APUSH: AP TEST!

Dartmouth College vs. Woodward (1819)

1819; New Hampshire passed an act to take over Dartmouth and transform it into a state-run university, but the school had a charter from King George III that gave 12 trustees full power; the issue was whether the act of the state violated the U.S. Constitution; ruling was for Dartmouth because corporate charters issued by state legislatures were defined as contracts which future lawmakers could not alter/rescind; protected contracts and was a Federalist, pro-business ruling

Gibbons vs. Ogden (1824)

1824; one man had a monopoly/state license given from Fulton over NY water and another man, whose boat was confiscated, had a national license to shipping (he sues); the court struck down the monopoly the NY legislature had granted for steamboat navigation because the other man had right to be in any water (national license overpowers state license); shows that Federalists still preside and transportation is a part of Federal Gov's commerce regulations

Indian Removal Act

1830; provided funds for uprooting the Five Civilized Tribes (Cherokee, Chickasaw, Choctaw, Creek, and Seminole) who had 60,000 people in NC, Georgia, Florida, MS, and Alabama; rejected Jefferson's belief of assimilating "civilized" Indians

Cherokee vs. Georgia

1831 Supreme Court case where Cherokee challenged a Georgia law that made their own laws null and void; the court ruled that it had no jurisdiction ("domestic dependent") yet had "unquestionable right to their lands"; Jackson responded by saying "Marshall has made his decision, now let him enforce it"

Worcester vs. Georgia

1832 Supreme Court case about Indians; the court held that Indians were distinct people with right to maintain separate political identity; must be dealt with by federal government (not the states) and Georgia had violated Cherokee's treaties with Washington by trying to seize the tribe; Jackson refused to recognize the validity of the ruling

Dorothea Dix

1838-Civil War; devoted her energy and skill to publicize inhumane treatment in prisons, almshouses, insane asylums; lobbied for corrective action; 15 states opened hospitals for insane and other states improved supervision because of her

Sputnik

184 pound satellite sent into orbit by the Soviet Union; resulted in American humiliation because we felt we were being bested by our communist rival; lead to technological emphasis in U.S. life/policy

Maine Laws

1851; prohibited manufacture and sale of liquor; sponsored by "Father of Prohibition" Neal S. Dow; laws on alcohol as a result of Temperance Movement

Lecompton Constitution

1858, drafted by pro-South convention but never put to popular vote; tried to admit Kansas as a slave state

Homestead Act of 1862

1862, gave 160 acres of land to anyone who would pay a $10 registration fee and pledge to live on it and cultivate it for 5 years; intent was to encourage western settlement; did not work as intended because few farmers/laborers had the money to move and buy equipment, need more than 160 acres to successfully farm in West (semiarid) and there was corruption

Morrill Act of 1862

1862, gave large grants of land to states for establishment of colleges to teach agriculture and the mechanic arts; fostered 69 "land grant colleges" such as Wisconsin, California, Illinois Universities

Enrollment Act of 1863

1863, required all able-bodied men from age 20-45 to enter the Union draft during the Civil War

Tenure of Office Act

1867; barred president from removing certain officeholders, including cabinet members, without consent of Senate; Johnson considered it an unconstitutional restriction on his authority

Force Act

1870 and 1871, outlawed terrorist societies and let the president use an army against them (specific to KKK); because of this, many Klan leaders fled the South; it defined KKK crimes as federal offenses, not state violations; after trials and Grant dispatched federal marshals, the KKK went out of existence

Comstock Law

1873, prohibited mailing or transportation of "obscene, lewd, or lascivious" articles; unsuccessful because 64,094 immoral articles, 700 moulds for "obscene matter," 202,679 obscene pictures, and 26 obscene saloon pictures were found

Minor vs. Happersett

1875 Supreme Court Case where the court upheld the power of the states to deny the right to vote to women; result of the National Woman Suffrage Association suing for the right to vote

Munn vs. Illinois

1877; Supreme Court upheld IL legislation in 1870 declaring railroads public highways, maximum rate laws, no rate discrimination; states can regulate railroads; response to Grange Laws

Carlisle School

1879, new school in Carlisle, Pennsylvania for 50 Pawnee, Kiowa, and Cheyenne Indian kids; taught to fix machines and farm, but forced to trim long hair, speak English, not wear tribal paint and clothes, and not do tribal dances/ceremonies; goal was to assimilate Indians into white society so new generation is "white-er"

Chinese Exclusion Act

1882, response to riots against Chinese miners in 1870/1880 in LA, San Francisco, Seattle, Reno, Denver; suspended immigration of Chinese laborers for 10 years; drastically lowered the number of Chinese in the U.S.

Pendleton Act

1883, passed by Congress under President Arthur to reform the civil service; created bipartisan civil service commission to administer competitive examinations and appoint office holders on the basis of merit

Interstate Commerce Act

1887 Congress passed this to create the Interstate Commerce Commission (ICC) to investigate and oversee railroad activities; outlawed rebates and pooling

Samoan Islands

1887 civil war in this place; Germany backed a coupe against king and established protectorate; 1889 there was a Tripartite protectorate (country whose affairs are partially controlled by stronger power) with Germany, Britain, and U.S. that was uneasy partnership; first example of U.S. "colony"

Forest Reserve Act of 1891

1891 law that allowed the president to set aside public forests as national parks and other reserves for the public good; 46 million acres of forests were protected from this act

Homestead Strike

1892-after Carnegie and Henry Frick (partner/manager0 cut wages 20% at Homestead Steel Plant, the Amalgamated Iron and Steal Workers of AFL went on strike; Frick responded by locking workers out of plant and pinkerton detectives, but they surrounded it; Penn. government ordered state militia to impose peace; Alexander Berkman shot and stabbed Frick, though he lived; July the HOmestead Works was reopened under military gaurd and November strikers give up

Pullman Strike

1894 nationwide railroad strike broken up by injunction; in response to reduced wages, 4,000 Pullman factory employees went on strike and pitted the American Railway Union against the Pullman company, railroads, and federal gov.; shut down a lot of railway traffic west of Detroit

United States vs. E.C. Knight Co.

1895 the first judicial interpretation of the Sherman Antitrust Act; the Supreme Court crippled the act; E.C. Knight Company controlled 98% of the sugar refining industry, but court ruled that it was still not subject to the Sherman Antitrust Act because it was a manufacturer (not commerce)

Plessy vs. Ferguson

1896 Supreme Court case; ruled that Louisiana's 1890 law requiring separate but equal railroads did not violate the 13th or 14th amendment and gave states the power to follow customs/traditions in public segregation; allows Jim Crow laws and puts "separate but equal" into law of the land

Holden vs. Hardy

1898 court case where court upheld a law limiting working hours for miners because their work was dangerous and long hours might increase injuries

Spanish-American War

1898, known as "Splendid Little War;"origins lay in long Cuban struggle for independence from Spain and American supported Cubans; when the USS Maine was destroyed, yellow press blamed Spain and pushed for war; lasted 4 months and had 400 American deaths; had victories at Manila Bay battle and San Juan Hill; lead McKinley to embrace expansionism; ended with Treaty of Paris 1898 with Platt Amendment

Spanish Armada

1588 defeat of this reinforced the Catholics as the enemy; English justified colonization by saying it was the liberation of the New World from the Pope's tyranny

Maryland Act of Toleration

1649 Maryland's institutionalized principle of toleration that prevailed from the colony's beginning; milestone for religious freedom in colonial America; all Christians were given "free exercise of religion," although those denying Christ/Holy Trinity were still persecuted

King Philip's War (Metacom)

1675 in Southern New England, Indians attacked farms and settlements encroaching on their land; pushed the line of settlement to Atlantic; Iroquois were loyal/helped colonists; colonists captured and executed Metacom, destroyed Indian villages, and killed or enslaved captives; engrained a negative Indian image in the colonists' minds

Bacon's Rebellion

1676 trigger event for slavery in colonies; Gov. Berkeley did not want Nathaniel Bacon to organize an army against the Indians, but Bacon marched into Jamestown anyways; Blacks, "giddy multitude," small farmers, landless men, indentured servants, and wealthy men outside of the gov. inner circle all supported the rebellion; landed elite were worried as the conflict grew more violent and out of hand, so they switched to all slavery

Glorious Revolution

1688 event that established parliamentary supremacy once and for all and secured protestant succession to the throne; James II took power and gave Dissenters and Catholics religious freedom; then William of Orange and Mary in 1688 and James II fled; 1689 Parliament enacted Bill of Rights; 1690 Toleration Act gave Protestant Dissenters freedom

Salem Witch Trials

1692 trials and executions in the town of Salem; started when young girls had nightmares and attributed them to witchcraft, so three witches (one named Tituba) were accused; other accusations increased as accusing another set you free; end of 1692 the accusations and executions were getting out of hand and Massachusetts government dissolved Salem court and released prisoners

Western Lands Conflict

1780's Congress established national control over land to west of 13 states and gave rules for its settlement, which was difficult; Congress thought Indians forfeited lands by aiding the British and paid no attention to which side tribes were on; Peace Conferences forced Indians to give up land north of Ohio River; there was conflict with those who saw land sales as revenue and worried unregulated settlement would lead to Indian conflict and those who thought economic health needed western land

Marbury vs. Madison (1803)

1803, William Marbury sued James Madison because the new administration would not give him commission for the office of justice of peace for D.C.; he demanded federal judges compel Madison (secretary of state) to deliver papers that did not get delivered during midnight judge incident; Judge Marshall berated Madison for withholding commission, but said no to Marbury because Supreme Court did not have jurisdiction over this matter and the earlier Judiciary Act was unconstitutional

McCulloch vs. Maryland (1819)

1819 Supreme Court Case; one man said the state could not tax the National Bank and the court had to decide if the state could issue tax of national government; ruling in favor of the man (state could not tax Bank because that would give it the right to destroy a federal agency and the Bank is constitutional under "necessary and proper" law clause); shows loose interpretation/Federalist because the Constitution doesn't say there is a right to issue corporate charters, but it was for "general welfare"

Truman Doctrine

March 12, 1947, Truman asked Congress for $400 million for military and economy assistance to Greece and Turkey; made it clear that more than just two countries were involved; policy of U.S. to support free people resisting subjugation by armed minorities or outside pressure; approved by House and Senate 3 to 1 vote

Boston Massacre

March 5, 1770; a fight between snowball-throwing Bostonians and British troops escalated into armed confrontation with five Bostonian deaths; officer and 8 soldiers were put on trial and defended by John Adams-7 were not guilty and 2 were guilty of manslaughter

The Alamo

March 6, 1836 during Texas Revolution; 187 Texas rebels fought off a large Mexican force outside San Antonia; although fortress was taken after 7 days and the survivors were executed, the bravery shown in the battle gave the insurrection new inspiration

Sandinistas

Marxist regime in Nicaragua that took over in 1979; Reagan helped "contras" when they tried to overthrow them

Henry Cabot Lodge

Massachusetts Republican senator that led opponents/critics to the League of Nations and Treaty of Versailles; said the League threatened to deprive U.S. of freedom of action

Horace Mann

Massachusetts lawyer and state legislature; most influential supporter of common school movement; established state board of education and tax support for local schools; first secretary of board until 1848; opposed physical punishment and viewed kids as clay for teachers (encourage social mobility and no criminals); thought private property was trust for common good

Sussex Pledge

May 4, 1916; between Germany and America; Germany would promise to shoot only in sight of enemy navy ships (friendly relations agreement that applied to all passenger and merchant ships), Kaiser was convinced he didn't have enough submarines to risk at war, so he yielded and suspended submarine warfare against noncombatants; Wilson turned down his part of the conditions to convince Allies to end blockade and comply with international law

V-E Day

May 8, 1945, Germany surrendered and formal end to war in Europe/against Germany in WWII; BUT Japanese were still yet to be defeated

Battle of Antietam

McClellan and Army of Potomac repel Lee's advance in Maryland on September 17, 1862; Lee was forced to retreat and Union won; last Union victory in East for a while; 1 day fight with 4,000 killed, 18,000 wounded,and 2,000 later wound deaths; more Americans died on this day than any other combined

Anthracite Coal Miner's Strike of 1902

1902, coal workers of the United Mine Workers strike for 20% wage increase, 8 hour work day, recognition of unions, and improved safety conditions; George F. Baer (employer) refuses to negotiate so TR intervenes on side of workers (invites mine owners and Union Prez. John Mitchell to White House and threatens 10,000 federal troops to seize owners' property if they do not comply with workers); outcome is that workers do get 10% wage increase and 9 hour work day and 10% increase in price of coal; first time president was in line with workers

Russo-Japanese War

1904-1905 fought between Russia and Japan; ended with the Portsmouth Treaty, negotiated by TR; Japan was the major power

Lochner vs. New York

1905 court case where court struck down law limiting bakery workers to a 60 hour week and 10 hour day because baking is safer than mining and there was no need to interfere with the right of bakers to sell their labor freely

Portsmouth Treaty

1905, ended the Russo-Japanese War (1904-1905); TR won the Nobel Peace Prize for negotiating it; Japan got the Liaodon Peninsula in Manchuria, half of Sakhalin Island, but Japanese still expected more

Muller vs. Oregon (1906)

1906 Supreme Court Case where the court upheld Oregon laws that limited woman's working hours due to health risks and desire to protect women's health

Pure Food and Drug Act

1906, passed by Congress to protect public from fraudulently marketed and dangerous foods and medications; forbade the manufacture, sale, and transportation of adulterated or mislabeled food and drugs

Meat Inspection Act

1906; committed government to monitoring quality and safety of meat being sold to American consumers; connected to Upton Sinclair's The Jungle; federal inspections to ensure a minimum standard of sanitation

Mann-Elkins Act of 1910

1910, signed by Taft; strengthened the regulatory powers of the Interstate Commerce Commission and supported labor reforms; gave ICC ability to prosecute if violations

Triangle Shirtwaist Fire (1911)

1911, a tragic fire killed 146 people in the Triangle Shirtwaist Company because stairway doors were locked to prevent theft; stricter building acts and safety codes were enacted as a result and workers' insurance was given

Underwood Tariff of 1913

1913; reduced tariff barriers/cut tariff rates 40% to 25%

Federal Trade Commission

1914, created government agency to regulated business practices that had powers to collect info. on cooperation and competition among businesses; Wilson thought this would help businesses regulate themselves to contribute to the national well-being; empowered prez. to appoint commission to monitor industries engaged in interstate commerce

Federal Reserve of 1914

1914, decentralized private banking system under federal control; needed greater federal regulation of banks and currency; made 12 regional reserve banks that would issue currency and make loans to member banks and help banks in distress; made Federal Reserve Board appointed by Prez. to oversee activities of 12 banks; strengthened financial structure and finally settle the bank issue with this system; same system we use today

Clayton Anti-Trust Act

1914; meant to strengthen the Sherman Anti-Trust Act by increasing list of "objectionable practices" to include price discrimination; passed by Senate and supported by Wilson

The Espionage Act of 1917

1917; prohibited spying and interfering with draft and "false statements" that might impede military success; the postmaster general barred critical papers/magazine from the mail; targeted the socialist press and foreign-language publications such as The Jeffersonian

Sedition Act WWI

1918; made it crime to make spoken or printed statements intended to cast "contempt, scorn, or disrepute" on "form of government" or advocate interference with the war; 2,000 people were charged as violators of this and over half were convicted

Washington Disarmament Conference of 1921

1921, delegates from U.S., Japan, Britain, and 6 other nations attempt a political settlement of tension in Asia; most pressing issue was the Japan and U.S. naval race (Japan wanted agreement with U.S. and U.S. wanted to slow navy building); U.S. Sec. of State Charles Evans Hughes outlined a plan for naval disarmament (scrap 30 American, 19 British, and 17 Japanese Battleships); signed Five, Four, and Nine Power Treaties

National Origins Quota Act

1924, Congress limited immigration from Europe to 150,000 a year (2% of 1890 immigrant population); most of available slots were given to immigrants from Britain, Ireland, Germany, Scandinavia by limiting Asians, Italians, Greeks, and Poles; banned all Asian immigrants; lots of rural support and large corporations didn't oppose because the machine replaces immigrants in the assembly line anyways

Split in Democratic Party

1924, industry and urbanization split the party; one faction was in rural south and west, traditional democrats, supported Wilson on prohibition, fundamentalism, KKK, etc; second faction in metropolitan north and middle east, immigrants and descendants, Jews, Catholics, opposed Prohibition

Glass-Steagall Banking Reform

1933; created the Federal Deposit Insurance Corporation

FDR's Quarantine Speech

1937, condemns the Japanese invasion of China (also alarmed at Hitler's aggression and campaign against Jews) and recommends quarantining aggressors by use of economic embargoes; gets criticized by isolationists for fear it may lead to war; "the peace, the freedom, and the security of the world is being jeopardized"

Munich Conference

1938, Britain and France meet with Hitler to discuss future of Czechoslovakia; Hitler is given Sudetenland (German Czechoslovakia) because he claims this will be his last territorial demand; France and Britain are then criticized for "appeasement" because Hitler clearly breaks this promise later

Lend-Lease Act

1941, authorized military aid to countries fighting against Japan and Germany, as long as the countries promised to return it after the war (because Britain was bankrupt and could not afford to buy military supplies); billions of money went to Britain, China, and Soviet Union; first indication of us clearly supporting Britain in WWII

GI Bill of Rights

1944, Congress didn't pass Econ. Bill of Rights, but did give benefits to veterans (unemployment pay, scholarships for education, low-cost mortgage loans, pensions, job training); one of the most far reaching pieces of social legislation; aimed at rewarding veterans and preventing unemployment and Depression; by 1946 1 million veterans were in college and 4 million had home mortgages

Korematsu vs. U.S.

1944, Supreme Court case; Fred Korematsu, a Japanese-American citizen was arrested for refusing to present himself for internment (disguised as Chinese and worked in factory); prosecutor could claim he was trying to sabotage military materials; the court denied his appeal and Justice Hugo Black spoke for 6-3 majority in saying the order applied only to Japanese descendants and therefore was not racist (upheld legality of internment); court has never overturned the decision but Fred was given Presidential Medal of Freedom by Bill Clinton in 1988

National Security Act

1947, created Department of Defense, Central Intelligence Agency (CIA), and National Security Council (NSC)

Taft Hartley Act

1947, designed to correct the imbalance in labor-management relations created by the Wagner Act; outlawed specific labor union activities and allowed president to invoke 8 day "cool off" period to delay dangerous strikes; Congress passed this over Truman's veto

Soviet Bomb

1949, Soviets exploded their first atomic bomb so Truman appointed high-level committee to explore building a hydrogen bomb to maintain American nuclear supremacy

Brown vs. Board of Education Topeka (1954)

1954 Supreme Court Case that addressed whether racial segregation of children in public schools deprived the minority children of equal protection of the laws under the 14th Amendment; looked at case of 8 yr. old Linda Brown, whose dad (Oliver Brown) charged Board of Ed. of Topeka with violating her rights by denying admission to an all-white school; court ruled that school segregation was unconstitutional (separate was inherently unequal) and overrode Plessy vs. Ferguson's ruling

Highway Act of 1956

1956, Congress made 41,000 miles interstate highway system with multilane divided expressways connecting major cities; financed with highway trust fund that raised taxes on fuel, tires, and new cars and trucks; created on the grounds of national defense

Civil Rights Act of 1960

1960, established federal inspection of local voter registration polls and introduced penalties for anyone who tried to interfere with voter registration

Gideon vs. Wainwright

1963 Supreme Court case that decides everyone has right to lawyer regardless of financial situation after a poor man from Florida can't afford a lawyer and has to defend himself

Escobedo vs. Illinois

1964 Supreme Court Case where the defendant has a self-incriminating interview, so the court decided on the right to consult a lawyer before interrogation

Elementary and Secondary Education Act

1965, directed money (over $1 billion of federal aid) to schools for textbooks, library materials, and special education programs; targeted schools with highest percentage of impoverished students; part of LBJ's Great Society

Escalation

1965, full scale American involvement in Vietnam with steps to prevent North Vietnam victory; consisted of bombing North, blocking North infiltration routes, and making Hanoi pay price for its role, and lifting Southern morale

Miranda vs. Arizona

1966 Supreme court Case that established the right to be informed of your rights as a defendant/accused; established the Miranda Rights as its legacy; a defendant was persuaded into signing his confession/guilt without truly understanding his rights to an attorney, etc.

AIM at Alcatraz

1969, took over the abandoned prison on this island in San Francisco Bay

Clean Air Act of 1970

1970, passed by Congress to prevent pollution and destruction of environment; set emission standards for cars and limits for release of air pollutants (for industry too); showed general trend of reducing air pollution and smog

Clean Water Act of 1972

1972, created to limit pollution caused by industrial and municipal waste water

Roe vs. Wade

1973 Supreme Court Case legalizing abortion; ruled state laws could not restrict abortion during first 3 months of pregnancy

Oil Embargo

1973, OPEC countries placed this on the U.S. because we helped Israel by sending $2 billion in arms when they were fighting the surprise attack of Syrians and Egyptians (Arab members of OPEC wanted us to pay for supporting Israel); impact on America-high inflation, loss of jobs, lower standard of living for blue-collar workers, 55 mph speed limits; buying Japanese cars instead of American, oil pipeline built in Alaska to tap into American oil reserves

AIM at Wounded Knee

1973, occupied this area in South Dakota where the infamous massacre of Native Americans by the U.S. cavalry occurred in 1890

U.S. vs. Nixon

1974 Supreme Court Case where the president was denied his claims to executive privilege and ordered to turn over the Watergate tapes in the Watergate Scandal

Regents of the University of California vs. Bakke (1978)

1978 Supreme Court Case that decided college admissions couldn't be based on race alone; conservatives intensified their campaign/backlash against affirmative action (what they called "reverse discrimination"-white males blamed troubles on government support of racial and ethnic quotas) after this ruling

Panama Canal Treaty of 1978

1978, Carter agreed to a gradual transfer of the operation and control of the Panama Canal from the U.S. to the Panamanians (done in 2000)

Camp David Accords (1978)

1978, Carter arranged a peace settlement between Egypt and Israel by inviting Sadat (Egypt president) and Begin (Israeli Prime Minister) to Camp David in Maryland and acting as intermediary; agreed on framework for peace settlement between Egypt and Israel; Egypt became first Arab nation to recognize nation of Israel; Israel withdrew its troops from Sinai territory taken fromEgypt in the 6 Day War of 1967

Malaise Speech

1979, Carter's speech given to the American people about a "crisis of confidence" in the U.S. in response to energy crisis; urged communal spirit to deal with economic hardships; supports the fact that Carter tried to blame his problems on the people and was a political disaster for him

SALT II Treaty

1979, limited the size of each superpower (China, Soviet, U.S.) nuclear delivery system; never ratified by Senate because of renewed Cold War tensions in Afghanistan

Iran Hostage Crisis

1979, when Ayatollah Khomeini lead Islamic fundamentalists in overthrow of Shah dictatorship, there was an oil shortage and price increases (the Shah had kept the oil flow to the West); U.S. embassy was seized by Iran militants and held hostage (never rescued), so the U.S. intervention mission failed

Collapse of Soviet Union

1990, Soviet Baltic republics of Estonia, Latvia, and Lithuania declared their independence and remaining republics dissolved the Soviet Union in Dec. 1991 after Communist hard-liners led failed coup against Gorbachev; Gorbachev ended up as leader with no country and Boris Yeltsin (prez. of Russian Republic) joined with nine former Soviet republics to form loose confederation, Commonwealth of Independent States; Communist party in Russia disbanded and attempt for democracy and free-market economy

Battle of Lexington and Concord

1st shot ("the shot heard around the world"); pre-Declaration battle; British soldiers marched from Boston to Concord for weapons; Paul Revere warned local leaders of their approach and militiamen took up arms to resist British advance and skirmishes took place; 49 Americans and 73 Royal Army members died

Articles of Confederation

1st written constitution of U.S.; drafted by Congress in 1777 and ratified by the states in 1781; under them Congress could declare war, deal with foreign affairs, making treaties, coin money, and control western territory; it could not tax, regulate commerce, and did not have financial resources; it needed unanimous consent of states for amendment and 9 states' support for laws/major decisions

John Adams

2nd president; federalist; forced to keep some of GW's cabinet members; eventually stopped consulting Jefferson, his V.P., on governmental affairs

Eerie Canal

363 mile-long artificial waterway across upstate NY; connects the Midwest to NY and allows goods to flow between NYC and the Great Lakes; a state project financed by public/private funds and completed in 1825; attracted farmers migrating from New England, reduced time and cost of shipping transportation, and gave birth to Buffalo, Syracuse, and Rochester

Great Migration

5 ships from England in 1629 came to Massachusetts; even more settlers went to Ireland, Chesapeake, and Caribbean; many immigrants made base for stable and thriving society; increased the rate of population growth; stopped in 1640

Francis Townsend

67 year old physician from California who came forward in 1934 with a scheme to assist the elderly, who suffered a lot during the Depression; his plan guaranteed seniors a secure income ($200 monthly pension to 60+ year olds that must be spent in 30 days); designed to help elderly but mostly to stimulate economy

Dumbbell Tenements

7 to 8 stories high, 30 4-room apartments on a 25 by 100 ft. lot; 4-16 families on a floor with 2 toilets per floor; narrow middle section with little light and ventilation because of the air shaft between buildings; fires spread quickly

Federalist Papers

85 essays in newspapers written by Hamilton, Madison, and Jay under the pen name Publius gathered in 1 book in 1788; most important contributions to political thought; said Constitution protected liberties, made tyranny impossible, and made balance of "liberty and power" (to counter public fear of political power)

Medgar Evers

NAACP field secretary and WWII veteran who was shot and killed by a sniper at Jackson, Mississippi home after Kennedy's speech (la Beckwith was accused of the murder, arrested, and released only to be convicted in 1994)

Upper South

NC, VA, MD, DE, KY, TN, MO; whites outnumbered slaves with 3:1 ratio; less dependent on slave labor; tobacco was principal slave-cultivated crop, after tobacco market depression, corn, wheat, and livestock revive agricultural prosperity; prepared slaves for auction to make money; less supportive of slavery and began to doubt it with industrialization of north

Dewitt Clinton

NY governor who oversaw the construction of the state-financed Erie Canal; predicted it would transform NY into emporium of trade; promised bankers money in return if they lent money to the project and his plan ended up working (Canal was under budget)

NASA

National Aeronautics and Space Administration created in 1958 by Congress; given lots of money to compete with Russia in the space race after the launching of Sputnik; astronauts started training as new "heroes"

Non-Aggression Pact

Nazis and Soviets (Hitler and Stalin) sign this pact, although former enemies, as a promise of no more European violence against each other; immediately broken by Hitler when he invades Poland

Spot Resolutions

Abraham Lincoln criticized the Mexican War and questioned whether Mexico actually inflicted the first casualties on American soil as Polk claimed; asked Polk to specify the spot of first blood shed because he was disturbed by Polk claiming right to invade Mexico; unpopular opinion in IL cost Lincoln the 1848 Congress seat

