharide glucose and fructose LACTASE- splits disaccharide's lactose into glucose and galactose MALTASE- separates maltose into two molecules of glucose

What is an AI?

Adequate Intake- when there are recommended amounts of nutrients to intake but not enough information for an RDA.

What factors influence the amount of nutrients needed for each person?

Age, sex, growth status, body size & genetic traits. or pregnancy, breastfeeding, medications, illness

How does your body regulate homeostasis and metabolism?

All body processes required for health and growth occur in cells and surrounding fluid Cell functions are maintained by the nutrients received Problems occur when needs differ from supply

What foods are core components of a healthful diet

All foods can fit into a healthful diet, as long as nutrient needs are being met at caloric levels that maintain a healthful body weight

How do you determine overweight and obesity in children

BMI

What are the mechanical processes involved in digestion of carbs, proteins, fats.

CARBS- salivary amylase, chewing, starch digestion, stomach acids destroys many bacteria in foods, pancreatic amylase, sucrase, lactase and maltase break down disaccharides into monosaccharides, undigested carbs reach colon and broken down by intestinal bacteria . PROTEINS- chewing, stomach acid and pepsin break down protein, trypsin splits proteins, large intestine concentrates and carries undigested fiber etc out of the body FATS- lingual lipase accomplish some fat breakdown (10-30%), fat is last to leave the stomach, lipase splits fats into fatty acids and glycerol and are then are absorbed, small amount of fatty material escapes absorption and carried out of body with other wastes

What are the 6 categories of nutrients and their components?

Carbohydrates (Simple sugars, complex carbs), proteins(amino acids), fats (unsaturated/saturated, trans fats/cholesterol, essential fatty acids) , vitamins(14), minerals(15), water

What are the recommended intakes of the major macronutrients for a balanced diet

Carbs- 45-65% / Added sugar <_10%/ Protein 10-35% Fat 20-35%/ Linoleic acid .05-10% / slphs-linoleric acid 0.6-1.2%

What percentage of macronutrients are absorbed and in what form?

Carbs- 52% Added sugars- 13% Protein- 15% Fat- 33% Linoleic acid- 6.3% Alpha-linolenic acid- 0.6%

What are phytochemicals? Where do you find them?

Chemical substances in plants. They protect plants against insects, give them color, enable growth. In the body they are chemically active and can fight against things like cancer

What types of studies are common in nutrition research?

Clinical trial, epidemiological, placebo effect, double- blind.

What is an EAR?

Estimated Average Requirement- intake levels estimated requirements of 50% of individuals in a comparable group.

What is nutrition concept #1

Food is a basic need for humans

Decipher between enrichment and fortification with some examples

Fortification- the process of adding micronutrients in amounts not naturally found in the food Enrichment- the process of replacing micronutrients that were lost in processing

Recognize basic My Plate recommendations

Fruits, Vegetables, protein, grains, dairy

What are the current basics for My Plate recommendations for US adults?

Fruits, Vegetables, protein, grains, dairy

What is the role. of gut microbiota ? How can you change it?

Gut microbiota reside in the intestines •Consume and break down fiber and other undigested food residues •Excrete fatty acids as an end product of fiber digestion; fatty acids are absorbed and serve as source of energy •Help fight infection by signaling presence of harmful microbes which are then targeted by body's infection- fighting immune system •Produce the body's supply of biotin, vitamin B12, and vitamin K

What are the dietary connection?