XYZ Affair

Adams sent diplomatic team with Charles Pinckney, John Marshall, and Elbridge Gerry to Paris; goal was to make peace with French, get compensation for ships seized during Quasi War, get released from 1778 treaty; and offer France same commercial privileges in Jay's Treaty; French ambassadors demand $250,000 to open negotiations with minister Talleyrand and $1 million loan to French government; negotiations broken down, they came home, and Marshall was hero

Slavery and the Revolution

African Americans saw opportunity for freedom in the Revolution; by Independence, there were 500,000 (1/5 of population) slaves; slavery was the norm, but people began classifying slavery and freedom as opposites; the British called Americans out on hypocrisy of slaves and freedom; Americans considered slavery metaphorically (no right to vote=enslaved)

Teapot Dome

Albert B. Fall (secretary of the Interior) accepted $400,000 in loans and bribes from 2 oil promoters and in return he helped them get leases on naval oil reserves in Elk Hills, California and Teapot Dome, Wyoming; Albert Fall was jailed for 1 year; one of the scandals that defined the Harding Presidency and revealed after his 1923 death

Planned Obsolescence

Alfred P. Sloan's idea that industry should make products that will intentionally break/last only a short time so people are forced to buy the newest product

The Influence of Sea Power Upon History

Alfred T. Mahan's novel on the fact that America needed a strong navy in order to emerge as a world power

Contract with America

Newt Gingrich's campaign manifesto during midterm elections of 1994 for a balanced budget and attack on federal programs/spending

Reasons for American Neutrality WWI

America did not declare war/take sides officially at start of WWI, Wilson claimed neutrality; divided allegiances as British Americans and those who associated Britain with liberty and Germany with repression sided with Great Britain and Germain/Irish Americans sided with Germany; Russian immigrants did not want to help Czar/Russia; feminists, pacifists, and social reformers wanted no involvement and peace

Realpolitik

Nixon and Kissinger (his primary foreign policy advisor, national security advisor and later secretary of state) adopted a policy based on practical, not moral or ideological, considerations

Détente (Soviets and China)

Nixon and Kissinger wanted to take advantage of the rivalry between the two communist nations of Soviet Union and China and the result was lessened Cold War tensions; Nixon met with Mao in Feb. 1972 to improve relations with Communist China and ultimately recognized the government; Nixon and Soviet Union agreed on SALT I Treaty to limit ballistic missiles with nuclear warheads

Burger Court

Nixon's Supreme Court characterized by conservative, strict constructionists as opposed to the Warren Court (more liberal and activist); had Chief Justice Warren E. Burger of Minnesota, Harry Blackman (moderate, compromise choice); Lewis Powell and William Rehnquist (approved right away)

Persian Gulf War

Americans intervene because Iraq's dictator Saddam Hussein invaded Kuwait (weak, oil rich nation) and threatened Western oil sources in Saudi Arabia and Persian Gulf; pressure from UN and embargo against Iraq had no effect; desert storm military campaign forces Iraq to surrender; causes Bush to have boost in approval ratings, though some wanted Hussein all the way driven from power

Spiro Agnew

Nixon's VP; forced to resign during the Watergate Scandal (1973) for having taken bribes as the governor of Maryland

Peace with Honor

Nixon's goal in Vietnam, to find a way to reduce U.S. involvement in the war and avoid appearance of conceding defeat

Barbary Pirates/Tripolitan War

North African states of Tangier, Algiers, Tripoli, and Tunis who preyed on commercial shipping;

Cash and Carry (Neutrality Act of 1939)

Nov. 1939, Congress allows sales of arms to Britain/France on "cash and carry" basis (had to be paid for in cash and transported in British/French ships) and approved military rearmament plans; meant to aid France and Britain; FDR did not want to go any father because of the upcoming election, but signifies end of strict isolationism (replaces older Neutrality Acts)

JFK's Assassination in Dallas

Nov. 22, 1963 Lee Harvey Oswald shot JFK as he rode in motorcade downtown; the whole world was stunned and in shock of losing the young symbol of hope and promise; the Warren Commission did establish that Oswald was the only assassin, but conspiracy theories did arise

Sherman's March to the Sea

November of 1864, William T. Sherman led army of 60,000 soldiers from Atlanta to Savannah to SC destroying railroads, food, supplies, and buildings on their way; during Civil War

Raid at Harper's Ferry

Oct. 16, 1859, 21 men (7 of them black) and John Brown were armed and planned to raid federal arsenal; surrounded and killed or captured by federal soldiers who were headed by Robert E. Lee; Brown was put on trial in accusation of treason to Virginia, but was dignified and courageous and won support even from northerners opposed to his violence (he ended up being executed by gov. Henry A. Wise)

Stock Market Crash

Oct. 24 the stock market faltered and investors who borrowed heavily had to sell securities to cover their loans; it rallied for 2 days as NY bankers bought stocks, but on Oct. 29, major downslide; 13 million shares lost half of their value, the industrial average fell 43 points, 16 million shares dumped, unemployment rates soared; not the only cause of the Depression, but the final "push"

Fort Sumter

April 12, 1861, an enclave of Union control in Charleston, SC harbor; 1st shot was fired by the South; days prior, Lincoln told SC governor he would replenish food in harbor, and then Jefferson Davis ordered batteries to fire on the fort (for southern nationhood and way to force upper south to join Confederacy); commander surrendered on April 14; Lincoln said the insurrection in the South needed 75,000 troops to suppress and CIVIL WAR HAD BEGUN

Battle of San Jacinto

April 21, 1836 during Texas Revolution; main Texas army under Houston assaulted Santa Anna's troops near the San Jacinto River; 630 Mexicans and a few Texans died; Santa Anna was captured, marched to Velasco, and forced to sign treaties recognizing Texas independence and its claim to territory to the Rio Grande River (which Mexico repudiated in vain)

NATO (1949)

April 4, 1949, North Atlantic Treaty Organization that grew out of European fear of Russian military aggression (they wanted security for revived economy); England, France, Luxembourg, Belgium, Netherlands, 10 European nations from Norway to Italy joined U.S. and Canada in signing; purpose was for U.S. to commit itself to defense of Europe (extend atomic shield over Europe) and to reassure worried European nations that the U.S. would honor its commitment; Gen. Eisenhower appointed Supreme Commander; 4 American divisions in Europe stationed; escalated Cold War with overreaction to Soviet danger

MLK's March on Washington

Aug. 28, 1963, over 250,000 people (75,000 whites) assembled by Washington Monument and moved to the Lincoln Monument, where there was 3 hours of speakers demanding immediate passage of a Civil Rights bill

Battle of Saratoga

October 17,777; General John Burgoyne lead a second British army south from Canada to connect with Howe and isolate New England, but Howe attacks Philadelphia from NYC, unintentionally abandoning Burgoyne's troops; Continental Congress lees Lancaster, Pennsylvania and Americans surround Burgoyne and force British to surrender; boosts American moral and leads to French allies

Nagasaki

Aug. 9, 1945, U.S. dropped a second atomic bomb on this Japanese city, killing 70,000 people;

Atlantic Charter

August 1941, FDR and Churchill meet alone and establish our war goals in WWII (shows we are not neutral from the start/before formal declaration of war)

Gulf of Tonkin Incident

August 2, 1964, North Vietnamese torpedo boats attacked Maddox (American destroyer for electronic intelligence) because of the belief that the American ship as involved in a South Vietnamese raid; Maddox escaped and C. Turner Joy was sent; both ships opened fire on North Vietnamese gunboats; LBJ ordered retaliatory air strikes, but Vietnam never launched a second attack

Hiroshima

August 6, 1945, America dropped atomic bomb here (Japanese city chosen because it had not suffered damage like other major Japanese cities); nearly every building was destroyed in instant, 70,000 died immediately, but the death toll rose in the next months to 140,000 b the end of the year because of radiation; 1,000s more died over next 5 years; use of the bomb was very controversial because Japan fought hard being moved from island to island, but American invasion of Japan could kill 250,000 Americans

Nation of Islam

Black Muslims, headed by Elijah Muhammad

Cuban Missile Crisis

October 1962, the climax of JFK's crusade; Soviets have a massive arms build up in Cuba to protect Castro from American invasion and close the gap (Khrushchev denied attempt to threaten U.S. security and claims it is purely defensive as he builds sites for 24 medium range and 18 intermediate range missiles); JFK decides on Quarantine of Cuba, which was really a naval blockade to prevent arrival of new missiles, and threatened nuclear confrontation/invasion to force removal of missiles already there, close surveillance, and regard any missile launched by Soviets as an attack; crisis ended when Khrushchev agrees to remove missiles if JFK removes his in Turkey

Allied Powers

Britain, France, Russia, Japan (eventually America 1917 and Italy 1915) during WWI

Appeasement

British and France choose dishonor to avoid war (hope agreeing with Hitler would prevent war)

Parliament

British assembly that makes the laws and has the central conflict with the colonies pre-revolution

Robert Owens

British manufacturer and reformer who visited the U.S. and founded community based on common and equal ownership in New Harmony

Klaus Fuchs

British scientist who worked on wartime Manhattan Project and admitted in 1950 to giving Russians important info about the atomic bomb, which lead to Russia developing their atomic bomb in 1949 and the end of American nuclear monopoly

Lusitania

British vessel sank by German submarine May 1915; 124 Americans and 1,198 people in total died; public was outraged and Germany was seen as the enemy; one of the many reasons America intervened in WWI; Wilson's protests were so strong, Bryan (strong anti-imperialist) resigned for fear of intervention

Salutary Neglect

British were preoccupied with their own events and rivals, so they left the colonies to govern themselves, then when they returned to strict supervision, colonists got upset

French Colonization

Canada (Quebec) and Mississippi River Valley down to New Orleans/Gulf of Mexico; Marquette and Joliet explorers and Champlain are key people; economic motives were to look for Northwest Passage to India and gold, then switched to fur trade when couldn't find gold; allowed more freedom of religion; good relationship with Indians and often adopted their ways; intermarried with Indians (metis); lot of area with small population

Warren Court

Chief Justice Earl Warren and a group of liberal judges helped achieve greater social justice by protecting the rights of under privileged and permitting dissent and free expression to flourish; made a lot of decisions on Civil Rights and rights of the accused cases; critics said it encouraged crimes and weakened national security, undermined moral values, or weakened prestige

Roger B. Taney

Chief Justice of the Supreme Court who ruled over the Dred-Scott case; a southern slave-owner; declared only whites could be U.S. citizens, Scott was still a slave, and the MO Compromise was unconstitutional since Congress could not bar slavery from states

W.E.B. DuBois

Civil Rights leader who was born post-Civil War; one of the founders of the NAACP in 1910 after the Niagra Convention and editor of the Crisis; believed the Talented Tenth (lawyers, doctors, etc) must lift blacks up from the bottom; realistic viewpoint in believing that blacks needed suffrage, court support, etc. and did not depend on whites; wanted to fight for rights; radical; supported black participation in WWI in hopes it would better their condition after

Battle of Gettysburg

Civil War battle from July 1-3, 1863; George G. Meade commanded Union soldiers; Lee confronted entrenched Union forces and attacked center of Union line after failing to dislodge forces; included Pickett's Charge; Lee's greatest blunder-never went North again; Union victory; largest battle fought on North America with 165,000 troops

Monitor vs. Merrimac

Civil War battle on the sea between a Union vessel and a Confederate vessel in 1862 in Virginia; first demonstration of the ironclad's superiority over wooden ships (they revolutionized naval warfare)

Election of 1844

Clay (whig) vs. Polk (democrat) were candidates even though it was thought Clay and Van Buren would run, but southerners opposed Van Buren because he was against annexation; James G. Birney ran for Liberty Party and ultimately kept Clay from winning; primary issues were of manifest destiny-Oregon and Texas annexation; outcome-Polk wins by less than 2% popular vote and landslide of electoral votes even though he was unexpected candidate

North American Free Trade Agreement (NAFTA)

Clinton made free trade zone with Canada; one of his accomplishments as president

Clinton's Impeachment

Clinton was under investigation of Congress and appointed independent prosecutors for involvement in illegalities in Whitewater real estate deal, firing of White House Staff ("travelgate") and political use of FBI Files ("filegate"); Kenneth Starr charged that he lied about his relations with a female intern and sexual harassment while governor of Arkansas; 1998 House voted to impeach him for perjury and obstruction of justice, but charges not upheld by Senate majority or 2/3 so he was not removed from office; ruined his reputation

Reagan and the Cold War

Cold War intensified in early 1980's because of Reagan's arms buildup and because Soviets deployment missiles against NATO countries, but then relations improved; though, when Mikhail Gorbachev became new Soviet leader, he and Reagan agreed (1987) to remove and destroy all intermediate range missiles (INF agreement); 1988, Gorbachev even pulled Soviet troops out of Afghanistan; U.S. and Soviet Union cooperated to put diplomatic pressure on Iraq and Iran to end their war; Reagan gets credit for responding to opportunity to end Cold War

Charles Van Doren

Columbia University professor who shocked the nation in 1959 when he admitted to being told the answers to win $129,000 on "Twenty One" Game Show; the scandal caused the three TV networks to drop big-prize quiz programs and focus on comedy, action, and adventure instead

Josiah Strong

Congregationalist and clergyman who wrote Our Country in 1885 to update manifest destiny; said Anglo-Saxons should spread institutions of liberty and self-government to inferior races and that this would benefit our economy because we could civilize the savages through consumption of American goods; believed in Social Darwinism, Anglo-Saxon and religious superiority

CORE

Congress of Racial Equality; directed by James Farmer; the organization that created the Freedom Riders

Capital Compromise

Congressmen agreed that Hamilton's financial plan (specifically assumption of state debts) would be enacted only if the capital moved to Virginia, on Potomac River; because it would stimulate North Virginia's currently depressed economy

Soviet Invasion of Afghanistan

Dec. 1979, Soviet troops invaded Afghanistan as an aggressive action that ended a decade of improved U.S.-Soviet relations; U.S. feared it might lead to Soviets moving to control oil-rich Persian Gulf; Carter reacted by putting embargo on grain exports and the sale of high technology to Soviet Union, boycotting 1980 Olympics in Moscow, and building arms

Pearl Harbor

Dec. 7, 1941, Japanese planes bombed naval base at Pearl Harbor in Hawaii (launched from aircraft carriers); first attack on U.S. since War of 1812; 2,000 Americans were killed, 187 aircraft, 18 naval vessels, and 8 battleships destroyed; luckily, there were no aircraft carriers there

Boston Tea Party

December 16, 1773; colonists disguised as Indians boarded 3 ships at Boston Harbor and threw over 300 chest of tea in to the water; East India Company lost equivalent of $4 million today

Significant States in Ratification Process

Delaware was first state to ratify, then New Jersey, Georgia, and Connecticut; Massachusetts was first critical test and only ratified if Bill of Rights was included; New Hampshire was 9th state to ratify; Virginia was close but under GW's influence ends up voting for Constitution; New York had strong antifederalists and strong dissent; Rhode Island didn't attend the convention; RI and NC only states to vote against ratification

Keynesian Economics

Democratic economic belief; relied on government spending to boost consumer income and demand

John Foster Dulles

Eisenhower's Secretary of State; it is said that he was given freedom to conduct American diplomacy, and he gave all speeches/went before Congress because Eisenhower liked to work behind the scenes; he did communicate with Eisenhower often; had a lot of knowledge and skill with foreign policy; had hard-line views

New Look Foreign Policy

Eisenhower's plan as president of cutting back on army and navy and relying more heavily on air force and its nuclear striking power; defense budgets did drop below $40 billion a year as a result of this policy

John Rolfe

English colonist who married Pocahontas; introduces tobacco to Virginia

Samuel Slater

English immigrant who established the first factory in 1790 at Pawtucket, RI that turned cotton into thread; built power-driven spinning jenny from his memory because it was illegal to export his plans for industrial machinery

George Whitfield

English minister who claimed "the whole world his parish;" he sparked the Great Awakening; came to America in 1739 and brought emotional preaching from GA to New England (traveling minister); won people over with his emotional sermons; appealed to listeners with horrors of damnation and joy of salvation; thousands went to his sermons and they were published in papers

Herbert Spencer

English philosopher who wrote about Charles Darwin's evolutionary theory and applied natural selection to society to create Social Darwinism theory; said "survival of the fittest" preserved the strong and weeded out the weak (if sufficiently complete to live, they will live and deserve to live, but if not, they will die and deserve to die)

Indentured Servants

English settlers who voluntarily surrendered freedom for specified time (5-7 years) in exchange for a passage to America; were bought and sold; subject to physical punishment; bound by courts/law; received "freedom dues" when freed

Internment Camps

Executive Order 9066 of Feb. 1942 ordered the expulsion of all persons of Japanese descent from the West Coast of U.S. and into these locations far from their homes; had almost-military discipline, lived in old horse stables, barracks, makeshift shacks behind barbed wire fences, woke at 6:45 a.m., ate in big mess hall, armed guards and search lights, no medical facilities, no privacy; Japanese internees tried to make the camps their home with decorations/pics; no court hearings, no due process, no writs of habeas corpus to get the 110,000 Japanese in (2/3 of which were American citizens)

Fireside Chats

FDR addressed the nation by radio in a personal, conversational, reassuring tone to explain his actions in dealing with the Depression; first one on March 12 to explain the Bank Holiday and Hundred Days

Declaration of War WWII

FDR asked Congress for a declaration of war against Japan after Pearl Harbor was bombed; 477 in favor, 1 opposed (Jeanette Rankin); Germany declared war on U.S. next day

Bank Holiday

FDR ordered this on March 6, 1933 to stop the run on the banks; reopened strong banks, closed weak banks, and bolstered banks that were having difficulties with gov. loans; on March 13 the nation's largest and strongest banks opened and customers deposited more cash than they withdrew; 5,000 banks had failed already in 1933 and FDR tried to stabilize the industry and restore faith in banks

Good Neighbor Policy

FDR renounced past imperialism in Latin America; moved to solidify improved Latin America relationship and gain economic benefits (because trade dropped with the Depression); policy of non-intervention in 1933 and renounced Platt Amendment (right to intervene in Cuba) in 1934 and loosened grip on Panama; in 1936 there was no Latin America occupation

Yalta Conference

Feb. 1, 1945; Britain and U.S. only mildly protest Soviet plans to keep control of Baltic States and lots of Eastern Poland (give away eastern Europe); Stalin promises to enter the war against Japan in 1945, to allow noncommunists in pro-Soviet gov. of Poland, and to let free elections take place in Poland (still intent on communism in Eastern Europe); FDR was physically and metaphorically in weak bargaining position and needed Soviet help against Japan; seeds of Cold War can be seen (fate of Eastern Europe)

Treaty of Guadalupe Hidalgo

Feb. 1848; confirmed annexation of Texas and ceded California and present-day New Mexico, Arizona, Nevada, and Utah to the U.S. and the U.S. paid Mexico $15 million; the land annexed from Mexico was called Mexican Cession and established present territorial boundaries on North America except Alaska and Gadsden Purchase

Whip Inflation Now

Ford's attempt to end another recession in the 1970's; he was less accommodating and more conservative and wanted to bring inflation under control; he urged voluntary measures on the part of consumers and businesses; eventually had to agree to Democratic package to stimulate the economy because conditions worsened

National American Woman Suffrage Association

Formed by Susan B. Anthony in 1890 to work for the enfranchisement of Women; Elizabeth Cady Stanton was also a member

U-2 Shotdown

Francis Gary Powers, pilot of American U-2 high-altitude spy plane flying over Russia since 1956 to get vital information about Soviet missiles, was shot down by Soviets on May 1; Eisenhower took responsibility for the flight so Khrushchev (Stalin's successor) refused to meet with him in Paris

Alexis de Tocqueville

Frenchman visited U.S. in early 1830's and returned home and wrote Democracy in America (an account of political transformation); initially came to study prisons, but realized he must understand democracy to understand America; as an aristocrat, he disliked democracy

Sues Crisis

Gamal Nassar (Egyptian leader) seized Suez Canal in July 1956, making the Middle East the worst crisis for Eisenhower; Britain and France were ready to use force immediately and invaded Egypt and seized canal, relying on U.S. to prevent Russian interference; Eisenhower opposed intervention and wanted diplomatic solution; Soviets threatened rocket attacks on Brit/French; Nov. 1956, Britain and France withdraw, Eisenhower relieved, and U.S. replaced England and France as main Western Influence in Middle East

George Kennan

George Marshall's 2nd mainstay; on the policy planning staff, foreign service officer, Soviet expert, served in Moscow after U.S. recognition in 1933 and WWII, distrusted Soviet regime; made telegram in 1946 saying that Kremlin (Soviet) did not believe in compromise; advocated containment and resistance; said Congress and public should not interfere with foreign policy conducted by experts

Central Powers

Germany, Austria-Hungary, Ottoman Empire during WWI

Glasnost

Gorbachev's reform idea to have openness to end political repression and move to greater political freedom for Soviet citizens

Perestroika

Gorbachev's reform idea to move to greater political freedom for Soviet citizens and restructuring Soviet economy by introducing some free-market practices

Little Rock Nine

Gov. Orval Faubus (segregationalist) ordered national Guard to turn away 9 black students who volunteered to integrate the Central High School, refusing to recognize Brown vs. Board of Ed. hearing; a federal judge ordered the 9 students to be let in and 8 of them were escorted (Eckford, the 9th student, was not escorted and met with a mob); Faubus closed the school at the end of the year, rather than have it be integrated

Thomas Dewey

Governor of NY, GOP Candidate in Election of 1948; very confident he would win, so he waged cautious/bland campaign to give himself a free hand in the White House; ended up loosing by small margin to Truman

Terrence Powderly

Grand master workman elected in 1879 to be the head of the Knights of Labor; ended the secrecy of the organization and aggressively recruited members

Calvin Coolidge

Harding's VP who became president after Harding's 1923 heart attack and death; born in Vermont; honest and reassured the nation as president; thought his duty was to preside benignly, not govern the nation (laissez faire), so the public liked him and elected him to full term in 1924; famous for quotes/epigrams; conservative policies (high tariff, low income tax, limited gov.)

John Kenneth Galbraith

Harvard economist who wrote The Affluent Society, questioning the relation between private wealth and public good in 1950's

David Riesman

Harvard sociologist who wrote The Lonely Crowd in 1950 about the shift from "inner-directed" people relying on self-denial and frugality to "outer-directed" people conforming to social pressures in the 1950's; critical of 50's culture because it resulted in bland, tolerant society without creativity and adventure and decline in individualism where everyone is sensitive to others' expectations

Alexander Hamilton

Head of Treasury Department under GW; brilliant, dynamic, young lawyer; aide-de-camp for GW during Revolution; born in West Indies; pro-Britain; feared democratic excess and thought best hope for republic's survival was in the wealthy class; anarchy was greatest threat to republicanism; loose interpretation of Constitution; thought commerce/industrial development was economic future; pro-strong federal government; had complex financial plan; Federalist

Century of Dishonor

Helen Hunt Jackson's book about how whites treated Native Americans poorly

"Corrupt Bargain"

Henry Clay was charged with this during Election of 1824 for bartering critical votes in presidential contest for public office as he supported Adams (most qualified and if Jackson won, it would impede his own presidential ambitions); this charge hung with him and made him unable to be president

American System

Henry Clay's idea (during president Madison) as blue-print for government-promoted economic development with 3 components: new national bank, tariff on imported goods to protect American industry, and federal financing of improved roads and canals (internal improvements)

Comstock Lode

Henry T.P. Comstock (a drifter) talked his way into partnership of an ore claim that turned out to have ore worth $3,876/ton ($360 million worth of silver in total); richest find in history of mining; thousands of miners came to area and the Virginia City mining town was created

English Reformation

Henry XIII separated from the Pope/Catholic church and made his own, Anglican Church so he could divorce his wife and remarry (to get son who would be heir to throne); against Catholicism; Puritans are a reflection of this

Helperism

Hinton R. Helper's belief demonstrated in the Impending Crisis of the South that non-slave holding whites suffered the most from slavery and yeoman farmers should overthrow slavery

The History of Standard Oil

Ida Tarbell's muckracker book that revealed the shady practices of John D. Rockefeller and Standard Oil Company

King William's War

Imperial war from 1689-1697; aka War of the League of Augsburg; France (Louis XIV) tried to dominate Europe and William III (English King) declared war on him; war in Europe spills over to colonies; England, Native Allies and Holland vs. France and Native Allies; primarily series of frontier raids involving Hudson Bay trading posts and frontier areas of NY and Massachusetts; Treaty of Ryswick returned all land in end

Saddam Hussein

Iraq's dictator who invaded Kuwait (weak, oil rich nation) and threatened Western oil sources in Saudi Arabia and Persian Gulf

Sacco and Vanzetti

Italian fish peddler and shoemaker in Massachusetts who were arrested in May 1920 for payroll robbery and murder; condemned by the jury and prosecutor for their ideas, not evidence of any crime; deemed "anarchist bastards" buy the judge; died in an electric chair on August 23, 1927 because the court rejected appeals

Quarantine of Cuba

JFK proclaimed this naval blockade of Cuba to prevent arrival of new missiles and threaten nuclear confrontation to force the removal of missiles already there during the Cuban Missile Crisis

Flexible Response

JFK was critical of the supposed missile gap and sought to create more military options and increase the military budget by $6 billion; adds 1000 Minutemen solid-fuel ICBM's and 32 Polaris submarines with 656 missiles; also added conventional forces (5 combat-ready arms divisions, 3 tactical air wings, and a 10-division strategic reserve); established Green Beret among other special forces; resulted in largest peacetime military build up in history

Lyndon B. Johnson

JFK's VP who was sworn in on Air Force One on his way back to DC after Kennedy was assassinated; asked Congress to enact Kennedy's tax and Civil Rights Bill as a tribute to JFK; had an intimate knowledge of Congress, energy and determination to succeed, power of persuasion (Johnson Treatment-ability to use personal persuasion on officials to achieve his goals), but also abad TV speaker, no charm, and came across as not to be trusted after JFK; had Great Society plan for reform

Force Bill

Jackson persuades Congress to pass this during the nullification crisis to authorize the use of army and navy to collect customs duties; motivated because South Carolina nullifies 1832 new tariff on imported goods

Election of 1832

Jackson's appeal to democratic popular feelings helped him win victory over Whig Henry Clay; Jackson's victory signaled the death of the Bank of U.S.

"Kitchen Cabinet"

Jackson's informal group of advisors who helped write speeches and supervise communication between White House and local party officials; consisted mostly of newspaper editors

John Smith

Jamestown's first leader; forceful man with a history of fighting; imposed regime of forced labor on company lands (no food if you did not work)

Casablanca Conference

Jan. 1943, Churchill and FDR meet alone again (confirms Stalin is the "3rd wheel"); agreement to fight Axis powers until "unconditional surrender"/crush them (as opposed to the truce of WWI)

Louisiana Purchase

Jefferson sends Monroe and Livingston over to offer to buy New Orleans in January 1803; Napoleon renounces Louisiana as he loses interest in establishing American empire; Talleyrand offers to sell entire Louisiana Territory for $15 million to double U.S. size; controversial because Constitution didn't authorize acquisition of vast new territory and incorporation of thousands of foreign citizens; Jefferson considers an amendment, but Napoleon is impatient for money, so he rushes papers to Senate eager to ratify them; Louisiana is purchased and made a "colony," not territory (ruled over by presidential appointments)

Jeffersonian Principles vs. Realities as President

Jefferson was not consistent in acting based on his principles

Tripolitan War

Jefferson was too cheap/principled to pay Tripoli's (Barbary Pirates) increased tribute because he decided extortion was intolerable; dispatched a small "mosquito" fleet to barbary coast to negotiate with cannons; Tripoli resisted and captured U.S. frigate (Philadelphia) with a $60,000 ransom; Jefferson's American militia performed unimpressively in the war but a vigorous naval blockade ended hostilities; 1805 Jeff signed treaty ending Barbary War

Lewis and Clark

Jefferson's talented private secretary and his second in command; sent on an expedition with the latest scientific observation techniques to discover whether the MS River would be the most direct and practicable water communication across continent for commerce purposes; set out from St. Louis May 1804 and returned in September; U.S. makes claim to Oregon because of their expedition

Pottawatomie Creek Massacre

John Brown's attack on Lawrence, Kansas, where he murdered 5 pro-slavery settlers; May 1856

Manifest Destiny

John L. O'Sullivan's idea that America is destined (by God) to expand and become a massive and powerful nation in control of the Western Hemisphere; lead to people ignoring national boundaries and settling further and further west

Presidential vs. Congressional Reconstruction

Johnson viewed blacks as having no role in Reconstruction, whereas a Republican-dominated Congress fought him to implement laws and amendments that increased equality and rights of freedmen; conflicts escalated until Johnson was put on trial before the Senate

Edwin Stanton

Johnson's sec. of war and ally of Radical Republicans; removed from office by Johnson Feb. 1868, which is what caused Johnson to be impeached (violated Tenure of Office Act 1867)

Brigham Young

Joseph Smith's sucessor; sent 1500 men to assess chance of colony near Great Salt Lake in 1845; went to Utah himself in 1847, which he believed was the promise land

NY City Draft Riots

July 1863, 4 days of NYC riots motivated by draft, which rich men could pay $300 to avoid; mob of largely Irish immigrants (hated emancipation for fear of black job competition) assaulted draft offices, mansions of rich Republicans, industrial establishments, black population; 100 people dead before Union troops stopped it because troops were busy in Gettysburg and defending South

Detroit Riot 1966

July 1966, the army was called in to restore order in race riots that killed 43 people and had damage worth $200 million

Battle of Midway

June 1942, American navy inflicted losses on Japanese navy; allowed America to launch campaigns to drive out Japanese from fortified islands (Guadalcanal and Solomons) and brought America even closer to japan; we destroyed 4 carriers

Battle of Little Big Horn

June 25, 1876, Custer divided his column and took 265 men toward the village on bank of little Bighorn River in Montana, where he found 2500 warriors (largest Indian army); Custer decided to attack and he and all his men were dead by mid-afternoon; portrayed as massacre where Indians were bad guys even though it was Custer's fault; lead to demands for revenge and Custer seen as hero

D-Day

June 6, 1944, start of major involvement of American troops in Europe during WWII; 200,000 American, British, and Canadian soldiers commanded by General Eisenhower land in Normandy (NW France); most massive land-sea operation in history (5600 boats, 156,000 men); Germany retreated East and Paris was liberated by August; succeeded in opening Western Front of Europe; turning point of war

Paris Summit (1960)

Khrushchev (Stalin's successor) threatened peace treaty with East Germany in Nov. 1958 within 6 months to end the British, France, and American occupation in Berlin; Eisenhower refused to leave but never inflicted violence; Khrushchev ended up extending this 6 month deadline forever and agreed to meet Eisenhower in Paris May 1960, which never ended up happening because of U-2 Shotdown

Korean War

Kim Il Sung (communist leader of Russian gov. in North, army trained by Russians) vs. Syngman Rhee (conservative nationalist and American-sponsored ruler in agrarian South, got limited American help training military); North Korean army crossed the 38th parallel with Stalin's approval (he was ready to overthrow Yalta in Far East and thought U.S. would abandon Rhee); Truman saw this as clear case of Soviet aggression and convened UN Security Council to secure resolution condemning North Korea as aggressor and calling on member nations to engage in collective security action

George III

King of Great Britain in 1760

Tonkin Resolution

LBJ asked Congress to authorize him to take all necessary measures to repel any army attack against U.S. forces and to prevent further aggression; even though he really didn't need it because he had already ordered retaliatory air strike; critics say LBJ wanted to escalate the Vietnam War, which is unlikely; did want to show North Vietnam the American determination to defend the South at any cost

Great Society

LBJ's program for reform in education, humanities and the arts, transportation, medicare, and employment for ALL citizens; he passes an avalanche of legislation because he knew how to persuade/manipulate people and knew to do it in the first year; but his program was in trouble because of the Cold War

The Shame of the Cities

Lincoln Steffen's muckracker book that criticized/revealed the corruption of big city politics in America

Francis Cabot Lowell

Lowell mills are named after this influential businessman; formed Boston Manufacturing Company and came up with the idea of using young girls in textile mills after he saw Samuel Slater doing that in Britain

Children's March on Birmingham

MLK Jr. was invited to come lead nonviolent protests in the most segregated city; he was arrested during a march on Birmingham St. after a few days; children are used because of their innocence and then adults can still work; Bull Connor is violent; eventually leads to end of segregation in the city

Wovoka

Paiute prophet who believed in prophecy behind the ghost dances and brought them to the Native American tribes

Nicholas Biddle

Pennsylvanian head of the Bank of the United States; used power to curb overissuing of money by local banks and create stable national currency in the 1820's ; strong-willed and unwilling to back down, snobbish, and aristocratic; said his Bank had the ability to destroy state banks, yet he hadn't injured any state banks yet

Robert Fulton

Pennsylvanian-born artist and engineer who experimented with/invented the steamboat while living in france during the 1790's; launched a steamboat on Seine River in Paris in 1803; in 1807 his steamboat (Clermont) navigated the Hudson River from NYC to Albany

Pinchot-Ballenger Controversy

Pinchot (TR's appointed head of National Forest Service) exposes the corruption of Ballenger (Taft's Secretary of the Interior), who reopened 1 million acres of land TR put under federal protection to private commercial use, to Taft; Taft ends up defending Ballinger and firing Pinchot; Pinchot leaked info to press and publicly called on Congress to investigate (which cost Pinchot his job); leads to TR's return because he supported Pinchot and was displeased with Taft

Hydrogen Bomb Research

President Truman appointed high-level committee to explore building a hydrogen bomb to maintain American nuclear supremacy after the Soviets explode their first atomic bomb in 1949; Acheson says it is important we develop hydrogen bomb before the Soviets; critics say it is unthinkable, enormous destructive power, immoral and some scientists had technical objections

Strategic Defense Initiative

Reagan increased spending for defense (specifically high tech lasers/particle beams)

Nicaragua

Reagan worked to overthrow Marxist regime (Sandinistas) that took over this Central American country in 1979; U.S. military aid went to "contras" (antileftist rebels who fought the Sandinistas in an attempt to seize power); Democrats who opposed Reagan's actions passed Boland Amendment to prohibit further aid to contras in 1985

George H. Bush

Reagan's VP and republican; won election of 1988 by promising not to raise taxes and calling democrat Dukakis soft on crime and weak on national defense

Budget and Trade Deficits

Reagan's tax cuts and military spending led to federal deficits over $200 billion/year; the national debt tripled over his two terms in office; tax cuts increased consumption of foreign-made luxury items and cumulative trade imbalance led to increase in foreign ownership of U.S. real estate and industry; 1985, U.S. was debtor nation

William McKinley

Republican president from 1897-1901; took office as economy began to revive; was open and accessible on the street and represented modern presidency; understood limits of power and set close ties with Congress and educated public; passed Dingley Tariff in July 1897 to raise tariff duties, but caused trouble for Republicans; wanted to lower tariff but gov. needed revenue and wanted Republicans to regulate effects of industrialization, but died before plans matured; dealt with Spanish-American war 1898-1899 and peace treaty; won election of 1900 by landslide; shot by Leon Czolgosz on Sept. 6, 1901 and died September 14

Warren G. Harding

Republican with no connection to Progressivism that won the presidential election of 1920; he was against "Wilsonism" and represented "return to normalcy;" got 60% popular vote; won the GOP nomination as a compromise choice; showed positives and negatives to small-town America; was a legislator, the lieutenant governor, then 1914 Senator before being prez.; had broad delegation of powers because of lack of ability to govern himself; pardons Debs; corrupt presidency (after he dies in 1923, scandals-Teapot Dome-become public)

Election of 1916

Republicans were reunited once more and it was a close election; Wilson defeated Republican Charles Evans Hughes by 23 electoral and 600,000 popular votes; Wilson's Slogan=He Kept us out of War;" TR hoped to get nominated, but not popular for 1912 stunt; Wilson had 10/12 states with women suffrage because of his promise not to send soldiers to Europe (would not have won without women's vote)

"Copperheads"

Republicans' name for those opposed to the war; named after poisonous snake that strikes with no warning; disaffection was strongest in large South-born population of Ohio, IL, Indiana, and working class Catholic immigrants in eastern cities

Republican Motherhood

Revolution had status improvement for women; ideology that women played important role of training future citizens; encouraged expansion of educational opportunities for women to pass on political wisdom to kids

Father Charles Couglin

Roman Catholic priest from Detroit who originally supported FDR but then denounced the New Deal as "pagan deal" in 1934; founded his own National Union for Social Justice (monetary inflation and nationalized banking system); appealed to nationwide radio audiences of discontented citizens with anti-Semistism and monetary schemes

Soviet Satellites

Russia had a very extensive area of influence after WWII; they had Poland, Balkans, Germany, Eastern Europe (Poland, Hungary, Romania, Bulgaria)-ignored Potsdam Conference, Czechoslovakia, and wanted Moscow too; had "iron curtain" from Baltic to Adriatic

Iron Curtain

Russia's area of influence from Baltic to Adriatic; obtained to prevent free elections and get series of satellite governments

Deep South

SC, GA, AL, MI, LA, AR, TX; half of population was slaves; heavy emphasis on cotton-especially short-stape (Cotton Kingdom); large planters soon monopolized land and production; warm climate and good soil was naturally suited to plantation farming and slavery; some rice and sugar farming

Marshall Plan

Sec. of State George Marshall's plan when he returned from Council of Foreign Ministers Meeting; called for mass infusion of American capital to finance economic recovery of Europe (extensive economic aid to Europe if they reached agreement on ways to achieve working economy with free institutions-included Russia)

Invasion of Poland

September 1939, Germans invade Poland immediately after signing non-aggression pact with Stalin; leads to Britain and France declaring war against Germany to protect the Poland pledge

Preston Brooks

South Carolina republican congressman who beat Charles Sumner unconscious with a gold-tipped cane after he delivered denunciation of "The Crime Against Kansas;" he was applauded by southerners and reelected, while called a bully by the North

SCLC

Southern Christian Leadership Conference; to carry on nonviolent crusades against evils of 2nd class citizenship; involved in protests

Scalawags

Southerners who vote Republican; considered traitors to the white race by Southerners; name given by Southerners

SALT I Treaty

Soviet consented to freezing/stopping increase in number of ballistic missiles carrying nuclear warheads

Mikhail Gorbachev

Soviet leader from 1985 who tried to change Soviet domestic policies with two reforms (openness to end political repression and move to greater political freedom for Soviet citizens and restructuring Soviet economy by introducing some free-market practices); had to end costly arms race and deal with deteriorating Soviet economy; agreed on INF agreement to remove and destroy intermediate range missiles with Reagan and started to pull Soviets out of Afghanistan and cooperated with U.S. to put pressure on Iraq and Iran to end their war

Berlin Blockade

Stalin cut off rail and highway traffic to Berlin on June 20, 1948 (American, British, French, Soviet troops all occupied part of Berlin-in Russian zone of Germany); Truman had to decide whether to withdraw and lose Berlin and European trust, sit tight and look for diplomatic solution, or fight; Truman decided to sit tight/stay

Popular Sovereignty

Stephen Douglas's way of satisfying the North by allowing the status of slavery to be determined by votes of local settler as opposed to Congress; middle ground of North and South (local self-gov.); principle that allowed Democrats to unite and for Douglas to win presidential election of 1856

"Great American Desert"

Stephen S. Long's phrase to describe the Great Plains and Rocky Mountains (which he felt could never be settled or cultivated);

SNCC

Student Nonviolent Coordinating Committee; founded by Baker (NAACP activist, granddaughter of slave minister)and Shaw University students in April 1960 in Raleigh, North Carolina; wanted confrontational strategy to reshape the Civil Rights Movement

Baker vs. Carr

Supreme Court Case in 1962 that ruled Tennessee had to redistribute its legislative seats to give citizens in Memphis equal representation; reapportionment/banned rural overrepresentation because Court said all legislative bodies, even House of Reps, had to be allocated based on people; one person, one vote

Wabash vs. Illinois

Supreme Court Case that struck down the Granger laws because no single state can regulate railroads that cross state lines; sets up the Interstate Commerce Act and ICC (gov. regulation)

Schenck vs. U.S.

Supreme Court Case where Charles Schenck was convicted and found guilty for violating the Espionage Act during WWI when accused of printing and mailing antiwar pamphlets to 15,000 to 16,000 men accepted for induction into the military; he strongly opposed the war as the general secretary of the American Socialist Party, claiming it was fought for Wall St. Investors who would profit

Samuel Chase

Supreme Court Justice who frequently attacked republican policies; charged for impeachment based on printing that Jefferson caused treasonous (political, not criminal print; was seditious and an official attack on principles of Constitution; indicted by the House

Mapp vs. Ohio

Supreme Court case that said evidence that was illegally seized was not admissible

Gentleman's Agreement

TR makes an agreement with Japan where Japan agrees to limit its immigration to the U.S.(except for wives and kids of men already there) and TR promises to discuss with the San Francisco School Board and stop the segregation of Japanese school children in San Francisco; prevented a war because Japan saw California as oppressing its kids

Conservation

TR thought the wilderness was a place to live strenuously, test oneself against rough natural elements and felt that Americans could learn about the nation's roots and destiny via the west; strong supporter of conservationist movement (manage environment to ensure nation's resources are put to best use for economic development) and wanted broad regulatory control to bring west back to full economic potential; created 5 national parks, 15 national monuments, 150 national forests and protected 250 million acres of public lands

William Howard Taft

TR's hand-picked successor and had served as TR's secretary of war; seemed to be ideal successor because he worked closely with TR on foreign and domestic program, supported TR's reforms and offered advice, and had skills to complete the Republican reform program; but different from TR in that he was not fond of politics, had limited experience as an elected officer, conservative, and had respect for Constitution; beat Bryan in election of 1908; busted 44 trusts and angered TR in the end; supported Ballinger (anti conservation/environment) in Ballinger-Pinchot Controversy

Trust Busting

Teddy Roosevelt wanted to regulate industrial grants and punish those that used their power improperly, protect citizens that were disadvantaged in dealings with the industry; did not want to break up industrial concentration, which he saw as a good thing; saw some trusts as good (use power for wealth/prosperity of the nation) and others as bad (use powers improperly); TR earns this name when he went after th eNorthern Securities Company

H. Ross Perot

Texas billionaire and independent in election of 1992; got 20% popular vote; anti-Washington and anti-deficit

Texas Revolution

The war between American settlers and the Mexican government under Santa Anna from 1835 to 1836 that culminated in the independence of Texas; started because Anglo-Americans did not want to convert to Mexican culture/religion, so they ignored the provisions, then Texas tried to ban more American immigrants, which was also poorly enforced

New Nationalism

Theodore Roosevelt's plan where the government controls trusts and uses its powers to regulate/curb the power of trusts

UN Involvement in Korean War

Truman convened UN Security Council and condemned North Korea as aggressor and called on member nations to engage in collective security action

Truman vs. MacArthur in Korea

Truman gained confidence after MacArthur successfully assaulted Inchon and cut off North Korea army in South, so his new goal was to unify Korea by military force; MacArthur felt confident about invading North Korea so Truman went through with it, which was a big mistake (Chinese counterattack); then truman wanted to pull MacArthur out, and did, but MacArthur wanted to stay for victory

Cuba

U.S. adopted hard line (after trying conciliation) that ended up driving Cuba into Soviet orbit and led to new attempts at covert action on the part of America because Fidel Castro came to power in 1959

Causes of Depression

U.S. factories produced more than American people could consume (not a problem of saturation, but those who didn't own products couldn't afford them); unstable economic conditions in Europe; industries "hurt" (railroads, steel production decline); false prosperity-buying on credit; agriculture decline since 1919; corporate mismanagement; excessive speculation/buying on margin; burden of debt was too great; failure to distribute wealth broadly (too much to profits, dividends and industry, not enough to workers and consumers); stock market crash "Black Tuesday" on Oct. 29, 1929 (biggest indicatory but not only cause)

US and Soviet Mutual Suspicions

U.S. was worried about Soviet communism spreading and refused to help them with loans and the Stalin learned about the Manhattan Project (secret development of atomic bomb) through espionage because Britain and America kept it secret from him; then Stalin/Soviets responded by starting Soviet Atomic Program in 1943 and by the time Truman actually told Stalin about the bomb at Potsdam, the Russians were already making their own bomb and had spies in the U.S.

William T. Sherman

Union general who moved forces from Tennessee to Georgia and encountered dogged resistance from Confederate troops; entered Atlanta and seized Georgia's main railroad center in Sept. 1864; then Nov. 1864 led army of 60,000 on March to Sea from Atlanta, destroyed railroads, buildings, and food/supplies, captured Savannah Jan. 1865, then moved to SC to destroy more

Anaconda Plan

Union's war strategy aimed to strangle the South economically; dealt with MS River; included naval blockade of South (ineffective until later because only 90, majority steam-powered vessels); created by Winfield Scott

Shakers

United Society of Believers/Millenial Church; religious movement in England whose leader was Mother Ann Lee (thought she was female incarnation of Christ); believed in sexual equality, communal ownership, strict celibacy, and that Christ's second coming would be soon; had dancelike movements and lived simply

Millard Fillmore

VP for Zachary Taylor and then successor when he died of an intestinal infection; supported Clay and broke impasse in Congress to adopt the Compromise of 1850; returned in election of 1856 as a Know-Nothing

Election of 1840

Van Buren could not hold Democrats together without Jackson's popularity; Whigs mastered the political techniques Van Buren pioneered and nominated William Henry Harrison (instead of Henry Clay) without platform (as "log cabin" candidate), which was effective despite no connection to his life; Whigs denounced Van Buren as aristocrat who used people's hard-earned money on expensive items for the White House; 80% of eligible people voted; Harrison won sweeping victory

Dien Bien Phu

Vietminh surrounded 10,000 French Troops at this place in the interior of north Indochina, so France turned to U.S. for help; fell to Vietminh in May 1954

Geneva Accords-17th Parallel

Vietnam divided at 17th parallel at an international conference in Geneva; Ho Chi Minh (communist) given north Vietnam and French were given south Vietnam; said that a general election would occur in two weeks to unify the country (never ended up happening because the U.S. feared Ho would win and restore communism)

Gabriel Prosser

Virginia slave who mobilized a large band of fellows to march on Richmond; violent storm dispersed "Gabriel's Army" so whites were able to suppress it without any white casualties; 1800

2nd Wave of Secession

Virginia, North Carolina, Tennessee, Arkansas join Confederacy within weeks; after Deep South already seceded

George Fitzhugh

Virginian who said the slave-master relationship was better than that of a wager worker and employer and that slavery was better than wage work in the North (slaves were taken care of and given protection of injury and old age unlike in the industry);

Talented Tenth

W.E.B. DuBois believed this highly-trained intellectual elite of the black community should be the ones to lead and educate the rest of blacks

Ulysses S. Grant

West Point graduate who resigned from army in 1854 because of allegations of excessive drinking and worked at leather store at start of Civil War; colonel in IL regiment and showed daring strategy that lead to war's success; captured Forts Henry and Donelson in Tennessee in 1862; Union general who was willing to take battles and inflict casualties in the South; labeled "butcher of men"

Battle of Tippecanoe

William Henry Harrison crushes Indians in surprise attack in Nov. 1871 at this battle and wipes out Indian resistance in the old Northwest

"Cross of Gold"

William Jennings Bryan's analogy from his July 9th speech that he used to win over his audience (to the pro-silver side) and win the presidential nomination for the Democratic party for the election of 1896

The Liberator

William Lloyd Garrison's journal; read by free blacks and radical abolitionists; radical tone and demand for immediate emancipation on religious grounds; seen as threat to South; thought of by Southerners as cause of Nat Turner's slave revolt

Examples of American Intervention in Latin America

Wilson had the most military intervention of all; 1915 he sent marines to occupy Haiti after government refused to let America banks oversee finance and stayed until 1934; 1916 he sent military government to Dominican Republic to control customs collection and debts, which stayed until 1924 (built roads and schools but did little for expanding democracy)

Election of 1912

Wilson runs as "dark horse candidate" for Democrats, Taft runs as Republican, Roosevelt runs for Progressive "Bull Moose" Party, Debs runs for Socialists; given the Republican split, Democrats had best chance of winning in 20 years; no matter who won, promise of reform; important issue was trusts (all 3 reform candidates agreed corporations had too much economic power); outcome- Wilson won with 82% electoral and 42% popular vote

Moral Diplomacy

Woodrow Wilson's foreign policy; new attitude of toying with other countries for fulfilling America's responsibility to spread democracy (by export of American manufactured goods and investments); opposed Mexican Revolution and respected Latin American independence from foreign economic domination; expanding American economy wasn't only for profit, it would make others happy and converted to principles of America

New Freedom

Woodrow Wilson's plan where the government breaks up trusts (temporary gov. power to dismantle trusts and then take away power from gov.); because he was suspicious of centralized government and wanted to reverse economic concentration and give opportunity to the people; focus on competition and small government

Triple Wall of Privilege

Woodrow Wilson's platform for presidency; wanted to handle the tariffs, banks, and trusts

Northern Securities Company

a $400 million monopoly set up by leading financiers and railroad tycoons to control all railroad lines and traffic in the Northwest; holding company owned by Moran and Hill; in 1902 TR broke it up with the Sherman Anti-Trust Act of 1890 (and earned the name "trustbuster") and it was dissolved by federal court in 1903

Leisler's Rebellion

a German, wealthy merchant, and Calvinist in New York divided the colony economically and ethnically; rebels ransacked New York homes and Dutch reclaimed the regime; English colonists and Dutch protested of his tyranny to London; William dispatched and executed Leisler

John Peter Zenger

a German-born printer; emigrated to NY as young man; had the Weekly Journal paper, in which he accused the governor of corruption, influence peddling, and tyranny; tried for seditious libel and arrested; ruled not guilty

Jonathan Edwards

a Massachusetts Congregationalist minister who preached with very high emotion; his sermons portrayed sinner in the hands of an Angry God; he said acknowledging sins and pleading grace could prevent eternal damnation

Dred Scott s. Sanford (1857)

a Missouri slave who accompanied his owner to IL (free) and Wisconsin (free) later sued for his freedom upon returning to Missouri on the basis that his residence on free soil made him free; issues-Is he a citizen and can he sue? Is the Missouri Compromise constitutional? Does residence in free territory make him free? Chief Justice Roger B. Taney ruled that MO compromise was not constitutional, the slave was not a citizen and could not sue and was also not going to be freed; a pro-south, pro-slavery ruling that increased North-South tensions, limited popular sovereignty, and sped up the onset of Civil War; North despised fact that fed. gov. couldn't limit slavery; South revered fact that slavery could expand

Tallmadge Amendment

a NY republican congressmen said the introduction of more slaves should be prohibited in Missouri and children of slaves already in Missouri should be freed at 25 years old (his amendment); plan for gradual abolition in Missouri; sparked a two year controversy where the republicans were broken by section (House supported amendment and Senate did not)

Richard Hakluyt

a Protestant minister/scholar; wrote "A Discourse Concerning Western Planning" at Raleigh's request in 1584; listed 23 reasons for Elizabeth I to support colonization

Chesapeake-Leopard Affair

a Royal Navy ship sailed off the coast of virginia and commanded American warship to submit to search for deserters; the captain of the American ship refused, and British opened fire; 3 died and 18 wounded; violated sovereignty of U.S.; Americans wanted revenge and British only gave perfunctory apology, but Jeff recognizes that nation is unprepared (financially and militarily) to go to war and does not

Eli Whitney

a Yale graduate working in Georgia as a private tutor who invented the cotton gin (simple device with rollers and brushes that separates the seed from cotton); this invention made growing and selling cotton possible on a larger scale (the widely-grown staple cotton with lots of seeds would now be valuable) and revolutionized American slavery with rising demand and new Western land

Rebates

a competition tactic in business; secret, privately negotiated reductions below published rates when a railroad company gives special deal to other company that agrees to use them to transport their goods; made more enemies than friends and fierce rate wars convinced managers ruthless competition helped no one

Pools

a competition tactic in business; way to control competition by sharing traffic; bunch of different businesses in the same area share the profits/benefits; didn't survive the pressure of competition, legally unenforceable, didn't always keep word (handshake agreements); ex. Albert Fink (VP of Louisville and Nashville railroad line) directed Eastern Trunk LIne Association in 1877, which divided westbound traffic among 4 trunk lines

Slave Trade Compromise

a compromise was made in the Constitution that there would be no interference for 20 years and slave commerce would continue until 1808; in addition to protecting slave trade, the Fugitive Slave Act of 1793 said that the condition of bondage remained attached to person even if he/she escaped to state with abolition and all states had to recognize and police slavery

Warsaw Pact (1955)

a counter part to NATO; an alliance between the Soviet Union and other communist states in Europe

Aaron Burr

a democratic republican and VP for Jefferson; seeks office of governor of NY in 1804; entered political negotiations with High Federalists plotting secession of NY and New England; blamed Hamilton for undermining his candidacy and challenged him to a duel, where he killed Ham and was wanted for murder; part of conspiracy plan to separate west from Union and take a private military adventure against Spanish colony; he was arrested and tried for treason; got off because Marshall said there was no evidence of treason

Kinsey Report

a doctor released a report leading to a sexual revolution; had lots of interviews with men and revealed info about homosexuality

End of Cold War

a few signs; Soviet communism collapsed, sweeping agreements to dismantle nuclear weapons (START I and START II); though, still civil wars in Bosnia, Herzegovina, and Yugoslavia disintegrates; in America, raised questions about whether there was still need for heavy defense spending and large numbers of U.S. military bases

Denmark Vesey

a free black man who organized a well-planned conspiracy to seize local armories, arm slaves, and take the city; South Carolina in 1822; his plan was "nipped in the bud," but he shows that a prosperous free black could take a stand even thought it was risky and often unsuccessful

Upton Sinclair

a muckraker who exposed the horrors of the meatpacking industry in his book The Jungle; written to expose the poor working conditions (for the heart) but instead focused on the unsanitary truths of the industry (for the stomach); this novel created an uproar that prompted TR to order government investigation of conditions of the meatpacking industry