Heart disease-Excessive body fat, high intake of trans fat, added sugar, and salt; low vegetable, fruit, fish, nuts, and whole-grain intake///Cancer-Low vegetable and fruit intake; excessive body fat and alcohol intake; regular consumption of processed meats///Stroke-Low vegetable and fruit intake; excessive alcohol intake; high animal-fat diets ///Diabetes (type 2)-Excessive body fat; low vegetable, whole grain, and fruit intake; high added sugar intake ///Cirrhosis of the liver-Excessive alcohol consumption; poor overall diet///Hypertension-Excessive sodium (salt) and low potassium intake; excess alcohol intake; low vegetable and fruit intake; excessive levels of body fat///Iron-deficiency anemia-Low iron intake///Tooth decay and gum disease-Excessive and frequent sugar consumption; inadequate fluoride intake ///Osteoporosis-Inadequate calcium and vitamin D; low intake of vegetables and fruits ///Obesity- Excessive calorie intake; overconsumption of energy-dense, nutrient-poor foods ///Chronic inflammation and oxidative stress-Excessive calorie intake; excessive body fat; high animal-fat diets; low intake of whole grains, vegetables, fruit, and fish ///Alzheimer's disease--Regular intake of high animal-fat products; low intake of olive oil, vegetables, fruits, fish, wine, and whole grains

Do low calorie diets promote longevity

Human studies haven't proved it

What health problems are associated with food insecurity?

Hypertension, heart disease, diabetes, obesity, poor diets.

How can you improve heart health through diet?

Increase physical active, improve dietary intake, decrease smoking,

Explain the role of maternal diet in "programming" of a child

Increased risk for childhood and adult obesity, changes in the "programming" of the fetal brain resulting in altered feeding behaviors, and a high risk of birth defects

What is the importance of nutrient dense foods?

Nutrient dense foods allow humans to reach their nutrient requirements without exceeding their suggested calorie intake.

What are the major factors influencing birthweight

Maternal height, pre-pregnancy weight, and weight gain during pregnancy can effect the baby's birth weight.

Are there good or bad foods?

NO! nutrition concept #10

Recognize undefined claims

Natural /All natural/ Pure/ Antibiotic-free /Raised without antibiotics /Additive-free /Pesticide-free/ Hormone-free/ Nutritionally improved/ No cholesterol (on plant foods)/ Free-range/ Eco-friendly /Pasture-fed/ Contains whole grains/ Made with real fruit /Dairy-free /Probiotic /Vegan /Free of fructose /Real cane sugar /Agave nectar

Are there good or bad foods?... the role of emotion/judgement in food categorization

No

Does FDA support supplement claims

No

-free

No, or negligible amounts of, fat, sugars, trans fat, or sodium

What sources have reliable info regarding nutrition.

Nonprofit, health proffessional organizations, Scientific organizations , Govt. publications, Registered dietitians or nutritionists.

What is a DRI?

Nutrient standards for healthy people based on things like the RDA and AI and EAR and UL

What are essential nutrients?

Nutrients required for normal growth and healthy that the body can not actually produce in sufficient amounts.

Demonstrate a working knowledge of the meaning of the 10 nutrition concepts

Nutrition Concept #1: Food is a basic need of humans///Nutrition Concept #2: Foods provide energy (calories), nutrients, and other substances needed for growth and health///Nutrition Concept #3: Health problems related to nutrition originate within cells///Nutrition Concept #4: Poor nutrition can result from inadequate and excessive levels of nutrient intake///Nutrition Concept #5: Humans have adaptive mechanisms for managing fluctuations in nutrient intake///Nutrition Concept #6: Malnutrition can result from poor diets and from disease states, genetic factors, or combinations of these factors///Nutrition Concept #7: Some groups of people are at higher risk of becoming inadequately nourished than others///Nutrition Concept #8: Poor nutrition can influence the development of certain chronic and other diseases///Nutrition Concept #9: Adequate, variety, and balance are key characteristics of healthy dietary patterns///Nutrition Concept #10: There are no "good" or "bad" foods

What are the chemical processes involved in digestion of proteins?

PEPSIN- separates protein into shorter chains of amino acids TRYPSIN- splits short chains of amino acids into molecules containing one, two, or three amino acids

Know the basics of the scientific method and how they relate to reliable information

Pose a clear question, state the hypothesis to be tested, design the research, obtain approval for the study from the committee on the use of humans in research, implement the study design, evaluate the findings,, submit paper on the the research for publication in a scientific journal or document

What populations are at increased risk of becoming inadequately nourished?