Ida Tarbell

a muckraker who revealed the shady practices by which Rockefeller transformed Standard Oil into a monopoly in her book History of Standard Oil Company; exposed greed of Rockefeller

Lincoln Steffens

a muckraker who unraveled bribery and corruption of the local government in the nation's greatest cities in his book Shame of the Cities

Lowell System

a new factory town incorporated into the expanding enterprise in 1836 located on the Merrimack River, 27 miles from Boston (essential because of need for water to power machines); group of modern textile factories built here to bring all production phases together in one place; a total of 52 mills and 10,000 workers in this town by 1850

Common Sense

a pamphlet written by Thomas Paine showing the significance and support of American independence; began with attack of the English Constitution, monarchy, and hereditary rule; proposes a democracy based on frequent elections and a written constitution protecting rights; showed economic hopes in connection with commercial freedom; deems American Revolution the "cause of all mankind"

Dwight L. Moody

a pre-millennialism believer; doubtful and pessimistic about humans' ability for reform, corrupt world would be destroyed by Christ before the millennium; believed in organization, efficiency, publicity (short sermons and prayers, standardized system of Sunday school lessons); wants to save people in the long run, but not help every day (Chicago Fire is a message from God)

John Muir

a preservationist and founder of the Sierra Club who insisted that beauty of the land and well-being of its wildlife should be protected from all human interference

Victoria Woodhull

a radical feminist who condemned conventional social morality in the 1870's

Bonus Army

a ragged group of 22,000 WWI veterans came to Washington the summer of 1932 to lobby Congress to pay the bonus for military service that they would receive in 1945 immediately (because they needed it during the Depression); Douglas MacArthur was the chief of staff of the armed forces and urged Hoover to use troops to remove the marchers; violence broke out and tanks were brought in; MacArthur refused to listen to Hoover's orders to stop; Senate rejected their bonus bill, some veterans stayed in Washington and some were driven out; Hoover's image was ruined and he was blamed

Rosa Parks

a seamstress and NAACP officer who sat in the first row of the "colored" section on a bus and refused to give up her seat for a white person when asked to move, so she was arrested on Dec. 1 1955

William Bradford

a separatist that came on the Mayflower; prominent leader of Pilgrims at Plymouth; elected governor 30 times; distributed land among settlers to encourage families

Love Canal

a town in upstate NY where it was discovered that large amounts of toxic waste were being improperly disposed of; state and federal government gave financial aid to help move families out of this area

Vertical Integration

a type of industrial organization in which a single company owns and controls the entire process from unearthing raw materials to manufacture to the sale of the finished product; common in 1880's and 1890's; combined coal and iron mines, transportation companies, blast furnaces, and rolling mills into integrated networks (ex. how Rockefeller ends up)

Temperance

abstinence from alcohol drinks (most popular beverage); movement in reform era that viewed alcohol as a threat to public morality (loss of self-control and responsibility); directed at a real social evil and targeted men (women supported it); American Temperance Society established to encourage it in 1826

Alger Hiss

accused of being a Soviet spy in 1930's by Whittaker Chambers (a repentant communist) in Aug. 1948; was a State Dep. official and denied his charge; Chambers led investigators to a hollowed-out pumpkin on his farm with microfilms inside of confidential gov. docs; convicted of perjury in Jan. 1950; spent 5 years in jail

3/5ths Compromise

addressed the issue of how slaves would be counted for the purpose of representation because the South was concerned about being outnumbered/outvoted by North; the North gives in because the South threatens to leave; representation was to be determined by adding 3/5 of all other persons (including those bound to service and excluding Indians) to the free population; let white south exercise greater power in national affairs than the size of their free population warranted

Initiative

adopted by populists; allowed reformers to present legislation yet to be approved by state legislatures to voters in general elections; grassroots campaign for a new law

Australian (Secret) Ballot

adopted in the 1890's and required voters to vote in private rather than public and the government (not political parties) to print ballots and supervise voting; prior to this each party printed their own ballot and bribed people with food and liquor to vote on their side; embodied the progressives' want of government to encourage citizens to cast their vote wisely and allowed "ticket splitting"

Northern Reaction to Fugitive Slave Act

affected all free states, not just the ones on the south border; there was violent fugitive resistance and increased sectional divisions; ex. Emerson viewed it as a dangerous example of how a gov. doing bidding of South could override an individual's ability to act according to their conscience

Panic of 1819

after the end of War of 1812, a speculative fever swept the nation and the cotton/grain market with Europe picked up again; the Bank of U.S. participated by (over)printing money to meet demands of loans (needed because of Western land expansion); the economic bubble burst in 1819 when European demand went down to normal, demand for land plummeted (speculators lost millions as price of land fell), and unemployment rose (farmers and businessmen declared bankruptcy)

War Hawks

aggressive nationalists of South and West who called for action, resistance to British, and respect/security for nation and republican institutions; didn't want any more humiliation; repudiated Jefferson's peaceful coercion policy (wanted war)

Mayflower Compact

agreement among adult men to obey "just and equal laws" enacted by representatives of their choosing; the first U.S. written government

Battle of Bunker Hill

aka Breed's Hill; British dislodged colonial militiamen from here with lots of casualties on June 17,1775; British victory

Fugitive Slave Act

allowed special federal commissioners to determine the fate of alleged fugitives without benefit of jury trial or testimony by the accused; prohibited local authorities from interfering with capture of fugitives and required individuals to help with capture when called upon by fed. agents; gave more power to assist in the recapture of fugitive slaves

Recall

allowed voters to remove any public servant who betrayed their trust from office

Boulder Dam

also known as the Hoover Dam; building project established by Hoover to provide jobs for idle men; the biggest risk Hoover took and one of the few federal work projects he adopted (which was a problem!)

Taft Commission

also known as the Second Philippine Commission; acted as the legislative body for the Philippines during the Philippine-American War; established by McKinley and William Howard Taft was the first head of it

Backlist

an employer told other employers that a person was a part of a workers union

Tennessee Valley Authority (TVA)

an innovative effort at regional planning that resulted in building 20 dams in 7 states along the Tennessee River to control floods and erosion, manufacture fertilizer, ease navigation, and produce electricity; thousands of workers were hired by gov. corporation and it was the most successful and enduring New Deal measure; sold electricity to residents at low rates, which transformed the impoverished upper south into relatively prosperous industrial area; criticized by many as socialism; Supreme Court upheld it

Open Door Policy

announced by secretary of state John Hay in 1899; demanded European powers that recently divided China into commercial spheres of influence to grant equal access to American exports; free movement of goods and money, not people; America demanded access to Asian markets, but banned Chinese immigration; no country could dominate or be excluded from China

Charles Sumner

antislavery Massachusetts congressman who was beat unconscious by Preston Brooks after delivering a denunciation of "The Crime Against Kansas;" he collapsed and was injured and did not return to the Senate for 3 years; martyr to cause of "free soil" for North, who left seat empty in Congress as testimony against southern brutality

Elijah P. Lovejoy

antislavery editor/Reverend; 1837 shot and killed trying to defend himself and his printing press from mob in Alton, IL (across MS from Missouri)

Frances Perkins

appointed by FDR as secretary of labor; first woman cabinet member

Kerner Commission Report of 1967

appointed by Johnson to study causes of 1965 Watts uprising and issued a 200,000 word report on March 2, 1968 saying the cause was white racism; report called for new jobs, housing, and end to de facto segregation to end the black ghetto environments; ignored by Johnson administration because of white opposition

13th Amendment

approved by Congress Jan. 31, 1865; abolished slavery in Union and put word "slavery" into the Constitution for the first time

Declaration of Independence

approved on July 4, 1776; written by Thomas Jefferson and revised by Congress; consisted mostly of a list of grievance against King George III and British tyranny; has an omitted clause; proposes "unalienable rights" and acts as an assertion of the right of revolution (right to alter/abolish government because it threatened their natural rights)

John Fiske

argued "Anglo Saxon Superiority;"professor who lectured on Social Darwinism and said it was the destiny of Anglo Saxon race to spread across the globe and spread their institutions, language and culture as well

George McClellan

army engineer who won minor engagement with Confederate troops in West Virginia who assumed command of Army of Potomac after Battle of Bull Run; good organizer who welded men into superb fighting force; reluctant to go to battle because he overestimated size of enemy forces (didn't want to take Richmond); popular with his men but no respect for authority; Democrat that hoped war would end with compromise and no large casualties or weakened slavery; was hired and fired a few times by Lincoln; wins Battle at Antietam;

Teddy Roosevelt in Spanish American War

as an expansionist, he thought the war would unify the nation and instill manhood; resigned as assistant secretary of the navy when the war broke out and raised a volunteer cavalry unit (Rough Riders) and rushed to Cuba to fight; excluded blacks, but rest of his regiment was mix of athletes, immigrants, etc.; charged up San Juan Hills once at Cuba, even thought blacks already there, and defeated Spain (Santiago Garrison fell and Spain surrendered); he became national hero

Oklahoma Territory

as the West filled up, pressure on President Harrison to open this territory (last Indian territory) to white settlers; March 1889, Creek and Seminoles forced to surrender land rights; April 22, 1889, District opened and thousands lined the borders to wait for signal to go in; by sunset that day, 12,000 homesteads claimed (shows speed of western settlement)

Necessary Evil (Attitude Towards Slavery)

attitude prevalent in South during colonial times and early days of U.S.; feared that emancipation would have more harmful social/economic consequences than continuing slavery; relates to Jefferson's "wolf by the ears" quote; common apologists defense

A. Mitchell Palmer

attorney general who had bomb explode in June in his home, though he was uninjured; told federal agents to raid the offices of radical and labor organizations for fear of communism in Nov. 1919 and Jan. 1920

Jacob Riis

author of How the Other Half Lives; muckracker

Hearst

author of New York Journal; yellow journalist who exaggerated the truth for sales profits and pushed the U.S. to war with Spain; competed with Pulitzer of the New York World and won

Pulitzer

author of New York World; yellow journalist who exaggerated the truth for sales profits and pushed the U.S. to war with Spain; competed with Hearst of the New York Journal and lost

Newlands Reclamation Act

authorized collecting money from the sale of public lands in the West and using this money for irrigation systems to be developed

Civil Rights Act of 1968

banned discrimination in housing

Neutrality Act of 1935

banned travel on belligerent ships and sale of arms to countries at war; the hope was to avoid freedom of seas conflict that lead to WWI involvement (no more Lusitanias)

Wounded Knee

battle/massacre that marked the end of Indian Wars because a broken people retired to reservation; 200 men, women, children massacred in snow because an Indian fired the first shot and then the white army's machine guns shredded tepees and people; began when army stopped dancing and the Indians fled to SW, but the 7th cavalry caught up and took them to army camp

John C. Calhoun

became leading theorist of nullification; evolved from nationalist of 1812 into a defender of Southern Sectionalism as the South's population dropped; elected VP in 1828, but not close to Jackson; drafted "Exposition and Protest," where the SC legislature justified nullification and drew on Kentucky and Virginia Resolutions of 1798 and threatened secession; argued for compact theory and each state had right to prevent enforcement of congressional acts beyond the Constitution

William Henry Harrison

became national hero; rewarded decades later with president; General and governor of Indiana Territory who marched army to edge of large Shawnee village at mouth of Tippecanoe Creek near banks of Wabash River; his American troops routed Indians

Settlement of Hawaii

became traditional territory; population (except for Asian labor immigrants) were American citizens (lots of American planters and missionaries); statehood in 1959

Marcus Garvey

believed that racial oppression/exploitation lay at the heart of most societies and that black equality would come by transforming black heritage into reason for pride/liberation, not inferiority; did not believe in civil rights legislation or integration as solution; wanted black nationalism, racial redemption; economic self-reliance, collective black action; founded United Negro Improvement Association in 1914; convicted and found guilty for mail fraud with Black Star Line steamship stock in 1923; released by Coolidge in 1927 and deported to Jamaica, where he was seen as hero; hated by Du Bois and others

Stephen S. Long

believed that the Great Plains and Rocky Mountains were a "great American desert" unfit for settlement or cultivation, clearly wrong

American Colonization Society

benevolent organization founded in 1817 for religious and moral concern over slavery; opposed slavery but said races were not compatible; wanted free Blacks to go to Africa and preferred gradual abolition; saw slavery as evil, but social/economic institution; established Liberia ("free slave colony") in 1821 in Africa where a few (12,000) free Blacks went-impractical to finance

George Washington

best-known colonial military officer; prominent Virginian; had lots of war experience in the Seven Years War; appointed commander of Continental Army

A. Philip Randolph

black labor leader that called for March on Washington in July 1941 because he was angry about the almost complete exclusion of blacks from the growing WWII industries; demanded access to defense employment, end to segregation, national anti-lynching law; founder of Brotherhood of Sleeping Car Porters and long battled racism among employers and unions; called racial discrimination "undemocratic, un-American, pro-Hitler"

Malcolm X

black leader born to name Malcolm Little; went to jail at 20 years old for burglary; studied teachings of Elijah Muhammad and became minister of Muslim faith after 1952 release from prison; one of most famous disciples of Muhammad; changed his name to lose his "slave name;" believed whites were cause of blacks' poor condition and needed to separate from them; advocated armed self-defense; "Ballots or Bullets" slogan when he returned from Mecca (where he experienced racial equality of Islam); died at 39 yrs. old when 3 men shot him at Harlem's Audubon Ballroom speech Feb. 21, 1965

Sit-Ins (Greensboro, NC)

black protesters sat down at segregated, whites-only lunch counters in Chicago and refused to leave until they were served; first done in 1942 by CORE (Congress of Racial Equality); staged by black students from North Carolina's Agriculture and Tech. College in Greensboro and media came

Mary McLeod Bethune

black woman appointed by FDR to head national youth administration; result was that many blacks deserted the Republican party and joined the Democrats

Sons of Liberty

body led by talented and ambitious lesser merchants like Alexander McDougall, Isaac Sears, and John Lamb; organized "liberty" processions throughout NYC; craftsmen, laborers, and sailors followed them; they posted "Liberty, Property, and No Stamps" and led boycotts; made aristocracy in NY nervous

Progress and Poverty

book written by Henry George; jolted traditional thought and inspired new thinking of reformers; said modern society was flawed (disturbing reality of 1870's depression and 1877 railroad strike); said land was the solution and basis of wealth and unfair that some people got rich because their land price rose ("unearned increment" taxed); proposed single tax (people who "have" should be taxed and redistributed)

Theory of the Leisure Class

book written by Thorstein Veblin that condemned the rich for making money only for money's sake instead of for productive industrial purposes/to satisfy needs of people; wanted social leadership to turn to engineers as opposed to the wealthy

Thomas Edison

born in 1847 and had little formal education, loved to read, and loved telegraphy; accomplishments include making telegraph that could send 4 messages with 1 wire, making 1st modern research lab in Menlo Park, NJ, inventing the phonograph and incandescent lamp; made Edison Illumination Company and Pearl St. Power Station in NYC; used trial-and-error to invent

Franklin D. Roosevelt

born into old Dutch colonial aristocracy of NY with the advantages of being wealthy; was in the NY legislature, secretary of navy under Wilson, had banking career, governor of NY, and elected president in 1932 by a landslide; united Southern/Western traditional Democrats with the Northern new, urban Democrats; promoted New Deal program of relief, recovery, reform, and increased government; saved the banks by reopening strong banks, closing weak banks, and helping others with gov. loans; had fire side chats with public via radio; built dams with Tennessee Valley Authority; made the National Recovery Administration and Agricultural Adjustment Administration and Farm Security Administration; conservative in nature and had moderate program of government action

Jack Dempsy and Gene Tunney

boxers/fighters that drew huge crowds and exemplified the way sports became national mania in the 1920's as people found more leisure time and spectator sports got more attention

United Farm Workers Organization

boycotted (lead by Cesar Chavez) in 1975 to get ollective bargaining rights for farm workers and an end to exploitation for Mexican Americans

Ralph Waldo Emerson

brilliant essayist/lecturer who preached each individual could communicate directly with benign spiritual force; radical individualist/transcendentalist; promoted the self-culture and self-sufficiency of private man

Tecumseh

brilliant leader trying to restore confidence and revitalize tribal cultures of Indians of Indiana Territory; forced to seek British military assistance in battling America

William Levitt

built 4,000 homes in the former potato field 30 miles from Manhattan using techniques from his experience erecting navy houses during WWII; then rented the houses to veterans who wanted to leave their city apartments or parents' homes and start their own family; creation of Levittowns

Northwest Ordinance of 1787

called for eventual establishment of from 3-5 states north of Ohio River and east of Mississippi River; Jefferson referred to area as "empire of liberty" because the population would be equal members of political system and self govern; no land seizure of Indians without their consent; assumed Indian presence would soon disappear

Old Immigrants

came from Northern and Western Europe (British Isles, England, Ireland, Germany, Scandinavia/Norway); usually literate, skilled at a trade, more affluent; Protestant religion

New Immigrants

came from Southern and Eastern Europe (Italy, Greece, Poland, Russia); illiterate and uneducated, limited labor skills, impoverished; Catholic, Orthodox, and Jewish religions; stuck together in close-knit communities and clung to native customs, languages, and religions

Alexander Hamilton

came to North America as youth from West Indies; served at 20 years old as army officer during War of Independence; married into prominent NY family; insisted on "energetic" government for powerful commercial/diplomatic global presence; nation-builder who thought greatness would come from enhancing national authority

Fidel Castro

came to power in Cuba in 1959

Baron de Montesquieu

came up with separation of power

Election of 1960

candidates were Nixon (8 year active VP for Ike, Republican, his image was hurt by his unattractive image on the televised debates) and John F. Kennedy (young, inexperienced, Catholic, Democrat who impressed with his calm, cool image on the TV debates, took advantage of all opportunities); LBJ (from TX) was Kennedy's running mate to blunt Nixon's southern strategy; outcome-Kennedy wins with .2% edge in popular vote and 303 to 219 electoral vote because of IL and TX thin margins; blacks were key in the outcome because Robert Kennedy just got MLK out of jail in Atlanta, so they helped offset loss of Southern democrat conservative voters

Election of 1876

candidates were Rutherford B. Hayes of Ohio (Republican) and Samuel J. Tilden of NY (Democrat); SC, Florida, Louisiana had disputed outcomes; there was a republican majority in the electoral commission, which decided Hayes was the president; controversial election because of the bargain behind the scenes

Election of 2000

candidates: Al Gore (Democrat with Joseph Lieberman as VP-1st Jew to run for office), George Bush (republican with Dick Cheney as VP), and Ralph Nader (liberal Green Party, distance 3rd party who made a difference in the outcome); main issue was moderate and independent vote; very close election where Gore got working families and Bush got conservatives; Bush won after controversy and Supreme Court gets involved; legitimized republican party among conservative white southerners and they voted more republican; republican party got Congress; conservative resurgence

Election of 1992

candidates: George H. Bush (2nd term republican, tired/out of touch), Bill Clinton (democrat, governor of Arkansas, moderate "new democrat" focused on jobs, education, health care, economy, Albert Gore was VP), H. Ross Perot (Texas billionaire, independent, anti-Washington, anti-deficity); main issue was economy; results: Clinton did well in south, got elderly and blue-collar workers' vote, and won, Perot got 20% popular vote; Democrats got all of Congress, which reflected diverse U.S. population

Election of 1976

candidates: Gerald Ford (Republican, Ronald Reagan challenged him for the nomination and got support from conservatives) and Carter (little-known former governor of Georgia and appealed to people because he wasn't involved in Washington corruption/Watergate); Carter won because he got most of South and 97% of African Americans

Election of 1948

candidates: Henry A. Wallace (former VP who announced his candidacy for Progressives 3rd Party), Strom Thurmond (nominated by democratic southerners who left their party over progressive civil rights platform, states' rights ticket), Thomas Dewey (governor of NY, GOP candidate), Truman (democrat); outcome: Truman wins narrowly because voters were reminded of how the Democrats helped them survive Depression, old FDR coalition backed Truman, and Americans didn't want to reject Truman because he had countered the aggression overseas

Election of 1848

candidates: Martin Van Buren (Free Soil Party), Lewis Cass (democrat who proposed that the slavery decision should be left to settlers in new territories-popular sovereignty), and Zachary Taylor (Whig, hero of Mexican War); outcome: Taylor wins

Election of 1988

candidates: Michael Dukakis (governor of Massachusetts, democrat nomination, VP was senator Lloyd Bensten), George H. Bush (republican, Reagan's VP),Dan Quayle (republican, young Indiana senator); Bush charged Dukakis as soft on crime and weak on national defense and promised not to raise taxes; outcome: republicans won decisive victory, democrats couldn't win most white middle-class votes; larger Democratic majorities to House and Senate

Election of 1968

candidates: Nixon (played on the peace issue shrewdly and avoided controversy, got benefit of discontent with Vietnam; bring divided nation together), Hubert Humphrey (Cold War liberal who wanted social reform at home and expansion abroad, hounded by antiwar demonstrators, hurt by refusal to end North Vietnam bombing), George Wallace (American Independent Party, racist); outcome: Nixon won with the smallest share of popular votes since 1916, but got clear electoral victory; Humphrey got urban NE voters and Wallace got blue-collar North and 5 Deep South states; showed transition to PI period, repudiation of politics of protest and cultural insurgency, and had "silent majority" fed up with violence and confrontation (voted for Nixon/Wallace)

Election of 1972

candidates: Nixon (republican) and Senator George McGovern of SD (Democrat, liberal, anti-war, anti-establishment) and George Wallace (Alabama populist) was going to run, but shot by assassin; Nixon won because of his foreign policy successes in China and Soviet Union and McGovern was very liberal/antiwar and his campaign went off track when Senator Thomas Eagleton (his VP) had depression and was dropped off ballot; results indicated start of major political realignment of the Sunbelt and suburban voters (form new Republican majority); Democrats still held Congress

Election of 1980

candidates: Ronald Reagan (republican), Jimmy Carter (Democrat, challenged for nomination by Edward Kennedy), John Anderson (moderate republican running as independent); Reagan attacked the Democrat big-government solutions and loss of U.S. prestige abroad and inflation and unemployment; result: Carter battered in polls, Anderson got 8% popular vote, Reagan won; broke up key element of New Deal coalition by taking over 50% of blue-collar vote; end of 50 year Democrat domination of Congress (republicans got control of Senate and 33 seats in House gained)

Thomas Nast

cartoonist and mugwump who launched series of cartoons about the "Tammany Ring" group of politicians involved in the scandal in the Harper's Weekly magazine; successfully brings Boss Tweed down

Spanish Colonization

central and south American (present-day Latin America); Columbus, Cortes/Pizarro conquerers, Ferdenand and Isabella, las Casas are key people; economic motives were to get precious metals (gold) and start encomienda system for agriculture; religion was very important and took spreading Christianity very seriously; intermarried with Indians (mestizos) but treated them oppressively; large population

Municipal Reform

changes made centralized on cities/towns/local governments; transportation and utilities were first to be changed; then government was reformed; examples are the City Commission and City Manager plans; negative aspects of these types of reform are that the poor, radical, and minority voters found their influence on local affairs weakened, city-wide elections reduced the strength of wards, and immigrants/poor who got help from bosses before no longer received their services

Massachusetts Bay Company

chartered in 1629; made up of London merchants wanting to further the Puritan cause and get profit through trade with Indians

Thomas Hutchinson

chief justice and lieutenant governor of Massachusetts; his house was destroyed and he was assaulted in 1765 because he wrote to London encouraging the Stamp Act; privately, he opposed the Stamp Act

Freedom Riders

civil rights activists from CORE who went from D.C. to the South in 1961 on a special bus tour to test the Supreme court's decision banning segregation on buses; if violence broke out, Kennedy to would have to intervene; were often told that they had to give up

Booker T. Washington

civil rights leader who was born a slave and earned his way out with hard work; believed in the good hearts of whites; wanted blacks to fit in mainstream, old-time establishments and not fight segregation; founded the Tuskegee Institute (which needed white donors) where blacks could learn the basics to be educated; "accomodationist," willing to compromise but did not want to challenge segregation; invited to White House by TR

Neutrality Act of 1937

claimed neutrality in Spanish Civil War

Trent Affair

closest incident to foreign intervention in the Civil War; Union ship detained 2 Confederate ambassadors on the high seas on their way to Britain to attempt to secure British recognition of the Confederacy; almost triggered British intervention on side of Confederacy (ties because of cotton/textile); Lincoln steps in and releases ambassadors because of diplomatic immunity

John L. O'Sullivan

coined the phrase Manifest Destiny

David Ricardo

coined the term "iron law of wages;" said an increase in population meant an increase in workers, which would cause wages to decrease and starvation/poverty to occur

Robert Chivington

colonel who led group of Colorado militia to attack Black Kettle's men at camp in Sand Creek Colorado ; instructed men to "kill and scalp all, big and little;" won fight (Sand Creek Massacre) and killed 450 peaceful Indians despite white flag of truce

Headright System

colonists who paid for their own and others' passage to America were awarded 50 acres of land; bringing servants got you lots of land

Jamestown

colony in the Chesapeake; start wasn't promising because of high death rate, malaria, dysentery, typhoid fever, inadequate supplies and food, cannibalism, few laborers, etc.

Operation "Iraqi Freedom"

combination of British and U.S. armed forces in Iraq War overran Iraqi defenses, captured the capital (Baghdad) and ended Hussein's dictatorship

Homeland Security

combined over 20 federal agencies with 170,000 employees including Customs, Immigration and Naturalization, Coast Guard, and Secret Service in one of the largest government reorganizations since Department of Defense post WWII; many Congressman critical that FBI and CIA not included

Thomas Jefferson

comes out of retirement for 1796 election; elected vice president; difficult to cooperate with Adams; a (democratic) republican; third president; democratic republican; man full of contradictions/doesn't always live up to his own ideals; comfortable in Washington society; hated formal attire; read a lot; Virginian who wrote the Declaration of Independence and was an ambassador in Paris; Secretary of State under GW; pro-France; had trust in common people; said greatest threat to republicanism was public vice/selfishness and uncontrolled federal government power; saw agriculture as economic future; strictly adhered to Constitution and thought the 10th amendment was very important; Democratic Republican

Henry Clay

comes to power as a Dem. Republican, then becomes Whig because he hates Jackson; proposed Missouri Compromise (Congress accepts the state's constitution as written, but Missouri couldn't deprive citizens of their rights under the Constitution); proposed Compromise Tariff of 1833

Mao Zedong

communist in North who inherited Manchuria (rich Northern Chinese providence); had light discipline and patriotic appeals to get strong hold on peasants and extend his influence; against Chiang Kai Shek

Ethel and Julius Rosenberg

communists charged with conspiracy to transmit atomic secrets to Soviet Union; found guilty by jury in 1951 and although they claimed innocence and there was a worldwide appeal on their behalf, they were still sentenced to death by Judge Kaufman and electrocuted on June 19, 1953

New Harmony, IN

community based on common and equal ownership founded by Robert Owen; easily demised because utopian socialism didn't easily take root in American soil

Joint Stock Company

company part of corporate to establish it; encourage investment in colonial enterprises, with "limited liability" for the investors; example: Dutch west India Company

Clinton's Balanced Budget

compromise made on the Federal Budget in 1996 (Medicare and Social Security were kept intact, limited welfare benefits to 5 years-Personal Responsibility and Work Opportunity Act-curbed immigrants, increased minimum wage, balanced the budget; for the first time since 1969, federal surplus; had record economic growth (spending cuts and increased taxes)

Embargo Act of 1807

congress passed in 1807 by large majority; authorized to keep ships at home to prevent seizure and deprive European powers of much-needed American goods (esp. food); total embargo of American commerce would force France and Britain to negotiate in good faith

Wade Davis Bill

congressional reconstruction plan where a Confederate state needed a majority (over 50%) of its population to take a loyalty oath in order to re-establish a loyal state; vetoed by pocket veto (Lincoln ignored it and did not do anything)

Panama Canal

constructed because of TR's plans to connect Atlantic and Pacific Oceans for an easier route in the event of war; connects to the strengthened navy and attempts to take more naval and commercial vessels from place to place; TR hoped to complete it by buying French equipment (France tried to build it earlier but failed because of low funding and disease); Columbia refused to sell land so TR helps Panama Revolution which leads to Panama independence and right to construction; 6,000 died in its construction

"Revolution of 1800"-Election of 1800

controversial; Adams would have won if it weren't for 3/5 rule, but instead Jefferson wins; Ham meddles again to ensure Pinckney gets more votes than Adams; Jefferson and Burr tied because one Federalist threw a vote away to give 1 extra to Adams to ensure he was president but 1 Republican messed up by not doing the same; vote decided in House of Reps, where each state delegation cast 1 vote and needed 9 votes for election; took several days because Burr refused to withdraw; finally Federalists decide Jeff would be more responsible president

Philippines Annexation

controversy arose after Treaty of Paris 1898 gave the nation to the U.S.; imperialists favored annexation because it was our duty to uplift them/convert to Christianity, etc. and anti-imperialists opposed annexation because they were of a foreign culture and different race and it violated the principles of the Declaration of Independence; Feb. 6, 1899 it is annexed with 57 to 27 vote

2nd Continental Congress

convened in May 1775 at outbreak of war between British soldiers and armed Massachusetts soldiers; acted as the "de facto" government during the Revolution

1st Continental Congress

convened in Philadelphia Sept. 1774 to coordinate resistance to the Intolerable Acts; brought together the most prominent political leaders of 12 main colonies (not Georgia)

Eugene V. Debs

convicted in 1918 under the Espionage Act for giving an antiwar speech where he traced the tradition of dissent from Thomas Paine to abolitionists (highlighted the fact that there has always been internal opposition to wars); sentenced to 10 years in prison, ran from president while in jail in 1920 and got 900,000 votes, released in 1921 by Warren G. Harding (prez. at the time); 5 time candidate for president under the socialist party; got 1 million votes (16%) in election; from Terre Haute, Indiana

Harriet Tubman

courageous ex-slave who made regular forays into the slave states to lead other blacks to freedom in the North via the Underground Railroad; known as "Moses"

Appomattox

courthouse in VA that was the site of Lee and Confederate army's surrender on April 9; Lee was forced to surrender after heading west because of being circled by Grant; signaled end of Civil War, even though some confederates stayed on field

Agricultural Adjustment Act (AAA)

created by Congress May 1933 to solve the problem of farmers' overproduction and boost prices; the gov. would act as clearing house for producers of major crops, arrange set production limits for wheat, corn, cotton, etc., allocate acreage, and encourage farmers to take land out of production by paying them subsidies (money taken from taxes on industries); helped farmers have money to buy consumer goods; although farm income rose, it was partially due to subsidies; criticized for destroying food when country was hungry; Supreme Court ruled unconstitutional in Butler vs. U.S. 1935

How the Other Half Lives

created by Jacob Riis in 1890 as a collection of words and photographs describing the grimy rows of tenements in the central city; depicted dark apartments, slamming hall-doors, coughs, helpless wails, children dying of measles

Committee on Industrial Organization (CIO)

created by John L. Lewis after his expulsion from the American Federation of Labor (AFL); wanted to use Wagner Act for collective bargaining to auto and steel industries; had 5 million members by end of 1930's and it was first time skilled and unskilled workers were unionized together; women and blacks benefitted; employer resistance, hostility to unions, and FDR's aloof attitudes blocked progress

United Negro Improvement Association

created by Marcus Garvey in 1914 for black economic self-reliance and nationalism and collective black action

Levittown

created by William Levitt; the first one was in former potato field 30 miles from Manhattan and consisted of 17,000 homes available for small down payments and low monthly payments (completed in 1951); occupied by veterans who wanted to leave their city apartments or parents' homes and start own family; one in NJ and Pennsylvania too; boring and all had same basic interior, but rotated between four exteriors; ideal for young families just starting out (cheap, comfy, efficient); religious, ethnic, occupational diversity except blacks were not allowed and eventually became just lower-middle class

Committee on Public Information

created by Wilson administration in April 1917 to explain to America and the world why they were going into a war for "liberties and free institutions;" members were journalists, academics, artists, advertising men; used 75 million pamphlets, posters, newspaper ads, and films to spread pro-war propaganda; 75,000 Four-Minute Men gave talks in other languages in public venues; first federal agency to try to manipulate behavior/opinion of masses

National Security Council (NSC)

created in 1947 by National Security Act; composed of the service secretaries, the sec. of defense, the sec. of state; advised the president on all matters regarding national security

Central Intelligence Agency (CIA)

created in 1947 by National Security Act; coordinated the intelligence gathering activities of various government agencies

Environmental Protection Agency

created in 1970 to set and enforce all national water pollution and air pollution standards

Dawes Plan

created to deal with the German, British, and French war debts after WWI; U.S. gov. loans money to Germany in an attempt to help them rebuild their economy because we hope this will help Germany pay their reparation, which in turn will help Britain and France pay back the $10 billion they owe us from WWI; because of the Depression, debts are never payed; makes Americans think WWI was a mistake and we turn to isolationism

Pet Banks

created when Jackson authorized the removal of federal funds from their vaults and their deposits in local banks; because Jackson did not want to wait until the charter expired in 1836; these institutions were often determined by political and personal connections; secretary of treasury refused to transfer federal money into these institutions because Bank Law said government funds couldn't be removed without good cause and Congressional awareness

Interstate Commerce Commission (ICC)

created with the Interstate Commerce Act to investigate and oversee railroad activities and outlaw rebates and pooling

Missouri Compromise

credit to Henry Clay (Senator Jesse Thomas of IL, too) and adopted by Congress; had three components: in 1820 Missouri could draft Constitution without Tallmadge's restriction on slavery, Maine (free state) would be admitted to the Union to keep free to slave sectional balance, and slavery would be prohibited in remaining Louisiana Purchase Territory north of latitude 36'309 (Missouri South Boundary)

De Lome Letter

criticized McKinley during the Spanish American war

Henry David Thoreau

criticized the Mexican War; jailed in Mass. in 1846 for refusal to pay taxes in protest of the war; wrote essay "On Civil Disobedience" which later inspired nonviolent resistance to unjust laws (ex. MLK Jr.)

Court Packing Scheme

critics' term for the way FDR attacked the Supreme Court by claiming the Court was falling behind schedule because of the age of its members and asking Congress to appoint new justices (1 new justice per each justice over 70 years old, maximum of 6); instead of an amendment to clarify the Constitution or limit the power of the court; technically legal but outraged conservatives and liberals as a dangerous precedent; Senate blocked the proposal; resulted in Supreme Court complying with FDR's New Deal measures

Roosevelt Recession

critics' term for the way the slow, steady improvement in the economy gave way to sharp recession in the late summer of 1937 and for the next 10 months industry production fell by 1/3 and 4 million people lost their jobs; business executives said it was caused by lack of confidence in FDR's leadership; it was FDR's fault because he cut back on WPA and other gov. programs to reduce expanding budget deficits and refused to renew heavy gov. spending when federal contributions to consumer purchasing power fell; economy revived in April 1938 whenFDR asked Congress for $3.75 billion relief appropriation

Cornelius Vanderbilt

crusty old multimillionare from shipping industry known as "commodore;" self-made man, cut-throat business man, tough, competitive; entered railroading at 70 years old and took over NY Central railroad in 1867 (merged to make track from NYC to Buffalo and Chicago, linked eastern seaports with rich traffic of Great Lakes and Western Rivers); declared war on competition when he was no longer seen as strongest businessman and dominated by closing Albany bridge and shutting every other railroad out of NY port; built Grad Central Depot in honor of himself; died in 1877

Compromise of 1850

dealt with issues provoked by Wilmot Proviso-CA statehood and expansion of slavery in Mexican cession; admitted CA as free state, let New Mexico and Utah decide the future of slavery in the territory by popular sovereignty, enacted the Fugitive Slave Act, and banned internal slave trade in the nation's capital; very controversial and not very successful (failed to prevent Civil War); Henry Clay's plan and Stephen Douglas helps

Nullification Crisis

debate over whether nullification was constitutional or not; not purely sectional issue because SC stood alone and other southern states passed resolutions condemning its action; Calhoun thought each major interest should have right to veto/nullify and it did not lead to disunion; Jackson felt nullification lead to disunion

Lincoln Douglas Debates

debates between the IL Senate candidates; occurred 8 times across 7 towns in IL (Ottawa, Freeport, Galesburg, etc); included issues such as popular sovereignty, Dred Scott ruling, the issue of slavery, and powers of national government; brought both men to national prominence and set stage for election of 1860; attended by 10,000s of people; based on two clashing definitions of freedom

Civil Rights Act of 1866

defined all persons born int he U.S. as citizens and spelled out rights they were to enjoy without regards to race; said no state could deprive citizens of right to make contracts, bring lawsuits, or enjoy equal protection of person and property; gave equality before the law and free labor values; meant to counteract the Black Codes; no black suffrage yet

Democratic Culture of Jacksonian Era

defined by market revolution, westward movement, expansion of slavery, growth of democracy; inaugurations became much bigger events; overall increased suffrage; explosion in printing (information revolution); immigrants, women, and blacks still had limited rights

Hartford Convention

delegates convened to discuss relations between people of their region and the federal government; they were hurt and angry because of Madison's insensitivity to New England's economic interests in terms of the war and embargo; suggested amendments such as a 1 term presidential limit, 2/3 majority in congress to declare war, pass commercial regulations, or admit new states, and representation based on only white males

Andrew Jackson

democrat elected president in 1828 and symbol of "common man" in power; though, his critics called him "King Andrew I;" he embodied market revolution, westward movement, expansion of slavery, and growth of democracy; self-made man that rose from humble background; anti-nullification, anti-Bank, anti-Indian and vetoed a ton of proposed laws

Harry Truman

democrat president during Cold War; relatively unknown to general public and therefore unlikely candidate for presidency; hard-worker, reliable, partisan, well-read, had good judgement and sense of right vs. wrong; he had a fondness for old friends and therefore appointed bad people and dismissed good people; had lack of political vision (no legislative programs of his own and tried to use New Deal against Congress's wishes); allowed higher wages and prices (presidency had 2 major strikes); won reelection in 1948

Lewis Cass

democrat who proposed that the slavery decision should be left to settlers in new territories-popular sovereignty-in the election of 1848; loses to Taylor

James K. Polk

democrat who wins election of 1844; former governor of Tennessee who supported annexation of Texas and was closely associated with Jackson; goals-reduce tariff, reestablish independent treasury system, settle dispute over ownership of Oregon, bring CA into Union

Bill Clinton

democrat, governor of Arkansas, moderate "new democrat" focused on jobs, education, health care, economy, Albert Gore was VP when he ran (and won) for president in 1992; republicans killed his economic stimulus package, campaign-finance reform, health care reform, and environmental bills; controversies about homosexuals in military, his cabinet choices, and White House scandals; use of wife Hilary to design universal health care backfired; accomplishments were Motor-Voter Law, Family and Medical Leave Act, Brady Handgun Bill, Clinton's Anti-Crime Bill, Deficit-Reduction Budget, and NAFTA

Lucretia Mott

denied a seat at the 1st World's Anti-Slavery Convention in London (along with Stanton) in 1840; caused Garrison to withdraw from the convention because he wanted them to have equal rights; organized the new and independent movement for women's rights

Middle Ground

describes Native Americans' relations with European powers; typically Indians sided with the French because they were trade partners and lesser threat long term; throughout colonial wars, Indians played role in balance of power in North America; Indians side with French (except Iroquois side with British) for KW war; Indians side with French (Iroquois neutral)

The Maine

destroyed by (accidental) explosion in Havana Harbor on Feb. 15, 1898; 266 men died, 84 survivors; the yellow press blamed Spain for the incident and insisted on retribution; those eager for war demanded quick response against Spain and the naval court said an external mine had set of the explosion (did not blame Spain)

Pragmatism

developed by Dewey and William James; a way of thinking that emphasizes being practical, realistic, and useful

Harlem Renaissance

development of a black community in Harlem in NYC (became "Negro Capital of the World" in 1920's); literature, artistic, musical movement that flourished and developed with plays, concerts, etc.; lead by Du Bois (editor of The Crisis) and James Weldon Johnson (author of Fifty Years and Other Poems); headquarters of NAACP located here

James Madison

diminutive, colorless Virginian and lifelong disciple/ally of Jefferson; thought about nature of political freedom and spearheaded movement for stronger national government; was a nation-builder who thought greatness would come from enhancing national authority; thought private liberty could be endangered by public liberty; elected president in 1808 and was president during War of 1812

National Recovery Administration (NRA)

directed by Hugh Johnson as an attempt to guarantee reasonable profits for business and fair wages and hour for labor; temporarily suspended anti-trust laws so companies could cooperate in fair competition setting, set realistic production limits and set prices, protected labor with minimum wages and maximum hours; companies/industries wrote their own codes of fair competition and got patriotic "eagle" if followed; somewhat successful because business did improve but tended to favor big companies; ruled unconstitutional by Supreme Court in Schecter vs. U.S.; created by NIRA

Herbert Hoover

directed the Food Administration during WWI; embodied individualism and free enterprise; self-made man;established new commerce bureaus to make American industry more efficient in housing, mining, and transportation matters; tried to limit labor disturbances by devising new federal machinery to mediate disputes; promoted close relationship between government and private business; During Depression he tried to stay optimistic, refused large gov. action and called on private charities and local governments to help solve the problem

Thurgood Marshall

directed the NAACP team of law students that challenged school segregation; he won 29 out of 32 cases before the Supreme Court including Morgan vs. Virginia and Sweatt vs. Painter

George Creel

director of CPI (Committee on Public Information)

38th Parallel

divide in Korea between North and South in 1945; acted as center of international rivalry in NorthEast Asia

Admiral Dewey

during Spanish American war, he defeated Spanish Fleet on May 1st at Manila Bay (Philippine Islands in distant Pacific Ocean); his soldiers went ashore as the first American soldiers in combat out of the western hemisphere; part of the war's most decisive battle

Draft Deferments

during Vietnam, enabled most of those enrolled in college to avoid military service; affluent escaped the draft because of this and blacks and Hispanics were twice as likely to fight in the war and denounced the war as unjust

Lockout

during a strike, employer/company blocks out workers from re-entering and working, instead employs scab workers

Goals of Confederacy

during the Civil War, the South wanted Southern independence and to make the North give up

John L. Lewis

dynamic and ruthless son of Welsh coal miner that was the head of the United Mine Workers since 1919; took the lead in forming the Committee on Industrial Organization (CIO) in 1935 after expelled from American Federation of Labor (AFL); determined to spread the benefits of unions throughout the industry

King Cotton Diplomacy

early in Civil War, cotton exports were banned and planters were urged to grow food (hopes of promoting economic self-sufficiency in South and forcing Britain to intervene on Confederate side because of textile mill dependency); ineffective as crops made stockpile in English warehouses, Prime Minister Palmerston didn't intervene, and other nations expanded production elsewhere, which drove down cotton prices when American production continued

Jacob Coxey's Army

effect of Panic of 1893; a General (businessman who wanted to put jobless to work building roads and wanted a Coxey Good Roads Bill to authorize $500 million paper printed money to finance road construction) led march to Washington from Massillon, Ohio; drew nation's attention on Easter 1894; made it to capitol steps when beat, arrested, jailed by police

Ulysses S. Grant

elected president 1869, war hero and natural choice for president, but not a good public speaker; president during the Panic of 1873 and his solution was to inject more money, but Congress vetoed this; he got frustrated because he was used to being in control as a Union General; known for having a corrupt presidency and administration, though he himself was never involved in scandals

Abraham Lincoln

elected president during election of 1860; president of Union during Civil War; his racial views evolved over time until he eventually identified cause of war as fight for end of slavery; wrote Emancipation Proclamation; had famous speech at Gettysburg; was assassinated

John Quincy Adams

elected president in 1824; son of John Adams, private secretary at 14 yrs. old, French interpreter for American envoy in Europe, ambassador to Prussia, Netherlands, Britain, and Russia, Massachusetts senator; supported American System, encouraged world commerce and western influence, and was strong expansionist; wanted legislation promoting agriculture, commerce, manufacturing, and arts, a national university, an astronomical observatory, and a naval academy; spent a ton of money on internal improvements

William Henry Harrison

elected president in 1840; his main claim to fame is his military success against British and Indians in War of 1812; became "log cabin" candidate/champion of common man despite his wealthy background; got pneumonia and died one month after presidency started

Franklin Pierce

elected president in 1852; democrat; won sweeping victory over Winfield Scott (Whig) on a platform that recognized Compromise of 1850 as final settlement of slavery controversy; his administration was awful and all of the Age of Jackson parties collapsed because of intense sectionalism

Bush vs. Gore Controversy

election of 2000 victory of Gore or Bush depended on who got Florida's 25 electoral votes; Bush led by 537 popular votes in Florida after a partial recount; democrats asked for added manual recount, then Supreme Court ordered recount, Republicans appealed, and Bush vs. Gore case made Bush president (said equal protection of 14th amendment was violated because of varying recount standards used)

Immigration Act of 1965

eliminated the racist quota system of the 1920's, but continued to limit the number of immigrants allowed into the U.S. (20,000 immigrants per year from outside Western Hemisphere and 120,000 immigrants per year from in Western Hemisphere); increased immigration from Latin America and Asia

Sanitary Commission

emerged as centralized national relief agency to coordinate donations on the northern home front during the Civil War; women did grass-roots work and males controlled the national level, women also played leading role in organizing Sanitary Fairs (displayed military banners, uniforms, and relics of war, and sold goods to raise money for soldiers' aid)

Social Gospel Movement

emerging religious philosophy that focused on society and individuals improving living conditions and saving souls; called on church members to fulfill their social obligations, discuss social and economic problems; believed that urban church should be a place for schooling, helping poor, and recreation and kids went to age groups for activity, not sermons; major proponent was Rauschenbusch

English Constitution

emphasized that power and liberty were antagonists, rule of law and right to live under representative-consented legislation, and trial by jury were from common law, and all political causes were stemmed from defending the "rights of Englishmen;" had House of Commons, House of Lords, and King that all checked each others' power; a "balanced constitution" because no man was above the law and tyranny was avoided, purpose was political liberty

Civilian Conservation Corps (CCC)

employed 2.75 million young men from city families to work on reforesting and flood control projects, swamp drainage, and further developing of national parks (build trails and improve public facilities); run by the War Department, workers lived in barracks, ate in mess halls, and had strict schedule; helped family income and national welfare because majority of monthly payments sent directly to family

Stamp Act

enacted in 1765; represented new departure in imperial policy; Parliament tried to raise money from direct taxes in the colonies rather than trade regulations; required colonial printed material to have a stamp purchased from authorities; purpose was to help finance empire with revenue from assemblies; British were permanently stationed in America as well

Declaratory Act

enacted on the same day the Stamp Acts are repealed; rejects Americans' claims that only elected representatives could levy taxes because it gives Parliament the power to pass laws for Americans in any situation

Treaty of Ghent of 1814

ended fight of War of 1812 and postponed neutral right issue; neither British demands (territorial concessions, right to navigate MS River, and creation of large Indian buffer state in NW territory) nor American goals (lecture British on maritime rights and impressment) were addressed; neither side surrendered territory, no impressment discussion; ratified 35 to 0 in Senate

Compromise Tariff of 1833

engineered by Henry Clay (with Calhoun's assistance) to reduce duties even more and avert confrontation (gradually lower tariff over 10 year period); lead to SC rescinding ordinance of nullification and then nullifying the Force Act

Navigation Acts

enumerated (valuable) colonial goods had to be transported in English ships and sold in English ports, then re-exported to foreign markets; required use of ships made in England or the colonies; forbade colonial manufactures that competed with England's; required tax stops in England when trading with other nations; required 13 colonies to trade mainly with England

Frederick Douglas

escaped slave who was featured at antislavery meetings; became abolitionist orator (eloquent leader of association for advancement and liberation of African Americans); founded the North Star newspaper in 1847 to give black writers a chance to preach gospel of liberation to black readers

Works Progress Administration (WPA)

established 1935 as part of 2nd New Deal to spend $5 billion authorized by Congress for emergency relief; put unemployment on federal payroll so unemployed would earn enough to meet basic needs and stimulate the economy (employed to construct new bridges, roads, ports, public buildings, paint murals, write histories, and perform plays); headed by Hopkins; tried to preserve skills of American artists, actors, writers; failed to increase purchasing power, never employed over 3 million of the 10 million unemployed people at a time

League of Nations

established after war because of the last of Wilson's Fourteen Points; a global counterpart to the regulatory commissions Progressives created at home for social harmony and to stop the powerful from exploiting the weak; body central to Wilson's vision of a new international order

Knights of Labor

established by Uriah S. Stephens and Philadelphia garment workers; grew in 1870's as a secret fraternal order until Terence V. Powderly ended the secrecy and aggressively recruited members; open to anyone who "toiled" and excluded "non-producers" (did allow employers); set "producers" against monopoly and special privilege, wanted 8 hr. work day, abolish child labor, utopian reform; did not like strikes; wanted to get rid of trusts and drunkenness, have workers pool resources, workers run factories, railroads and mines, and escape wages; won victory against Jay Gould's Missouri Pacific Railroad in 1885, but got crushed by Gould in 1886

Land Grant Colleges

established by the Morrill Act of 1862 (gave away grants of land to states for establishment of colleges)

Oneida

established in NY 1848; inspired by unorthodox brand of Christian perfectionism; believed that the 2nd coming of Christ already happened and there was therefore no obligation to follow moral rules; founded by John Humphrey Noyes; had "free love," not traditional marriage

Ku Klux Klan

established with political motives as an extremely violent group against blacks (formed by military arm of Democrats in South n 1866 in Tennessee as a terrorist organization); led by planters, merchants, and Democrat politicians; targeted republican black and white leaders, wartime unionists, officeholders, teachers, and organizers; goal was to launch "reign of terror" against Republicans; countless murders and lynchings

Profitability of Slavery

even though many historians say slavery was dying out and would've naturally collapsed without Civil War, in reality, there were no signs of its immediate decline; slavery was still very profitable (large planters got 8-10% back per year just like northerners)

1968-Tumultuous Year

eventful year in American history defined by the Tet Offensive in Vietnam and Chicago crisis outside of the Democrat Convention (violence by radical groups escalates into tear gas, beatings, and police action)

McClure's, Collier's, and Cosmopolitan

examples of periodicals that published the material of the "muckrakers"

Zimmerman Note

exposed by British spies in March 1917; message by German foreign secretary Arthur Zimmerman calling on Mexico to join in the war against the U.S., promising to help recover lost territory of the Mexican War of 1846-1848; one of the many reasons America decided to intervene in WWI

New Imperialism

extending a nation's authority over another's by economic, political, or military means; age of imperialism after 1870 (late 19th C.), dominated by European and Japanese powers; justification was to bring modern civilization to the supposedly backward peoples of non-European world (Natives would be taught western values, labor, Christianity, and self-government); 1890's American emerged as world power and 1898 Spanish-American War was the birth of modern America

Tammany Hall

famous Democratic party organization's base that dominated city politics from 1850's to 1930's in NY; building that acted as base of political machine/Democratic party; did both good and bad (corrupted, bad reputation, but did help immigrants with services and voting)

Sitting Bull

famous medicine man who led Sioux resistance and refused to sign treaty

Epigrams of Coolidge

famous quotes that defined Calvin Coolidge's presidency; "the business of America is business;" "the man who builds a factory builds a temple; the man who workers there worships there;"

Farmer's Alliance

farm-oriented group with branches in South and West; picked up where Grange left off

Whiskey Rebellion

farmers in Western Pennsylvania who made money distilling grain into whiskey were threatened to go out of business by the excise (internal) tax on distilled whiskey passed by Congress in 1791; the farmers feel at a geographical disadvantage and refuse to pay tax; GW and Hamilton lead a huge army to put it down and distillers disappear; shows power/control/strength of national government

Federalists

favored expanding the power of the national government because Articles were too weak; need to control uncooperative states and strengthen foreign policy; better prepared and more organized than their opponents; thought men of experience and talent should govern the nation (fear of "mobocracy"); GW, James Madison, John Jay, and Alexander Hamilton and merchants and other educated, urban people are examples

Alien Act

federalists created to silence anti-war feelings and reduce power of Jeffersonians; authorized president to deport all aliens regarded as dangerous, which made some French flee; Alien Enemies Law allowed president to detain/deport citizens of nations with which U.S. was at war who behaved suspiciously; Naturalization Law changed prerequisite for citizenship from 5 to 14 years

Sedition Act

federalists created to silence anti-war feelings and reduce power of Jeffersonians; defined criticism of U.S. government as criminal libel; citizens found guilty were subject to fines and imprisonment, which the federal courts enforced; prohibited assembly, print, and speech opposing the government; against 1st amendment

Rosie the Riveter

female industrial laborer depicted as muscular and self-reliant in Norman Rockwell's famous magazine cover; celebrated in ads during WWII, which reflects the OWI encouraging women to work, Hollywood glorifying the independent woman

William Lloyd Garrison

first (white) abolitionist; very radical; wrote The Liberator and advocated for immediate emancipation without emigration on religious grounds; said slavery was a sin and morally wrong; very stubborn; said colonization was un-Christian; in 1830's, he encouraged no voting and no church membership (no participation in corrupt politics); even burned Constitution; advocated for women as well

Bill of Rights

first 10 amendments, not in original Constitution; ratified in 1791 by the states; a compromise made between Federalists and Anti-Federalists, who favored this addition; gives rights such as freedom of press, religion, speech, right to bear arms, etc.; symbol of American freedom even though public wasn't enthusiastic about it at first

Harvard

first colonial college founded in 1636 in Cambridge, Massachusetts to give candidates for the ministry proper theological and scholarly education

Keating Owen Act

first federal law outlawing child labor

Puritan vs. Pilgrim

first group wanted to purify the church from within; second group (from Plymouth) were separatists and wanted to be completely independent from the Church of England