Pregnant or breastfeeding women, infants and growing children, frail elderly, ill people, people with food shortages due to natural disasters or war, people in poverty.

Why is folate, vitamin A, calcium, vitamin D, EPA, DHA and iron important in pregnancy

Prego women need 50% more nutrients than non prego women and 15% more calories

Compare organic and conventionally produced foods

Preservatives etc and organically grown etc.

What is the motivation for nutrition misinformation?

Profits and personal beliefs and convictions. People beleive highly questionable claims and are also seeking out quick answers to weight loss, muscle gain etc...

What is an RDA?

Recommended Dietary Allowance - the recommended levels of nutrient intakes needed to prevent deficiency disease.

What are examples of the symbolic meanings of food?

Status foods •Associated with social position or wealth Comfort foods •Associated with nurture and reassurance "Discomfort foods" •Associated with illness or negative experience

What factors influence an individuals food choice?

Taste preferences, cultural background, cost of foods, availability.

How are genes influenced by diet? How is diet influenced by genes?

The FTO gene that controls appetite and regulates food intake.

How do you begin to develop healthy eating habits in an infant and child

They alone should make the decision about how much to eat of any food offered. Older infants and young children should be offered a wide variety of nutritious foods in a positive eating environment.

What is the reliability of advertisements and info about nutrition?

They are not reliable because they don't have to be true or even likely to be true.

What is an antioxidant?

chemical substances that prevent or repair damage of a cells caused by exposure to oxidizing agents to a cell.

What is oxidative stress and how is it related to nutrition?

condition in which cells are exposed to more oxidizing molecules than antioxidzing. Relates to nutrition because they are sustained by excess body fat and diets high in saturated and trans fats.

How is diet related to digestive disorders?

inadequate dietary fiber consumption- constipation obesity, overeating, pregnancy- heartburn •Heartburn - acidic stomach contents released into the esophagus •Hemorrhoids - swelling of veins in the anus or rectum •Irritable bowel syndrome (IBS) - characterized by chronic or episodic gas; abdominal pain; diarrhea, constipation, or both •Duodenal and stomach ulcers - open sores in the lining of the duodenum or the stomach

define bile

is a yellowish-brown or green fluid produced by the liver, stored in the gallbladder, and secreted into the small intestine

Define Starch

is complex carbohydrates made up of complex chains of glucose molecules

Define a double blind study

is one in which neither the participants nor the experimenters know who is receiving a particular treatment

What are long term consequences of malnutrition?

short attention span, growth retardation, low intelligence, poor memory

Identify 3 examples of interactions among diet, chronic disease and longevity

smoking, fast food, veggies, physical activity

What are the "Big Eight" food allergens

soybeans, milk, eggs, fish, shellfish, tree nuts, wheat, peanuts

Define absorption

the processes by which nutrients are transferred from the digestive system into bodily fluids for transport throughout the body.

What are some barriers to dietary change?

unconcerned people, Vacilatting. Too expensive to eat right, I didn't stick with it, Don't have the time to eat right. Healthy now, why would I worry about my diet?

Describe critical periods of fetal growth and development and the potential consequences of inadequate nutrient availability during these periods

• A critical period of growth and development is an interval of time during which cells of a tissue or organ are genetically programmed to multiply - The period is considered critical because if the cells do not multiply as programmed during this set time interval, they cannot make up the deficiency later /// • If excessive amounts of vitamin A are present in fetal tissues during this period, the two plates may fail to combine, resulting in a cleft palate

Apply knowledge about the four key elements of nutrition labeling to decisions about the nutritional value of food

•Nutrition Facts Panel(foods containing more than one ingredient must display this) •Nutrient Content Claims(Have not been defined by the FDA, May or may not represent a health benefit, May mislead consumers about the health value of products) •Health claims(Foods with scientifically agreed-upon benefits for disease prevention can be labeled with a health claim) •Structure/function claims(Describe the effect a supplement may have on body structure or function)