Eleanor Roosevelt

first lady/wife of FDR; symbol of hope and compassion during the Depression; initially sought personal fulfillment with social work and avoided politics, then stopped after her 1905 marriage to FDR and put responsibilities as wife and mom first; determined to help FDR recover from polio quickly because she believed return to political life was the best antidote to his pain/depression; wrote speeches and articles to keep FDR's name in politics; advocated for women and African Americans during the Depression (wanted equal relief, unemployed camps for girls, worked with Women's Trade Union League, etc); opposed FDR only in that she wanted to fight racial discrimination and he feared alienating the South

Berlin Airlift

first part of Truman's policy to deal with Berlin Blockade; massive airlift of food, fuel, supplies for 10,000 troops and 2 million civilians in Berlin; 52 C-54's and 80 C-47's made 2 daily round-trip flights to Berlin with 2500 tons every day; 60 American B-29's were stationed in English bases as a threat (they could deliver atomic bombs)-bluffing, but effective; Russians did not shoot down plane and eventually ended blockade in early 1949 in return for another meeting

Precedents Set by George Washington

first president had a cabinet, served for two consecutive terms, and gave a meaningful Farewell Address

Battle of Bull Run

first significant battle of the Civil War; took place in Manassas (North Virginia) July 21, 1861; ended with the chaotic retreat of Union soldiers; 800 men died; created the false idea that the war would be short

The Wisconsin Idea

first state to adopt progressivism with reforms such as direct primary, tax laws stripping railroad corporations of tax exemptions, income tax, worker injury compensation, etc.; the University of Wisconsin social scientists wrote many of the progressive laws because of their close ties to reformers; for examples, John R. Commons (economist) drafted the civil service and public utility laws in 1900-1910; this idea transferred to Ohio, Indiana, NY, and Colorado

Impeachment of Andrew Johnson

first time a president was placed on trial before the Senate for "high crimes and misdemeanors;" he violated the Tenure of Office Act of 1867 by removing Radical Republican and sec. of war Edwin Stanton from office; radicals in Congress wanted him gone, but moderates disliked Benjamin Wade (who would become prez.) more; he ended up being acquitted (35 to 19 vote to convict him and ended up being 1 vote short of necessary 2/3 vote to convict)

Mexican War

first war on foregin soil in which we occupied a foreign capital; supported by majority of Americans for manifest destiny, criticism came from North minority who feared expansion of slavery; started when Taylor moved forces into Nueces and Rio Grande Rivers; most of fighting in central Mexico; settled with Treaty of Guadalupe Hidalgo; viewed as central event in history by Mexicans and as source of resentment

Sandra Day O'Connor

first woman judge on the Supreme Court; Reagan appointed her in 1980's to uphold his promise to make the court conservative

2nd Industrial Revolution

focused on new consumer goods industries (ex. cars, furniture, appliances, clothing) and was characterized by explosive growth in gross national product and American industrial output in consumer goods industries; technology (ex. moving assembly line, electric motor) played a big part in increasing efficiency

1st Industrial Revolution

focused on steel, railroads oil, heavy industry and put the U.S. out into the world as a rich and developed nation

1920 Census

for the first time, slightly more than half of the population lived in cities (classified by over 2,500 people) as opposed to rural; from 1920-1930 cities with 250,000 people or more added 8 million people; Detroit doubled its population and NYC grew by 25%

Iran Contra Affair

foreign issue with origins in U.S. troubles with Iran (Iran and Iraq in war since 1980 and Reagan aids had idea to sell U.S. antitank and antiaircraft missiles to Iran's government for its help in freeing hostages and then use the profits of selling arms to Iran to fund the contras in Nicaragua); Reagan denied he knew about illegal diversion of funds that violated Boland Amendment and Congressional budget authority

Chester A. Arthur

forgettable president from 1881 to 1884; VP to Garfield and ally of Conkling, but acted independently as president; reversed Garfield's Latin America policy and approved construction of modern American navy; lowered tariff and passed 1883 Pendleton Act to reform civil service

Women's Christian Temperance Union

formed by Francis Willard in 1874 to fight for total abstinence from alcohol; union had 10,000 branches and a total of 500,000 members

Anti-Imperialists League

formed by opponents to the U.S. as an imperial power; writers and social reformers who thought American energies should be directed home, businessmen fearful of the cost of overseas outposts, and racists who didn't want non-whites in the U.S.; met throughout country and published Liberty Tracts pamphlets warning of incompatibility between empire and democracy; against conquest and colonial rule

Settlement Houses

formed by social reformers as houses in slums to experience problems they were trying to solve; goal was to bridge socioeconomic gap between rich and poor and bring education, culture, hope to slums and create values and sense of community in the slums; limits- attracted just fraction of people, immigrants resisted middle-class strangers telling them how to live, rarely open to blacks, some were strict; Hull House/Jane Addams is example of one

James Weaver

former Congressman and Union army general and third-party candidate for presidential election of 1880 (for Greenback Labor party); Populist candidate for 1892 prez. election; got 1,029,000 votes from Kansas, Idaho, Nevada, Colorado, Oregon, parts of North Dakota and 22 electoral votes; got less than 1/4 of southern votes, lost in urban places (except western mining towns) and no midwestern votes

Harry Hopkins

former social worker who spend $5 million in 2 hours for Reconstruction Finance Corporation (RFC); chosen by FDR to direct Federal Emergency Relief Administration (FERA) and Works Progress Administration (WPA); by end of 1933 he distributed enough money to 1/6 of Americans to avoid starving and bread lines

Yom Kippur War

fought between Israel and neighboring Arab nations; Arabs launched a surprise attack on Israel and U.S. supported Israel, which lead to an oil crisis because OPEC boycotted the U.S.

War of 1812

fought for rights of neutral shipping; Jefferson didn't understand that a weak, highly decentralized government was incapable of expensive war against world's greatest power; U.S. poorly coordinated militia was no match for Britain's; U.S. navy beat Britain until Napoleon stopped threatening British ships; seen as success by most Americans (except die-hard Federalists of New England)

William and Mary College

founded 1694 in Virginia to promote Anglicanism

Yale

founded 1701 in Connecticut to promote congregationalism

The Grange

founded by Oliver H. Keiley (a clerk in the dep. of Agriculture) in 1867 to provide social, cultural, educational activities for its members (social club); set up cooperative stores, grain elevators, warehouses, insurance companies, farm machinery factories, etc; it banned involvement in politics (this rule was ignored); grew in the 1870's depression and transformed into agricultural union; attracted mostly Midwestern and Southern people

American Anti-Slavery Society

founded in 1833 by William Lloyd Garrison and other abolitionists; had a Declaration of Sentiments

American Federation of Labor

founded in 1886 by Samuel Gompers as loose alliance of national craft unions; organized only skilled workers along craft lines, avoided politics, worked for specific practical objectives (increase workingmen's welfare, higher wages, better conditions, shorter hours); not opposed to monopolies or trusts if fair wages and willing to strike or boycott for limited gains; opposed women worker members and made initiation for blacks very difficult

Anti-Saloon League

founded in 1893 to increase the public's awareness about the effects of alcohol; supported prohibition, politicians who supported prohibition and statewide Western and Southern referendums to ban alcohol

American Indian Movement

founded in 1968 to achieve self-determination and revival of tribal traditions for Indians; militant actions-taking over Alcatraz prison and Wounded Knee occupation

Students for a Democratic Society (SDS)

founded in Port Huron, Michigan in 1962; student group that wanted to rid society of poverty, racism, and violence and expand public housing, health insurance, and participatory democracy; believed in salvation through the individual; embraced some traditional liberal reforms but also new participatory democracy; upper middle class youth rebellion

John Humphrey Noyes

founded of the Oneida who believed that the 2nd coming of Christ already happened and there was therefore no obligation to follow moral rules

Samuel Gompers

founder and long time president of American Federation of Labor; born in 1850 in London tenement, child of union movement, NY cigar maker, took active hand in union, socialism, working class politics; accepted capitalism and didn't want changes, but wanted place in the system and rewards for workers

Mussolini

founder of facism, invaded and conquered Ethiopia

Bruce Barton

founder of the new profession of advertising; used persuasion, seduction, and sexual appeals

French and Indian War

from 1754-1763; aka Seven Years War; colonies were focal point of battle (fought in North America, to colonists' advantage) and British declared war on French; French and Britain rivalry centered over Ohio River Valley and control of North America; ended with Peace of Paris, which gave Britain possession of North America; Britain was in major debt

Joseph Smith

from Palmyra, NY and religious parents (Presbyterian and Universionalist); founder of Mormonism and had revelations that called him to establish Christ's pure church on earth; as a prophet, he published Book of Mormon (new scripture he claimed to have discovered and translated with the help of angel); claimed Missouri would be the new "Zion" for the Mormons and led army in retaliation/violence when conflict arose; killed by mob while in jail in Illinois

Constitutional (Philadelphia) Convention

gathering of 55 of the most prominent Americans to form a new constitution; Jefferson and John Adams were not present, but Washington, George Mason, Ben Franklin, Alexander Hamilton were present; most members were wealthy, propertied, prosperous; took place in private to allow for free and candid debate

John Winthrop

gave a speech in 1645 about Puritanism's freedoms ("natural" liberty vs. "moral" liberty); governor of Massachusetts

Civil Rights Act of 1957

gave attorney general greater power over school desegregation and gave federal government jurisdiction over violations of black voting rights; the first civil rights law since Reconstruction; sponsored by Senator Lyndon B. Johnson of Texas

Indian Self Determination Act of 1975

gave reservations/tribal lands greater control over internal programs, education, and law enforcement

19th Amendment

gave universal woman suffrage; known as the "Susan B. Anthony" Amendment by it was first introduced in 1878 and re-introduced by Anthony in 1919; ratified in 1920 as law; little impact on voting/politics and voting participation declined even as voting numbers increased after 1920

Referendum

gave voters the right in general elections to repeal unpopular act that state legislatures had passed; ability to vote up or down a specific act in the community

Writs of Assistance

general search warrants allowing customs officials to search anywhere they chose for smuggled goods; enacted to combat smuggling; James Otis opposed and declared them threats of English Liberties

Dwight Eisenhower

general that lead British, American, and Canadian soldiers in D-Day operation, carried out plan

Washington's Farewell Address

given on September 1796; warns against all political factions (threat to national unity) and making any permanent alliances with distant nations that had no real interest in promoting American security

Nixon's New Federalism

goal was to check the growth of the federal government and return responsibility to the states; it gave local governments $30 billion to address local needs as they saw fit

No Child Left Behind

goal was to improve student performance and close gap between rich and poor students in public schools through nationwide testing, student transfer rights, improved reading programs, training good teachers; legislation passed by Bush

William and Mary

got power in England after James II (Catholic) was deposed during the Glorious Revolution; sign that parliament is supreme and rise of the assemblies (in colonies as well)

Taxes and the Economy under Bush

government intervention cost taxpayers over $250 billion, so Bush accepted the democratic proposal of $133 billion in new taxes (increased top income tax and federal excise taxes), against his promise; $1 trillion added to national debt and 1990 recession ended prosperity from Reagan, decreased income, and increased unemployment

Mercantilism

government should regulate economic activity to promote national power; control trade so more gold/silver enters the country than exits it; more exports than imports

Internal Improvements

government sponsored construction of roads and canals; the most controversial part of the American System plan; Congress enacted this program, which Calhoun drafted, but it was vetoed by Madison on the eve of his March 1812 retirement (concerned that it went beyond Constitution's powers for the national government and an amendment would be needed)

Al Smith

governor of NY, born on lower east side of Manhattan, Irish-German ancestry, Catholic, part of political machine, wanted no prohibition, prototype of new urban democrat; nominated as democrat candidate for presidency in 1924, but withdrew when party split; Democratic candidate of election of 1928; indicated growing power of city; hurt by his provincialism, poor education, bad grammar, and NY accent

Edmond Andros

governor of New York after fighting the French in the Caribbean; 1670's formed alliance called Covenant Chain where English and Indians reinforced each other

Royal Colony

governor, etc. appointed to rule from throne; all colonies end up like this

Jane Addams

graduate of Rockford College and wanted to do more than the typical woman; visited London and saw a slum and had a revelation that she wanted to help these poor people; created Hull House and helped Kelly pass Illinois Factory Act of 1893

Crazy Horse

great war chief who led Sioux resistance; now has monument being built for him

Committee of Correspondence

group in Boston that communicated with other colonies to encourage opposition to the Sugar and Currency Acts pre-revolution; came up in many colonies

League of Nations in Action

group meets regularly, settles several small disputes between minor powers, but unable to check the rise of aggressive actions by Hitler, Mussolini, and Japan

America First Committee

group of opponents of American involvement in Europe; had hundreds of thousands of members; Henry Ford, Father Coughlin, Charles A. Lindbergh were leaders

Freedman's Bureau

group that established schools for blacks of all ages to attend, also formed northern missionary societies, not supported by Johnson

Federal Deposit Insurance Corporation (FDIC)

guaranteed individual bank deposits up to $5,000 (today $100,000) so government would back the banks and act as insurance

John Brown

had a long career of involvement in antislavery activities (befriended fugitive slaves, helped finance antislavery publications even though he was in debt); was religious and believed in vengeful God as father of Old Testament (not forgiving Jesus); very violent abolitionist who pledged his life to ending slavery; martyr for North when executed by governor Henry A. Wise after Harpers Ferry raid; also conducted massacre at Pottawatomie Creek

Election of 1796

had an atmosphere of mistrust; Jefferson (V.P.) vs. Adams (prez.); Ham meddles because he is against Adams (he wants electors to put in 1 vote for Pinckney and throw 1 vote away, but Northerners do the same thing with Adams); Adams wins; each elector cast 2 ballots and most votes was president, second most votes was V.P. (could be a tie)

Role of Stephen Douglas in Compromise of 1850

he helps Clay with the compromise and decides to break it up, which is what gets it passed; replaces Clay as big "compromiser" eventually

Role of Henry Clay in Compromise of 1850

he makes the compromise

J.P. Morgan

head of NY investment house of J.P. Morgan and Company, took lead in imposing order on industry; most powerful figure in American finance who liked efficiency, combination, order, and disliked "wasteful" competition; used yacht conference to settle NY Central and Pennsylvania Railroad conflict in 1885 (he ended up collection million dollar fee and getting stability); after 1893, refinanced ailing railroads- took control, cut fixed costs and debt, issued new stock to provide capital, stabilized rates, eliminated rebates and competition, handpicked employees to have control, let some go bankrupt

Paul Nitze

head of Policy Planning Staff and advocated expansion of military power so the U.S. could stop the Soviets (NSC 68 statement increasing military spending)

Dean Rusk

head of State Department/sec of state under JFK; experienced, but unassertive diplomat

Gifford Pinchot

head of the National Forest Service; heard Ballinger sold Alaskan coal deposits when he was not supposed to and showed the info to Taft (who defended Ballinger); then he leaked to the press and publicly called on Congress to investigate the situation, which ended up costing him his job; TR supported him

J. Robert Oppenheimer

head of the atomic bomb project/Manhattan Project in New Mexico during WWII

Medicaid

health care for welfare recipients, supplementary program for the indigent; part of LBJ's Great Society

Archduke Franz Ferdinand

heir to the throne of the Austro-Hungarian empire in Sarajevo, Bosnia before he was assassinated by a Serbian nationalist in June 1914; event that causes Austria-Hungary to declare war on Serbia and eventually WWI

House Un-American Activities Committee (HUAC)

held hearing indicating communist agents flourished in Agriculture and Treasury departments in the 1930's; response of second Red Scare

Roosevelt Corollary

held that the U.S. had the right to exercise an "international police power" in the Western Hemisphere; expansion of Monroe's pledge to defend hemisphere against European intervention; because Latin America's economy was unstable and TR feared Europe would come in to intervene, we step in to pay their debts instead

John Locke

helped Fundamental Constitution of Carolina and the Royal Africa Co.; wrote Two Treatises of Government, which had a big impact; thought the government should be a mutual agreement of equals (all people, not just males), men should give up some self-governing writes to enjoy benefits of rule of law, while keeping their natural rights; believed in a social contract, protection of life, liberty, and property by hiding personal contract, and right to rebel against oppressive governments

Mary E. Lease

helped head a movement remarkably open to female leadership; captivating speaker, made 160 speeches summer of 1890 calling on farmers to rise against Wall St. and Industrial East; "raise less corn and more hell"

John Jay

helped write Federalist Papers and later negotiated Jay's Treaty with Britain

Jefferson's Economic Policies

his top priority was to cut national debt, which he successfully did (he associated debt with Ham's plan that hurt republicanism and said a large federal debt was a danger to the health of republican institutions); repealed direct taxes and excise tax to lower activities of federal government; funded debt through customs receipts; cut national budget/spending to pay Adams' debt and closed many American embassies in Europe; slashed military spending

Black Hills, South Dakota

home to 54,000 Indians of the Northern Plains; difficult to farm and unattractive to whites; government agents supervised the territory

Peace Corps

idealistic formation part of effort to help 3rd World nations achieve economic modernization and stable pro-Western governments

Queen Anne's War

imperial war from 1702-1713; aka War of Spanish Succession; when King Charles II of Spain died without heirs there was a fight as to who should be the next King; England, Indian Allies, Austria and Holland vs. Spain, France, and Indian Allies; South Caroline scene of fighting; bloody combat; Massachusetts and Maine were scene of border raids; ended with Treaty of Utrecht

King George's War (Louisburg)

imperial war from 1743-1748; aka War of Austrian Succession; Britain, Indian Allies, Austria vs. France Indian Allies, Spain, and Prussia; colonists invade Canada; capturing Louisbourg was a major colonial victory; ended with Treaty of Aix-la-Chapelle, which gave Louisbourg back to the French

Troubles with Mexico

in 1911, Francisco Madero led revolution to overthrow dictator Porfino Díaz, then in 1913, military commander Victoriana Huerta assassinated Madero and took power; civil war broke out and American troops landed at Vera Cruz to prevent weapons from reaching Huerta's forces because Wilson was appalled and wanted to teach them to "elect good men;" Americans were seen as invaders, not liberators, and 100 Mexicans and 19 Americans died in fight; civil war continued when Huerta left presidency but none were grateful Wilson intervened

Invasion of Manchuria

in 1931 Japan invades Manchuria in north China to expand their military and economic power in Asia; in 1937 they move farther into China and massacre 300,000 Chinese prisoners of war and civilians in Nahjing

U.S. Intervention in Iran

in 1953, the CIA overthrew popularly elected gov. and put Shah in full control; American oil companies were rewarded with lucrative concessions and Eisenhower thought he got an ally on the Russian border (but it would haunt America in the future)

Massive Retaliation/Brinkmanship

in 1954, John Foster Dulles announced reliance on massive retaliation (continuing policy of deterrence); U.S. would use nuclear weapons to stop any communist aggression that threatened vital U.S. interests anywhere

U.S. Intervention in Guatemala

in 1954, the CIA headed overthrow of left regime; the advantage was that it denied Soviets of a chance at Western Hemisphere; latin America resented the disguised U.S. involvement

Gay Liberation Movement

in 1969, police raid in Stonewall Inn (a gay bar in NYC) sparked riots and gay rights movement; homosexuals were urged to be open about their identity and end discrimination and violent abuse; in mid 1970's homosexuals were no longer thought of as having a mental illness, federal civil service didn't ban employment of homosexuals, and "don't ask, don't tell" military policy adopted

Three Mile Island

in 1979, this power plant in Pennsylvania had an accident, which increased American questioning of technological progress (fears of deadly combination of human error and modern technology)

Breakup of Yugoslavia

in 1990s, Balkan wars; Serbian dictator Solobodan Milosevic carried out series of armed conflicts to suppress independence movements in the former Yugoslav provinces of Slovenia, Croatia, Bosnia, and Kosovo; hundreds of thousands of members of ethnic and religious minorities killed in "ethnic cleansing;" diplomacy, bombing, and NATO troops (including U.S.) stopped bloodshed in Bosnia in 1995

Pope's Rebellion

in August of 1680, aimed to drive Spanish away and restore tradition; most complete Indian victory and expulsion of settlers because all Indians united; in response to Indians not wanted to convert to Christianity

Formosa Crisis

in China, Senate Republicans viewed Mao as a puppet of Soviets, so Nationalists were the only legitimate government of China, and they blamed Democrats for losing China; most Americans saw Chinese communists as part of large communist world domination effort; state Dep. realized the tensions between Russia and China; Eisenhower wanted to accentuate Russia-China conflict to contain Communist China expansion in Asia and make China realize Russia could not protect their interests; in fall of 1954, China communists threatened to seize national coastal islands and Eisenhower made treaty committing U.S. to defending Formosa and authorizing use of force (aka nuclear power); attack ended but restarted later and entire process repeated

Supreme Court Conflicts

in FDR's first term, the court ruled AAA, NRA, and other New Deal programs unconstitutional (4 justices opposed the New Deal, 2 on the fence, and 2 supported); FDR's court packing scheme asked Congress to replace old judges with new ones, which outraged conservatives; resulted in the court approving some of the controversial New Deal measures (Wagner Act, Social Security); weakened FDR's relations with Congress

Missile Gap (Myth or Reality?)

in JFK's 1960 campaign, he said Soviets had missile lead, but because of Eisenhower's foresight, in reality the U.S. had the lead in nuclear striking power by 1961

Bay of Pigs

in March 1960, Ike trained group of Cuban exiles in Guatemala as part of CIA plan to overthrow Castro regime; then JFK implements a plan that was supposed to spark a popular uprising in Cuba; April 17, 1961, 1400 Cuban exiles land at the Bay of Pigs on southern coast of Cuba and JFK refused air support because he wants covert action (dooms mission); Castro's well-trained forces easily squash the invasion, 500 exiles die, forced to surrender in 48 hours; embarrassment for JFK and pushes Cuba and Soviets even closer

My Lai Massacre

in March 1968, American company lead by Lieutenant William Calley, Jr. killed over 200 unarmed, innocent villager civilians in Vietnam

War in Iraq

in State of Union Address (Jan. 2002) Bush singled out Iraq as "axis of evil" and Bush administration pursued preemptive attack on Iraq before Saddam Hussein could build and distribute weapons of mass destruction to terrorists; inspection plan with UN Security Council that Iraq accepted and Un inspectors didn't find any weapons of mass destruction in Iraq (though Hussein regime was slow to cooperate); 2003, Bush said Iraq had not complied with many UN resolutions since 1991 and "game was over;" U.S. launched war on March 19, 2003 without UN support; Operation "Iraqi Freedom;" most Arabs in Middle East wanted U.S. out; at end of war, U.S. aims still for democratic government and find/eliminated Saddam's WMD's

Republican Takeover of the House

in midterm elections of 1994, republicans gained control of both houses of Congress for the first time since 1954; Republican Revolution; end of "era of big government"

1st Wave of Secession

in months after the 1860 election, 7 states from South Carolina to Texas leave Union (Cotton Kingdom/deep South states with higher population of slaves than Upper South); South Carolina was first-perceived election of Lincoln as threat to slavery and Southern life, voted unanimously to leave Dec. 20, 1860, justified with compact theory/each state's sovereignty; conventions held through South to decide; by Feb. 1st all of Deep South is gone

Southern Strategy

in the election of 1968, Nixon realized he was a minority president with just 43% of popular vote, so he tried to appeal to the "silent majority;" then tried to get Haynsworth and Carswell (southern conservatives) added to the Supreme Court to appeal to south, but failed to do so

Nixon Doctrine

in the future, Asian allies would get U.S. support without the extensive use of U.S. ground forces

African Methodist Episcopal Church (AME)

independent black church that arose from the secession from discriminative white churches; cornerstone of emerging African American culture; national denomination under Reverend Richard Allen that was form of evangelical Protestantism that incorporated African religion and Bible as a way to speak to thirst for freedom; whites in South became suspicious of them and one had to close in 1822 after the Vesey conspiracy

Union-Advantages/Disadvantages

industrial output; high population (23 states) and size of force (2 million out of 22 million served in army); 179,000 African Americans fought; extensive railroads to transport men and supplies; good navy blockade; superior political leadership; BUT inexperienced generals appointed for political, not military, reasons; offensive war which was high in casualties; had to move army/supplies to South; struggle for unity

Cotton Mather

influential Puritan minister who cautioned Salem of the danger of spectral evidence during the Salem Witch Trials (thought things got out of hand)

Granger Laws

initial attempts to regulate railroads at state levels

Pan American Union

international organization for cooperation on trade and other issues that met at a conference in 1889; first established by James G. Blaine as a way to organize American States and establish closer ties to our southern neighbors; diplomatic effort

Equal Rights Amendment

introduced into Congress in 1923 because of the NWP; said "men and women shall have equal rights throughout the U.S. and every place subject to its jurisdiction;" opposed by most other women's organization (ex. League of Women Voters) because it threatened gender-specific legislation such as Shepard Towner Act; drive for it in the 1920's failed

Joseph Glidden

invented barbed wire as solution to lack of lumber/timber in West for fences

Cotton Gin

invented in 1793 by Eli Whitney; separated seed from cotton; solved the problem of seed extraction of short staple cotton and lead to westward expansion of cotton production

Muckrackers

investigative journalists who wrote scandalous stories for monetary reward to expose shameful aspects of life; came from intellectual (realism) and economic (increased newspaper circulation) reasons; term coined by Theodore Roosevelt as insult

Stimson Doctrine

issued by U.S. Sec. of State in 1931 to criticize and condemn Japanese aggression in Asia; nothing more than words, not very powerful

Wilson's 14 Points

issued by Wilson January 1918 as the clearest statement of American war goals and vision of the new international order; included free seas, free trade, open diplomacy, readjusted colonial claims with colonized people having equal weight in decisions, and general association of nations for peace

John Marshall

judge during Marbury vs. Madison case; established judicial review by saying no to Marbury because Supreme Court did not have jurisdiction over this matter and the earlier Judiciary Act was unconstitutional

Charles G. Finney

key reverend in the 2nd Great Awakening; held months-long revival meetings in upper NY and NYC; warned of hell in vivid language and offered salvation to converts who abandoned sinful ways; saw sins in the market revolution and encouraged remembrance of God during the market revolution; national celebrity after Oneida county (NY) success

Election of 1896

known as "battle of the standards" because of its focus on gold vs. silver; Democrats in South and West (and parts of NY and New England) wanted free coinage of silver and nominated William Jennings Bryan, who travels and takes campaign directly to voters; Republicans favored gold standard and nominated William McKinley who lets people come to him and uses press to reach people(Thomas B. Reed lost nomination because of wit); Populists nominated Bryan and Tom Watson for V.P.; outcome-McKinley wins 50% votes and Bryan wins 46% votes, Populists struck down and die out; high voter turn out

Frederick W. Taylor

known for "cult of efficiency;"did early studies on time and motion that were used by efficiency experts in each industry that broke down the manufacturing process to show managers and workers how to maximize output of labor (so each worker did small part efficiently)

Alfred P. Sloan

known for "planned obsolescence (manufacturing products that you want people to buy that purposely break easily/soon so people are forced to buy another product); head of General Motors (rival to Ford) and looks for new ways to make cars with different colors, technology, etc.

Great Migration WWI

large movement of the black population from the south to the north during WWI; motivated by 1,000's of industrial jobs open to blacks because of increased wartime production and less European immigration, higher wages in northern factories despite unskilled jobs, opportunities for educating kids, escape from lynchings, prospect of being able to vote; 1910-1920 there were 1/2 million blacks that left the south; mostly young men and women left; overall disappointed with experiences in north (restricted jobs, no unions, housing segregation, violence)

Holding Company

large-scale mergers where central corporate organizations purchased stock of member companies and had direct formal control; in the 1890's Rockefeller pioneered this form of industrial consolidation (moved Standard Oil to NJ and bought up own subsidiaries to form this)

Germans (Colonial Immigration)

largest group of European immigrants to British colonies (110,000 in total came); many came from valley of Rhine River; many migrated to escape religious prosecution, acquire land for farming; came as families; "redemptioners" were indentured families that came and worked off debt in America; most moved to rural NY, western Pennsylvania, and back/south in tight communities

Mormonism

largest religious denomination founded in America; Church of Jesus Christ of Latter Day Saints; developed by Joseph Smith; had communities in OH and MO, but moved along Oregon Trail to IL and Salt Lake City; believed Jews left the Holy Land 6 centuries before the birth of Christ and sailed to America, Christ proclaimed Gospel after crucifixion/resurrection, later a war annihilated Christians and saved original Jews; committed to preserving the pure religion that had once thrived on American soil; believed new "Zion" was in Missouri (future city of God, where human existence began); persecuted because non-believers saw it as fraudulent and strange (esp. polygamy) and fought when they tried to settle in their territory

Battle of Yorktown

last battle in Revolutionary war; Washington rushed his forces to block British escape by land while Marquis de Lafayette and French controlled/prevented supplies and reinforcements from reaching Cornwallis at Chesapeake; Cornwallis surrendered

Shay's Rebellion

late 1786/early 1787; crowds of debt-ridden farmers closed courts in West Massachusetts to prevent land seizure for not paying taxes (called "regulators"); source of uprising was Massachusetts' reluctance to issue paper money or help needy debtors; out of spirit of Revolution (tactics modeled on crowds of 1760's-1770's); liberty tree and poles were symbols

Jim Crow Laws

laws aime at separating the races passed in the nation, especially in the South; forbade marriage of blacks and whites, made separate schools, streetcars, waiting rooms, elevators, etc.; blacks' facilities were inferior to whites' facilities

Black Codes

laws passed by new southern government that attempted to regulate lives of former slaves; granted blacks certain rights (legalized marriage, ownership of property, limited access to courts) and denied them others (right to testify against whites, serve on juries, serve in state militias, vote); declared that failure to sign yearly labor contract would mean arrest and hired to white landowners; limited jobs open to blacks and barred them from land; judges could assign black kids to work for former owners

Edward Bellamy

lawyer from West. Massachusetts who became national reform figure and dreamed of cooperative society in which poverty, greed, crime no longer existed; wrote Looking Backward

James Otis

lawyer who spoke against writes of assistance, saying they were unconstitutional and violated liberties in a 1761 Boston court case

Chief Joseph

lead Nez Perce Indians on 75 day, 1321 mile flight for Canada; defeated armies, but ran out of food, horses, ammunition, and had to surrender; sent to Oklahoma where many died of diseases

Clement Vallandigham

lead Ohio Democrat with antiwar speeches (opposed Lincoln) who encouraged Union soldiers to desert army; Copperhead who wanted peace with South and was angered by Emancipation; was convicted of treason by military court and banished to Confederacy by Lincoln and then to Canada by the Confederacy

Cesar Chavez

lead boycotts in 1975 with United Farm Workers Organization to get collective bargaining rights for farm workers and an end to exploitation for Mexican Americans

James G. Blaine

leader of Half-Breeds faction of the republican party when they split in 1870's and 1880's; made sec. of state by Garfield after he gained the nomination from the Half-Breeds

Stokely Carmichael

leader of SNCC; decided to lead followers on march to finish James Meredith's "march against fear;" more militant and had slogan similar to Malcolm X and black separatists; arrested night of June 17 for setting up tent on grounds of all-black high school in Greenwood, Mississippi, marchers rallied to protest his arrest, came back swollen from beating, called for "Black Power"

Pancho Villa

leader of a faction that attacked Columbus, New Mexico and killed 17 Americans in 1916 (during civil war and invasion in Mexico); Wilson sent 10,000 troops to North Mexico to capture and arrest him, but were unsuccessful

William Jennings Bryan

leader of anti-Cleveland Democrats in election of 1896; 36 years old from Nebraska with little political experience; believed in free coinage of silver, against Cleveland's Pullman strike actions, and censured sales of gold bonds; gave speech on July 9th of crucifying man on cross of gold and won audience over and the prez. nomination; traveled around to campaign directly to people; represented older America with farms over factories and common people; lost election with 46% of votes

Geronimo

leader of the Apache Indians in Arizona and New Mexico who fought against whites as they tried to remove the Indians from their land; eventually forced to surrender when pushed into Mexico

Roscoe Conkling

leader of the Stalwarts faction of the republican party when they split in the 1870's and 1880's

Francis Willard

leader of the WCTU (Women's Christian Temperance Union, formed in 1874) and president of it from 1879 to her 1898 death; called for total abstinence from alcohol and the union had 10,000 branches and 500,000 members

Louis Sullivan

leader of the movement for innovative architecture (a Chicago talented architect); rebuild Chicago after the Great Fire of 1871; studied at MIT and in Paris; in 1866, worked on Chicago Auditorium and had flash of imagination about sky scrapers, which would change the urban skyline; development new forms for many buildings; Frank Lloyd Wright was his disciple

William James

leading American psychologist and philosopher who laid the foundations of modern behavioral psychology, which stressed the importance of environment on human development; known for being a pragmatist and developing this school of thought

Alice Paul

led National Woman's Party (NWP) and lobbied for full equality for women under the law; a true feminist

Half-Breeds

led by James G. Blaine; opposed to Stalwarts and split/paralyzed republican party in 1870's/1880's; wanted to dominate party and spoils system; in 1880, Garfield gained the nomination from them, so he made Blaine the secretary of state

Stalwarts

led by Roscoe Conkling; opposed to Half-Breeds and split/paralyzed republican party in 1870's/1880's; wanted to dominate party and spoils system; ex. Chester A. Arthur (chosen as VP nominee, but gave his group no advantage)

Emilio Aguinaldo

led resistance to U.S. imperialism in the Philippines beginning in 1898 until he was captured by U.S. occupation forces in 1901; established Filipino government and constitution based on the American one

Lieutenant William Calley, Jr.

led the American company at My Lai Massacre

Custer

lieutenant colonel who led troops against Sioux and Cheyenne warriors at Little Big Horn; arrogant and wanted to attack despite small numbers; him and all of his men were killed, but he is seen as hero

Declaration of Sentiments

list of grievances modeled after the Declaration of Independence at the Seneca Falls feminist gathering; called for women's vote (most controversial), rights/property in marriage, no more cult of domesticity, gender equality, higher education, citizenship

Beatniks

literary group that rebelled against materialistic society of the 1950's; had long hair, weird clothes, focus on drugs and sexual promiscuity, conscious dropouts from "senseless" society; "loved" everything; connection to nonconformist social counterculture of 1960's

Jimmy Carter

little-known former governor of Georgia who appealed to people because he wasn't involved in Washington corruption/Watergate in election of 1976; won election/presidency; human rights foreign policy (moral diplomacy); denounced oppression of black majority in South Africa and Rhodesia and cut off aid to Chile and Argentina because of military gov. there; arranged peace settlement between Egypt and Israel; prez. during hostage crisis; agreed to new Panama Canal Treaty

Federal Farm Board

loaned money to aid cooperatives and bought up surplus crops in the open market in vain effort to raise farm prices during the Depression

Chesapeake

local elite controlled the colony's development because they became wealthier as a result of tobacco; tobacco became substitute for gold; hierarchical society; little stability in family life; less women than men; slow population growth

Election of 1864

low northern morale lead to movement to not reelect Lincoln as republican representative; radical republicans nominated Fremont (calling for Constitutional amendment abolishing slavery, federal protection of freed men's rights, and confiscation of land leading Confederates); Democrats nominated George B. McClellan (popular among people, peace platform even though war guy); Lincoln wins because Fremont withdrew and Sherman's capture of Atlanta/Union victories (vote to end war)

Treaty of Tordesillas

made by Pope Alexander VI in 1494; gave Brazil, Africa, and Asia to Portugal and West-Southern American and Mexico to Spain; divided the non-Christian world between Spain and Portugal; established Papal Line of Demarcation

Adams-Onis Treaty

made in 1819 after Jackson embarrassingly invades Florida in 1818 to stop Seminole Indians from entering America from Florida and executes British and Indians; this agreement is that Spain (weak, not in control of land) sells Florida territory to U.S. and we give up some Texas land claims

Stamp Act Congress

made of 27 delegates from 9 colonies that met October 1765 in NY to endorse Virginia's position on Stamp Act; they said the allegiance to the crown existed and that the right to consent to taxes was essential

Transcontinental Railroad

made up of the Union and Central Pacific railroads; line that connected the entire country via railroads; each individual line got 20 square miles for each mile built and a loan for 30 years of $16,000, $32,000, or $48,000 based on difficulty of terrain

Dollar Diplomacy

main goal of Taft's foreign policy; emphasis on investment and loans from American banks as best way to spread American influence (not direct military intervention); supports American intervention to promote economic interests and paved way for industrial growth abroad; pressed for efficient revenue collection, stable government, access to land and labor by American companies in Honduras, Nicaragua, Dominican Republic, Liberia

Alice Paul

major figure in the more radical women's suffrage movement; forms the Congressional Union (later National Women's Party) in 1913; inspired by British feminist Emmaline Pankhurst; focuses on direct action and civil disobedience and promoting positive cultural symbols; conducts massive suffrage parade, pickets the White House (equates prez. with Kaiser), hunger strikes in jail; alienates and opposes Catt

Texas Annexation Controversy

major issue during 1844 election; favored by Polk, though Tyler is credited for its completion; done by Joint Resolution as opposed to a treaty because there was not the necessary 2/3 Senate support for a treaty, but was a simple majority, which was needed for Joint Resolution; supported by the South, who hoped to divide the territory into several slave states and further their power in Congress

George Pullman

man who invented lavish sleeping cars for trains, which became popular; his train company went on strike in 1894

Medicare

mandated health insurance under the Social Security program for Americans over the age of 65; had its origins in Truman's 1949 health insurance program; established as part of LBJ's Great Society

17th Amendment

mandated the direct election of senators; ratified by state legislatures in 1913

Debate Over League of Nations

many Americans feared the League of Nations membership part of the Treaty of Versailles would commit U.S. to involvement in international affairs; Wilson (supporter) said the only way to save the world was to be involved in it; critics led by Henry Cabot Lodge said the League threatened to deprive U.S. of freedom of action

Iron Law of Wages

many employers believed in this principle that supply and demand (not the welfare of workers) should dictate wages

Women and the Revolution

many patriot women participated in crowd action against merchants accused of hoarding goods for profit, giving army homespun goods, and passing on info about British army movements; independence did not change family and political gender dynamic (male-dominated still); women were thought of as submissive and irrational/unfit for citizenship; women's rights were their duty and obligation to wife and mother roles (not political or based on individual liberty)

Alliance for Progress

massive economic aid program for Latin America; part of effort to help 3rd World nations achieve economic modernization and stable pro-Western governments

Andrew Carnegie

master of the steel industry who was born in Scotland, moved to Pittsburgh, started in cotton mill, then telegraph office, where he became personal telegrapher of Thomas A. Scott of Pennsylvania Railroad, then became divisional superintendent, then joined steel industry; 1872 built J. Edgar Thomson Steel Works; warm salesman who attracted partners and subordinates but gave low wages and hated unions; 1878 won steel contract for Brooklyn Bridge; converted Homestead works to making structural beams/angles; Carnegie Steel became largest industrial company in world; 1901 sold company to devote time to philanthropy (sold to J.P. Morgan for $.5 million)

Direct Primary

mechanism that enabled voters themselves (not party bosses) to choose party candidates; in 1916, all but 3 states used this

Tehran Conference

meeting of Churchill (Brit.), Roosevelt (U.S.) and Stalin (Soviet Union) in Iran in Dec. 1943 to plan the post WWII world; first time the "Big Three" actually get together and Stalin is finally included; FDR renews his promise to open Western Front in Europe

Potsdam Conference

meeting of Churchill/Clement Attlee (Brit.), Truman (U.S.) and Stalin (Soviet Union) in Soviet Union near Berlin in July 1945 to plan the post WWII world; established military administration for Germany and agreed to put top Nazi leaders on trial for war crimes; saw uneasy Ally power relations because they all wanted to maximize their own power and Britain/U.S. didn't trust Stalin and Russia got angry about delayed invasion of France; hard not to let eastern Europe be a Soviet Sphere of influence since Stalin won Eastern War

Nashville Convention

meeting with representatives of 9 southern states the summer of 1850; discussed Compromise of 1850 and wanted to extend the Missouri Compromise Line and have a stricter Fugitive Slave Act; ultimately accepted the Compromise of 1850 but laid the foundation for the Confederacy

Niagra Movement

meetings in Canada held by civil rights leaders that were radical; lead to the founding of the NAACP; W.E.B. DuBois was present and then helped found NAACP

Sequoyah

member of Cherokee Indian tribe who complete the alphabet that put Cherokee language in writing (in 1821), which lead to a newspaper

Panic of 1893

mid-February panic hit NY stock market when investors dumped 1 million shares of Philadelphia and Reading Railroad (it went bankrupt) and business investments dropped in railroad/construction; caused by economy expanding too rapidly in 1870/s and 1880's; people tried selling stocks/assets to buy gold and the U.S. Treasury gold reserve was below $100 million for first time; stock market broke, major firms bankrupt, leading stocks plunged, farm prices dropped; lead to Coxey's army, United Mine Workers, and Pullman Strike; people become restless and angry and look for new economic and political ideas

American Protective Association

midwestern anti-Catholic organization that expanded in 1890's and worked to limit or end immigration; used sneering epithets/derogatory terms; anti-semitism and anti-Catholicism flared

Scots-Irish (Colonial Immigration)

migrated to British colonies; had big impact on society; mostly Presbyterians, so they addd religious diversity to colonies; mostly poor farmers, merchants, professionals (physicians)

James Buchanan

minister to Great Britain in 1854 who had no direct connection to the Kansas-Nebraska Act; democratic candidate for election of 1856; said popular sovereignty was only viable solution to slavery conflict; won election and became president

Weakness of the Articles

more weaknesses and failures than successes; national government and country faced worsening economic problems; Congress could not enact/collect taxes; no power over state governments; American ships couldn't trade with West Indies/Congress couldn't regulate trade; needed 9 states to pass law; unanimous vote to amend; imported goods brought down business/wages/money; no executive/legislative branch

Sand Creek Massacre

morning of Nov. 29, 1864; Chief Black Kettle of Cheyenne/Arapaho Indians led 700 followers to camp on Sand Creek in Southern Colorado because he thought Pikes Peak fighting was over and promised protection; Colonel John M. Chivington led group of Colorado militia to attack Black Kettle's men and instructed them to kill and scalp all; Black Kettle rose American flag, then white flag to stop the ambush

Economic vs. Territorial Expansion

most Americans wanted to expand trade (industrial and agricultural products were too much for home), not land; ex. Standard Oil and Singer Sewing Machines marketed abroad by 1890, especially during times of economic downturn; this made expansion during late 19th C. different from earlier expansion

National Bank

most controversial aspect of Hamilton's financial plan because it was not originally given as a federal power by the Constitution; Hamilton said it was essential because to encourage industry, you need stable federal economy, financial loans, etc.; based on British system; would facilitate complex commercial transactions, U.S. bonds, and be tied directly to strength of federal government; GW holds an essay contest between Ham and Jeff to decide whether to enact or veto (ends up enacting it)

Equal Rights Amendment

most feminists supported this legislation, which would give women equal status as men; Congress sent it to state legislatures for ratification

Crittenden Compromise

most widely supported compromise plan; series of unamendable constitutional amendments guaranteeing future slavery in states where it currently existed and extending the Missouri Compromise line to the Pacific Ocean; deemed as "too little, too late" by seceded South and as a way to prevent war by the upper south and north; opposed by Lincoln

Zachary Taylor

moved forces into Nueces and Rio Grande River where conflict broke out and war started; Feb. 1847, he defeated Santa Anna's army at Battle of Buena Vista; wins prez. election of 1848

Prohibition

movement opposing alcohol inherited from the 19th century that gained new strength and militancy in the Progressive Era; got national success during WWI as employers wanted more disciplined labor force, urbain reformers thought it would lead to more orderly city environment and undermine political machines, and women reformers hoped it would protect wives/kids from husband violence and wasting wages, and native-born Protestants saw it as way to Americanize immigrants; first concentrated on state campaigns; beer was unpatriotic because German-owned; Food Administration said grain could be used only for food, not liquor/beer

John Spargo

muckraker who wrote The Bitter Cry of Children about horrors of child labor

Theodore Dreiser

muckraker who wrote The Financier and The Titan about the ruthlessness of industrialists

Frank Norris

muckraker who wrote The Octopus about the tyranny of the railroads

David G. Phillips

muckraker who wrote Treason of the State about senators acting as the agents of trusts

Henry Demarest Lloyd

muckraker who wrote Wealth Against Commonwealth about oil monopoly

Empresarios

name for the 15 other Anglo-Americans who received land grants from Mexico in Texas in the 1820's (in addition to Stephen F. Austin)

Era of Good Feelings

name given to Monroe's two terms in office with one party government because the party fight was thought to be over (Federalist party died); though, the lack of party competition did lead to sectional competition so it was not all great

Yellow Journalism

name given to newspapers that exaggerated the truth about crime, political corruption, and patriotism for sales profits; ex. Pulitzer's New York World and Hearst's New York Journal; they pushes U.S. to war with Spain by blaming Spain for USS Maine sinking and insisting on retribution

Baby and Child Care

national bestseller written by Dr. Benjamin Spock in 1946

Alfred Thayer Mahan

naval officer who wrote The Influence of Sea Power Upon History in 1890 and argued that no nation could prosper without a large fleet of ships engaged in international trade and navy protection from overseas bases; made blueprint for expanding America (modern nation needs strong navy, strong merchant marine, foreign commerce, colonies, naval bases, Caribbean control, canal, spread American Civic to the Pacific); same year as census reported no more frontier, so America must look outward

Brook Farm

near Roxbury, Massachusetts; site of cooperative (utopian) community founded by Rev. George Ripley (rejected Emerson's radical individualism) in 1841; people worked in common, education, nature, meditation, art were all aspects of society; visitors and guest lecturers came; dissolved in 1849

Peace of Paris of 1783

negotiated by Americans and British; one of greatest diplomatic triumphs in country's history; The American delegation won recognition of Independence (first western independent nation) and control of region between Canada and Florida east of MS River and the right to fish Atlantic waters off of Canada; Loyalists would not be persecuted and their property would be returned

Treaty of Versailles

negotiated in secret during Versailles peace in France; established League of Nations, applied self-determination to Eastern Europe, redrew map of the region; established nations such as Finland, Poland, Czechoslovakia, Austria, Hungary, Latvia, Lithuania, Estonia, Yugoslavia; French won right to occupy Saar Basin and Rhineland (iron and coal rich parts of Germany); put strict limits on size of German's future army and navy; Britain convinced Wilson to declare Germany morally responsible for war and set reparation payments that hurt German economy

Containment

new American diplomacy policy in Spring of 1947 that consolidated evolving postwar anti-communism and established guidelines that would shape American role in the world for 2 decades; said only strong and sustained resistance could stop the outward flow of Russian power; named after an article by George Kennan; didn't see immediate victory, but wanted Soviets to eventually adopt reasonable policies and live in peace with the West

Republican Party

new organization dedicated to preventing further expansion of slavery; most northern Whigs joined when their old party collapsed; started because of Kansas-Nebraska controversy

Trusts

new plan of business organization with centralized control; stockholders exchanged their stocks for trust certificates and their dividends were paid; eventually became synonymous with monopoly; in 1881 Samuel T. C. Dodd (Standard Oil's attorney) set up Standard Oil Trust with 9 trustees that managed the properties

NSC 68

new statement of national defense policy based on premise that Soviet Union wanted to morally challenge U.S. domination of world; increased military spending from $13 to $45 billion a year (symbol of Truman administration's determination to win Cold War regardless of cost)

Newt Gingrich

newly elected speaker of the House from midterm elections of 1994 who led republicans in an attack on federal programs and spending; his campaign manifesto was "contract with America;" wanted a balanced budget

North Star

newspaper founded in 1847 by Frederick Douglass to give black writers a chance to preach gospel of liberation to black readers

Scabs

non-union workers brought in to replace strikers; used in Homestead Strike

Pinckney's Treaty

normalized relations with Spain because Spanish feared an Anglo-American alliance and wanted to please U.S.; issue-MS River and New Orleans and southern boundary; outcome-granted right to deposit goods in New Orleans without paying duties, secured the southern boundary of U.S. on the 31st parallel (parallel to North Florida and West of Mississippi), and promise to stay out of Indian affairs; Senate ratified without dissenters; popular/success

Credit Mobilier Scandal

occurred in the 1870s when a railroad construction company's stockholders used funds that were supposed to be used to build the Union Pacific Railroad for railroad construction for their own personal use; then, to avoid being convicted, stockholders even used stock to bribe congressional members and the vice president; one of the scandals of Grant's presidency

Lincoln's 10% Plan

offered amnesty and full restorations of rights, including property except for slaves, to nearly all white Southerners who took oath affirming Union loyalty and support of emancipation; when 10% of voters of 1860 election took the oath, they could elect new state government which would abolish slavery; gave no role to blacks post-slavery and assumed former slaveholders would accept it (weaken Confederacy, shorten war, gain white support of emancipation)

Intolerable Acts

officially called coercive acts; British response to Boston Tea Party/to show authority; closed the Boston Port to all trade until the tea was payed for; changed Massachusetts Charter 1691, took away town meetings, appointed governors instead of electing them, military commanders lodged soldiers in colonial homes; seen as direct threat to American political freedom

Philippine-American War

once McKinley acquired islands in Philippines, the Filipino movement turned against the U.S. and caused a second war from 1899-1903; 100,000 Filipinos died and 4,200 Americans died; American soldiers' atrocities of rape, execution, burnings were depicted in press; McKinley justified that we were uplifting and civilizing and Christianizing them

Positive Good (Attitude Towards Slavery)

once slavery began to be attacked as "inherently sinful" by abolitionists, slave owners used this to defend the institution on the grounds that it had a positive impact on society; attempt to justify slavery for positive attributes for both blacks and whites; John C. Calhoun coined the term and stated "a civilized society must live off the labor of another and learning, science, and arts are built upon leisure"

Free Soil Party

one called for barring slavery from western territories and for federal gov. to provide free homesteads to settlers in the new territories while still being racist (didn't want black labor competition)

Betty Friedan

one of the first woman to seize on grievance and discrimination of the white middle-class women in the 1960's; her 1963 book, The Feminine Mystique, was an effort to raise women's consciousness; said American home was a "comfy concentration camp" and housewives had no self-esteem or identity and were not content with their house-keeping and child-rearing roles

Charles A. Lindbergh

one of the leaders of the America First Committee, against involvement in WWII and European affairs

Proprietary Colony

one person has control of colony/private individual; example: Cecilius Calvert in charge of Maryland

Statistics on Slavery

only a small portion of white slaveholders had wealthy, aristocratic life with mansions and slaves, etc.; by 1860, 25% of all white southerners had slaves, and 40% of white southerners in Cotton Belt/Deep South had slaves, 12% of slaveholders were planters (20+ slaves) and 4% of whites were planters, 3% of slaveholders and 1% of whites had 50 slaves or more

Anti-Federalists

opponents of ratification (wanted only to amend Articles); insisting that the Constitution shifted balance between liberty and power too far in the direction of power; lacked coherent leadership and organization of their opponents; committed to preserving power with the states because newly constituted national government had too much power and threatened states' power and peoples' rights; wanted a BALANCE; wanted Bill of Rights; examples are Patrick Henry, Sam Adams, Richard Henry Lee, John Hancock and other farmers and rural common folk

"Spoils System"

opponents' name for Jackson's principle of rotation in office of national government so loyalty to party was main qualification for postmaster and customs jobs; prevents privileged class from always having power; "rotation in office" that rewarded people with office positions if they helped Jackson

Eisenhower Doctrine

opposed intervention in Middle East (specific to Sues Crisis) and wanted diplomatic solution (with Nassar to keep the canal running smoothly); furious when Britain and France attack Suez Canal and he calls for UN resolution for Britain and France to withdraw from Egypt; made it clear he would not allow or tolerate Soviet interference and puts Strategic Air Command on alert

Winfield Scott

ordered by Polk to march inland from port of Vera Cruz towards Mexico City when the Mexican gov. wouldn't negotiate; occupied the country's capital in September and routed Mexican forces

NAACP

organization founded in 1909 that fought to end segregation; Charles Hamilton Houston was the chief legal counsel

Montgomery Bus Boycott

organized by Jo Ann Robinson and E.D. Nixon (an NAACP leader); 381 days where blacks refused to ride buses in Mongomery (carpooled or walked instead); nonviolent protest; in late 1956, the Supreme Court outlawed bus segregation

American Temperance Society

organized in 1826 by clergymen active in mission work; encouraged abstinence from hard liquor only (not wine and beer); had meetings with pledges, lectures, literature, etc.

Test Ban Treaty of 1963

outlawed nuclear tests in the atmosphere, while still permitting them underground; did not reduce stockpiles of nuclear weapons, though

Gadsden Purchase

parcel of additional land bought from Mexico in 1853

Assumption of State Debts

part of Hamilton's financial plan where the federal government would adopt all state debts; thought it would create unity; Southern states were upset because they had low debt and thought it was unfair; settled (accepted) because of Capital Compromise

Robert McNamara

part of JFK's "brain trust" of advisors; used to be the president of Ford Motor Company; JFK's secretary of defense; developed plans to add 5 combat-ready arms divisions, 3 tactical air wings, and a 10-division strategic reserve

Transcendentalism

part of literary and philosophical movement that inspired the era's most memorable experiments in thinking and living on higher plane; believed individuals could transcend material reality and ordinary understanding to get oneness with universe and spiritual forces; mostly unitarians or ex-unitarians; American version of romantic and idealistic thinkers; ex. Ralph Waldo Emerson

Platt Amendment

part of the Treaty of Paris 1898 that allowed U.S. to intervene militarily where it saw fit in Cuba, so no true Cuban independence; Cubans forced to put it in their new Constitution, passed by 1 vote and upset patriots; U.S. troops remained in Cuba 1898 to 1901

Whigs

party that united behind American System; believed national government could guide economic development with a bank, tariff, and internal improvements; Evangelical Protestants; against immigrants; strong support in Northeast, established bankers, businessmen, farmers near rivers, canals, Great Lakes, and large southern planters

Democrats

party that was alarmed by widening gap between social classes; said "nonproducers" wanted to use government connections to enhance wealth to disadvantage of "producers"; government should have hands-off attitude to economy; advocated states' rights; Catholic Irish/German immigrants; attracted entrepreneurs, small, poor farmers, city workers, slaveholders (common people)

Voting Rights Act of 1965

passed 10 weeks after the Selma-to-Montgomery march; eliminated literacy test that disqualified so many voters and stated that federal examiners could enroll voters denied suffrage by local officials

15th Amendment

passed Congress in Feb. 1869 and ratified in 1870; prohibited the Federal and state governments from denying any citizen the right to vote because of race (not gender); opposed strongly by Democrats

Non-Intercourse Act of 1808

passed at same time of Embargo Act repeal (March 1, 1809); authorized resumption of trade between U.S. and all nations of world except Britain and France; Britain and France could restore full commercial relations by promising to observe rights of neutral carriers

Fair Employment Practices Commission

passed by FDR to prevent A. Philip Randolph from Marching on Washington, as he threatened; established with Exec. Order 8802, which also banned discrimination in defense jobs; monitored compliance and was investigative, not enforcement-based (limited power); marked shift in public policy, exposed racial exclusion, first federal agency since Reconstruction to campaign for equal opportunity for black workers in industrial plants and shipyards

Dawes Severalty Act of 1887

passed in 1887 as the most important legal development in Indian-white relations in 3 centuries; provided for dividing tribal lands into small plots for distribution among tribe members, giving family head 160 acres and single adults 80 acres and kids 40 acres, and selling surplus land to white settlers with the profits going to indian schools; the federal government would hold Indians' land in trust for 25 years and American citizenship given if Indians moved away from tribe

Lodge Corollary

passed in 1912 and written by Henry Cabot Lodge; said that non-European powers (Japan) would be unable to own territory in the Western Hemisphere

Sherman Anti-Trust Act

passed with little Republican vs. Democrat debate; first federal attempt to regulate big business, initial attempt to deal with problem of trusts/industry growth, and shaped future antitrust policy; declared every contract (trust or not) conspiracy in restraint of trade/commerce illegal and gave harsh penalties for rule-breaking (fines, prison, dissolution of guilty trusts); vague terms open to interpretation of courts

Martin Luther King, Jr.

pastor of Dexter Avenue Baptist Church who was elected to lead the Montgomery Bus Boycott at 26 years old; inspired by Jesus, Gandhi, Thoreau, and Randolph (nonviolent, "soul force"); gave an influential speech about the Bus Boycott on Dec. 5, 1955; president of SCLC; against Black Power; assassinated by James Earl Ray

Loyalists

people during the Revolution who supported Britain and did not want colonial independence; typically in South

Silverites

people who supported the coinage of silver, not gold, during the election of 1896 (William Jennings Bryan, for example)

Henry Ford

perfected the moving assembly line in 1913 for the manufacture of the Model T automobile; in 1914, he bought large plots of land along the Rouge River southeast of Detroit and built the River Rouge Plant for manufacturing automobiles; in 1919 built the blast furnace and foundry to make engine blocks for Model T and tractors; in 1924 had 40,000 people working for him

Ernest Haeckel

philosopher who worked with "biogenetic law" and said an individual's biological development parallels their evolutionary development; the development of race parallels the development of an individual

The Enlightenment in America

philosophical movement, originated among French and spread to Britain and then overseas to America, to apply to political and social life the scientific method of research investigation and experiment; thought every human institution, authority, and tradition was judged before bar of reason; emphasized practical, useful knowledge, ideas, and inventions to improve human life

Francis Gary Powers

pilot of American U-2 high-altitude spy plane flying over Russia since 1956 to get vital information about Soviet missiles (confirmed that there was no need to fear their weapons); shot down by Soviets on May 1

Charles Lindbergh

pilot that completed a solo flight across the Atlantic Ocean; applauded by many people because of the popular yearn for excitement and thrills in the 1920's

Edward Bernays

pioneer of public relations; influenced/changed tactics for political campaigns and campaign advertising

Ellis/Angel Island

place in America where immigrants come in New York

Promontory Point

place in Utah where the Union and Central Pacific railroads met (near north tip of Great Salt Lake) on May 10, 1869; Dodge and Crocker (construction chiefs) hammered in golden spike to complete the connection; telegraph sent new east and west, there was celebration, and a photograph taken (without Chinese workers)

Roanoke

place where Sir Walter Raleigh sent 100 colonists to continue raids on Spanish in 1585; England's first settlement in New World; colony eventually disappeared

14th Amendment

placed in the Constitution the principle of citizenship for all persons born in U.S., which empowered federal government to protect rights of all Americans; prohibited states from abridging "privileges and immunities" of citizens or denying them "equal protection of the law;" opened door for courts and Congress to put meaning in legal equality

Virginia Plan

plan to completely scrap the Articles; supported by big states; implement 3 branches of government with divided sovereignty and a strong national government; 2 House legislature with representation based on population in both; an executive elected by congress with the power to veto state and national laws; presented by Edmund Randolph, based on James Madison's ideas

TR's Big Stick Diplomacy

plan to have aggressive policies at home, speak softly and carry a big stick; pursued intervention in Central America as world's police

New Jersey Plan

plan to revise the Articles; supported by small states for fear of Virginia, Massachusetts, Pennsylvania dominating government; called for a unicameral (1 House) congress with each state casting one vote (equal representation); proposed new powers to regulate trade and taxation; ultimately rejected because the crisis at hand needed more radical changes, so small states threatened to bolt the convention; presented by William Patterson

Santa Anna

played significant role during the Texas Revolution opposing independence; Mexican general who wanted to stop the revolution; his troops were assaulted during the Battle of San Jacinto, which lead to him being captured, marched to Velasco, and forced to sign treat recognizing Texas independence

Douglas MacArthur

pledged to return to the Philippines in WWII

Watts Riot 1965

police arrested young man for drunk driving and argued with suspect's mom before a crowd in a mostly black neighborhood; turned into a 6 day riot with 34 people killed and $30 million of property destroyed; one of worst race riots in U.S. history

Eugene "Bull" Connor

police commissioner who arrested marchers on April 12 in Birmingham; arrested 959 of 2000 black children on May 2 during a march in Birmingham; set dogs, hoses, clubs, etc. on the kids

Vietnamization

policy of gradually withdrawing U.S. troops from Vietnam and giving South Vietnam the money, weapons, and training to take over full conduct of the war; greatly reduced the number of American troops in this policy of disengagement

Black Panthers

political party founded by Huey Newton and Bobby Seale in Oct. 1966 to fight police brutality in the ghetto and offer blacks "program for the people" (control black communities to get full employment, good housing, and exemption from military service); wore black berets, sunglasses, trousers, shoes, and leather jackets; advocated armed revolt; sold writings of Mao Zedong (Chinese communist revolution) for money; recruited members of SNCC and supported the ghettos

Greenback Party

political party founded in 1870 to support "soft money" and southern and western farmers' viewpoints; party faded in 1878

Stock Watering

practice where speculators bought and sold railroad lines like toys (watered their stock and milked their assets); artificially inflating the value of stock; common practice of Jay Gould

Nat Turner's Rebellion

preacher and prophet who believed God gave him the sign that it was time to rebel for freedom; 1831 led slaves in a bloody, most destructive slave rebellion in Southampton County, VA; killed 60 whites in 2 days; lead to harsher and more strictly enforced slave laws and South blamed abolitionists (such as Garrison) for prompting the rebellion

Head Start

preschool program to help prepare disadvantaged children for elementary school; part of LBJ's Great Society

Trail of Tears

president Martin Van Buren had federal soldiers remove Cherokee Indians from their lands; he put 18,000 Indians in stockades and forced them west on this path/route from Georgia to present-day Oklahoma, where 1/4 died in the 1838-1839 winter

Andrew Johnson

president after Lincoln as Civil War concluded; lonely, stubborn, and not good to carry out his responsibilities; identified with yeomen and detested planters; defended Union in Civil War; nominated as VP in 1864 to extend Republicans to South; believed in states' rights and since secession was illegal, south never left Union or surrendered right to govern their own affairs; deeply racist; conflict with Republican-dominated Senate and first prez. impeached by House of Representatives

Martin Van Buren

president during Panic of 1837; elected in 1836 over 3 regional candidates put forth by Whigs to maximize their electoral vote and put election in the House of Reps; helped hard-money, anti-bank Democrats rise to power; proposed Independent Treasury

James Monroe

president during the Era of Good Feelings; identified as National Republican; JQ Adams was his secretary of state, so a lot gone done because of him

Rutherford B. Hayes

president from 1877 to 1881; worked for civil service reform, put reformers in high offices, took last troops out of South Carolina and Louisiana, tried to revive the Republican party in the South by persuading business ex-Whigs to join their party, which would help the economy more than Democrats committed to gold; vetoed the Bland-Allison Silver Purchase Bill; known as "his fraudulency" for a corrupt presidency (election of 1876 against Tilden, given the position)

James Garfield

president from 1880-1881; determined to unite Republicans (split by tariff and South), lower tariff to cut taxes, assert American economic and strategic interests in Latin America; had to deal with government job problems (fight with Conkling); shot by Charles J. Guiteau (a lawyer and disappointed office-seeker) and died after summer on Sept. 19, 1881

Grover Cleveland

president from 1885-1889; Democrat governor of NY who won because of Republican divisions; showed the democratic desire to curtail federal activities and vetoed 2/3 of bills presented to him; reviewed veterans' pensions and civil service appointments; continued Arthur's naval construction and forced railroad, lumber, and cattle companies to surrender fraudulent land; committed to lowering tariff

Jefferson Davis

president of the Confederacy; horrible wartime leader without a good system

Carrie Chapman Catt

president of the National American Woman Suffrage Association in 1915 and coordinates campaigns for women's suffrage; brings heightened organization and discipline to the movement; focus on state-by-state efforts to Congressional pressure and face-to-face lobbying in D.C. (national level); alienated by/opposes Paul

Proclamation of Neutrality of 1793

proclaimed U.S. neutrality towards war between France and Great Britain and warned citizens to be impartial to both countries; made because GW recognized that not staying neutral invited British retaliation, and U.S. military was weak, and it was a sign of strong government control and national unity

William Graham Sumner

professor of political and social science at Yale; American follower of Social Darwinism; argued government action on behalf of the poor and weak interfered with evolution and sapped species (reform messed with laws of nature/ no government aid); wrote two books

18th Amendment

prohibited manufacture and sale of intoxicating liquor; passed Congress Dec. 1917, ratified by states 1919, in effect 1920

Richard Henry Lee

prominent anti-federalist who is supposed to have written Letters from the Federal Farmer, claiming a Constitution would take away individual liberties

Hinton R. Helper

promoted "helperism," the belief that non-slave holding whites suffered the most from slavery and yeoman farmers should overthrow slavery because it threatened and limited them; wrote the Impending Crisis of the South opposing slavery, which was banned in the south but used by Republicans for their campaigns

Affirmative Action

promoted by the federal gov. in 1960's to help blacks and other disadvantaged groups gain education and jobs; supported by colleges and federal companies; included efforts to hire and enroll previously discriminated against groups; in the late 1970's it was criticized as "reverse discrimination"

Albany Plan

proposed by Ben Franklin, who appreciated the need for intercolonial cooperation; a Grand Council made up of elected delegates from various colonies would oversee common defense, Western expansion, and Indian affairs; king would appoint a President General; council could collect taxes to cover military expenditures; never got approval of Parliament or assemblies

Reconstruction Finance Corporation (RFC)

proposed by Hoover and established by Congress early 1932 to help imperiled banks and insurance companies and big business open; loaned gov. money to financial institutions to save them from bankruptcy; the problem was that it still supported private interest and the hope that the wealth would "trickle down" did not happen

James Oglethorpe

proprietor of Georgia, which was the last colony to be founded as a social experiment (for prisoners) and to act as a human shield against Spanish to the South

Lord Baltimore

proprietor of Maryland; wanted a feudal domain with land in manors and owners that paid him; gave common people liberties of Englishmen, yet thought they shouldn't be involved in government; wanted Maryland to be refuge for persecuted Catholics

William Penn

proprietor of Pennsylvania; was a Quaker; wanted it to be a safe place for all religions and for there to be harmony of colonists and Indians; his father was a supporter/creditor of Charles II, so in 1681 he was granted Pennsylvania and Delaware to cancel this debt

Sheppard Towner Act of 1921

provided federal aid to establish state programs for maternal and infant health care; a sign of the feminist movement vitality/humanitarian reform

Alaska

purchased from Russia for $7.2 million by Secretary of State William H. Seward in 1867; Seward was interested in Aleutian Islands as a site of coaling stations for merchant ships; biggest bargain since Louisiana Purchase; critics called it Seward's Folly or the Alaskan Icebox

Carrie Nation

radical member of the temperance movement; pro-prohibition; expressed her beliefs through vandalism

16th Amendment

ratified in 1913; allowed government to impose graduated income tax to replace the lost revenue from tariff reductions; 1% tax on incomes over 4,000, 7% tax on over 500,000 etc.; was a Populist idea at first

Grimke Sisters

rebellious daughters of a South Carolina slaveholder who became public speakers and demanded that women have an equal role in antislavery leadership; supported by Garrison when male abolitionists opposed their speaking; linked women and black desires for equality

Elkins Act of 1903

reduced the abuse of rebates by railroads; gave more power to Interstate Commerce Commission

Macon's Bill No. 2 of 1810

reestablished trade with both Britain and France; if either of the European states repealed restrictions upon neutral shipping, then U.S. government promised to halt commerce with the other

Doctrine of Nullification

referenced by Jefferson in Kentucky Resolutions; individual states were the final judges of whether federal laws were unconstitutional; Federalists argued that the Supreme Court (not states) could nullify laws

Land Ordinance of 1785

regulated land sales in region north of Ohio River (known as Old Northwest); land surveyed by government and sold in "sections" of square miles (640 acres) at $1/acre; one section set aside for public education in towns; promised to control and concentrate settlement and raise money for Congress; settlers violated its rules by going west before the completion of surveys

The Great Awakening

religion became central to 18th century American life; religious disputes were greater than political disputes and Bibles/sermons became the most printed material; a movement of religious fervor in response to church leaders' worry that economic growth decreased religious observance

Wagner Act

replacing National Industrial Recovery Act/NRA that was ruled unconstitutional; introduced by Senator Robert Wagner in 1935 to outlaw company unions and unfair labor practices to ensure collective bargaining for unions; guaranteed workers' right to join unions; established National Labor Relations Board (NLRB)

Joseph McCarthy

republican who attracted national attention and triggered 4 1/2 year hunt for alleged communists in the government; gave speeches where he accused hundreds of people in State Dep. of being communists; tactic of multiple untruths (put in lots of treasonable accusations, then while officials worked to refute them, he presented new charges so they never caught up with the latest blast); never actually unearthed communists, but kept Truman in turmoil; did little actual research; used army of informers (workers upset with colleagues/superiors); exploited press by always having article in the paper; no one stood up against him; exposed in early 1954 and Senate censured him in Dec.

War Powers Act

required Nixon and future presidents to report to Congress within 48 hours after taking military action and said Congress had to approve military action over 60 days; passed over Nixon's veto

Yellow Dog Contract

required employees to take an oath of alliance saying that they would not join a workers union

Ratification Process/Debate

required that state ratifying conventions be assembled to gain approval of the Constitution instead of sending state legislatures because they would be biased against document for fear of losing power; 9 of 13 states required to approve the Constitution

Seminole Indians

resided in Florida and were hostile to Americans; when Andrew Jackson led troops into the area and attacked, killing two chiefs, it ended up with Adams-Onis Treaty because we claimed Spain couldn't control their Indians

Wilmot Proviso

resolution proposed by David Wilmot that awakens conflict/crisis in 1850; called for all lands gained in Mexican War to be free; caused party lines to crumble as all North supported and all South opposed it; passed in House of Reps (majority North) and failed in Senate (balance of North and South)

Religious Right

response to 1960's liberalism, denounced abortion, homosexuality, pornography, feminism, and affirmative action

Emergency Quota Act of 1921

restricted immigration from Europe to 3% of the number of immigrants living in American in 1910; response to the fear of a large influx of immigrants because of war-ravanged Europe; didn't satisfy natives because over 500,000 Europeans were still allowed into American in 1923, half from southern and eastern Europe

Square Deal for Labor

result of TR's intervention on side of workers during Anthracite Coal Miner's Strike; his promises at 1904 election campaign to help him win the election; aligned the republicans with reform

Cult of Domesticity

result of the era's divided between working men and women (virtue of their limitations); idea that women were confined to the home, but had an important role; they had power in home from the ability to affect/get respect from men; were spiritual head of home and model of virtue/piety; important job was to raise kids and guard culture/morality/character; viewed wives as husbands' companions, not slaves; only applied to affluent women (not Black/working class/immigrants)

Richard Allen

reverend and leader of the African Methodist Episcopal (AME) Church

Adolf Hitler

ruled Germany and pursued Nazi Germany rearmament against the Versailles treaty; part of Axis Powers; in 1936 sent troops to Rhineland, the demilitarized zone between France and Germany because he was convinced democracies would not stop him (France, Britain, and U.S. were not acting); annexed Austria and Sudetenland and all of Czechoslovakia to unite all German Europeans; highly violent/aggressive

Queen Liliuokalani

ruler of Hawaii, overthrown by American planters in early 1893

Roger Williams

said congregations should withdraw from the Church of England, church and state should separate, and individuals should have freedom of religion; believed God did not choose favorites purity of Christianity was corrupted; banished from Massachusetts and established Rhode Island with a charter from London

Census of 2000

said that America was the third most populous nation in the world; West and South so most population growth; many Americans identified as having two racial origins; the white-only population grew in numbers and decreased in percent; the black-only population grew; the largest increase was in Hispanics; also steady increase in life expectancy

City Manager Plan

said that commissioners set policy, but its implementation was up to the "chief executive," which would be appointed by commissioners to curtail rivalries and ensure there were no outside influences; created so the commissioners do not pursue power or use their power for rewards

24th Amendment

said that the right of any U.S.citizen to vote shall not be denied by reason of failure to pay poll tax or any other tax (poll taxes kept poor blacks out and Alabama, Arkansas, Mississippi, Texas, Virginia still had them in 1964); gave vote to millions who were disqualified before because of poverty; South Dakota ratified it Jan. 24, 1969 and was the 38th state, so it became law

Charles Beard

said the U.S. Constitution should be created to protect only the wealthy

Teller Amendment

said the U.S. had no intentions of annexing or dominating Cuba, used to underscore humanitarian intentions of Spanish-American War (aid Cubans in struggle for freedom)

Whiskey Ring

scandal exposed in 1875 (of Grant's presidency); the Treasury was robbed millions of dollars in excise tax revenue

African Diaspora

scattering of the African race that resulted from Atlantic Slave Trade

John Hay

sec. of state in 1899; dispensed the Open Door Policy to prevent powers from taking over China

2nd Great Awakening

second set of popular religious revivals that swept over the country that added a religious underpinning to celebration of personal self-improvement, self-reliance, and self-determination; tried to get more people to go to church because of low levels of attendance in young republic; made democratized American Christianity central to culture and allowed smaller sects to increase (Deism disappeared); stressed the right of private judgement in spiritual matters and possibility of universal salvation through faith and good work; used the market revolution to spread messages

Pentagon Papers

secret government history documenting the mistakes and deceptions of government policy-makers in dealing with Vietnam

Underground Railroad

secret passage used to take slaves to freedom from the South to the North; Harriet Tubman was an influential figure in this process

Harold Ickes

secretary of the interior for FDR; head of the Public Works Administration (PWA); intent on quality of jobs,not human needs, so he did not put many people to work/get many unemployed people jobs

Election of 1824

sectionalism ruled politics at the time; candidates were Andrew Jackson (only one with true national support), John Quincy Adams (New England and North supported him), William H. Crawford of GA (south's old Republicans supported him); Henry Clay of KY (supported in West); no candidate had majority of electoral votes, so Clay was eliminated (4th place); House of Reps chose among other three candidates; corrupt bargain; John Quincy Adams won

Women in the 1920's

seemed to be getting more/new freedom with changes in urban culture and American family; no big permanent gain in number of working females; most had low-paying jobs as maids, stenographers, nurses, teachers; earned 1/3 of graduate degrees and were 4% of professors; the right to vote (19th amendment) robbed them of unifying cause and did little to change sex roles/conditions

Anne Hutchinson

seen as a threat to Puritan establishment because of her gender and the way she attracted followers; held meetings in her home to discuss religious issues; accused ministers of granting "saint" or damnation based on actions, not inner grace; put on trial and banished for referring to divine revelations

De Jure Segregation

segregation that exists by law; ex. Jim Crow Laws; easier to eliminate than de facto segregation

De Facto Segregation

segregation that exists by practice and custom; harder to fight than de jure segregation because it involves changing racist attitudes and behaviors; originated when blacks moved to northern cities after WWII and whited moved to suburbs

Ben Franklin

self-educated; established his own paper, debate club, and library; wrote Poor Richard's Almanack; did experiments to show lightening was electricity; exemplified the Enlightenment spirit; had role as statesmen and was a symbol of colonial Enlightenment;leads diplomats to conclude Treaty of Amity and Commerce

Huey Long (Kingfish)

senator from Louisiana who turned against FDR and New Deal in 1935 as major political threat; nationwide "share the wealth" movement in 1934 (minimum annual income for every American family to be paid by taxing the wealthy through an inheritance tax); threatened to run for 3rd party in 1936 presidential election; killed by assassin in Louisiana in 1935

Peter Stuyvesant

sent by Dutch India Company as a director general (to deal with economics); whips New Netherlands into shape; promotes slavery and makes it the source of economy; told 23 Jews from Brazil and Caribbean to leave, but was overruled by the company

Insular Cases

series of cases decided between 1901 and 1904 where the Supreme Court held that the constitution did not fully apply to newly acquired territories (limited American freedom); Constitution did not follow the flag; said Congress must recognize the fundamental personal rights of Filipinos and Puerto Ricans, but could govern as it saw fit forever other than that; government based on consent of governed and taxation with representation were gone

Palmer Raids

series of raids starting Nov. 7 where federal agents seized suspected anarchists and communists and held them for deportation with no regard for the due process of law; in January, 4,000 suspects were rounded up in 1 night as federal agents broke into homes, meeting halls, union offices with no search warrants; native-born Americans spent days in jail before release and aliens were deported with no trial or hearing

Ghost Dance Movement

set of dances and rite that grew from vision of Wovoka, a Paiute messiah; prophecy was that dances would bring back Indian lands, cause whites to disappear, all Indians would reunite, the Earth covered in dust, new earth made and buffalo return to herds; whites responded in fear

Dust Bowl

severe weather conditions on the Great Plains from 1933-1935 that contributed to the crop-limitation of the AAA; resulted from drought and man-made problems (over-farming, dry farming that brought on soil erosion in a region naturally for grazing); 350 million tons of dirt was picked up; Kansas, Oklahoma, Colorado, Texas, Montana, and Wyoming were hardest hit

Elizabeth Cady Stanton

she was denied a seat at the first World's Anti-Slavery Convention in 1840 in London by the sponsors (along with Lucretia Mott), so Garrison and others walked out; organized a new independent movement for women's rights; high point was Seneca Falls

City Commission Plan

shifted municipal power from mayors and aldermen to 5 city commissioners each responsible for a different department of the city government; came from civic-minded businessmen determined to rebuild the government in the same efficient and scientific management as a private sector; had impressive results-expanding city services, finance, urban structure, etc.

Webster-Ashburton Treaty

signed August 9, 1842, was a treaty resolving several border issues between the United States and the British North American colonies, particularly a dispute over the location of the Maine-New Brunswick border. Also banned the slave trade (on the ocean)

Hay-Burau-Varilla Treaty

signed after Teddy Roosevelt helped lead a successful revolution/uprising in Panama; Philippe Bunau-Varilla (head of the uprising) signed this treaty to give the U.S. the right to construct and operate a canal over the Canal Zone in Panama (10 mile wide land where the canal runs)

Five Power Treaty

signed at the Washington Disarmament Conference; limited capital ships (battleships and aircraft carriers) in a 5:5:3 ratio for U.S.:Britain:Japan and 1.67:1.67 for France: Italy; Japan only agreed to it if America would not fortify their Guam and Philippines bases

Payne-Aldrich Tariff

signed on August 5, 1909; cut a few tariffs but ultimately raised tariffs overall; Taft wanted to reduce tariff and inheritance tax, which passed in the House but not the Senate; Progressives held Taft responsible for the fact that it did little to encourage imports

Treaty of Paris of 1763

signed on Feb. 10, 1763; Great Britain took possession of empire around globe (only Guadeloupe and Martinique were French); gave Canada, Florida, and region east of MS River to Britain; colonists were overjoyed and proud

Emancipation Proclamation

signed on Jan. 1, 1863 in Lincoln's study; derived from presidential authority as military commander in chief to combat South's rebellion; freed rebel states' slaves and did not apply to areas under Union control where war ended (no border slave states that never seceded or areas of Confederacy occupied by Union soldiers); impact was to add freeing slaves as goal of Civil War; freed over 3 million men, women, kids in majority of South

Civil Rights Act of 1964

signed on July 2, 1964 by President Johnson; prohibited discrimination because of race, religion, national origin, or gender and gave all citizens right to libraries, parks, washrooms, restaurants, theaters, and other public accommodations

Hepburn Act of 1906

significantly increased the Interstate Commerce Commissions powers of rate review and enforcement; restricted giving a "free pass" and said max rates could be fixed to "just and reasonable rates for railroads;" prior to this, the ICC was not very effective because the courts weakened its regulatory functions

Border States

slave states that stayed loyal to the Union, including Delaware, Maryland, Missouri, and Kentucky (and West Virginia eventually); secession was stopped by Unionism and federal intervention; important states for the Union to keep on their side

Sojourner Truth

slave who escaped in 1827 and became a black abolitionist; important spokesperson for the abolition movement and helped bridge gap between women's and abolition movement

Stono Rebellion

slaves in Stono, SC took the opportunity in 1739 of the War of Jenkins' Ear putting Spain against England and seized a weapon store; they marched to Florida because Spanish were giving liberty and protection to British fugitives; 100 slave groups dispersed after battle with colony militia; 200 slaves and 24 whites died; lead to tightening of SC slave code and temporary prohibitive imported slave tax

Black Power

slogan dating back to 1940's, used by Carmichael after his arrest, calling for blacks to define their own goals, lead their own organizations; said SNCC should stop recruiting whites and start developing black pride; disliked by MLK Jr. and other leaders for fear of black violence and antagonizing whites

54 40' or fight-49th Parallel

slogan during the Oregon dispute referring to the latitude of the northern boundary of the desired territory; Americans wanted all of the land within this region

Henry George

socialist who wrote the nationwide best-seller Progress and Poverty in 1879 which lead the way to more critical appraisal of American society in the 1880's and beyond; sees inequity in world and opposed Sumner; born 1839 in San Francisco and was poor with little schooling, went to sea, became a prospector, then printer, then journalist, then self-education economist

Great (Connecticut) Compromise

solution presented by Ben Franklin and Roger Sherman; provided for a 2 House Congress with a Senate (2 senators for each state, 6 year terms, elected by state legislatures) and a House of Representatives (representation proportional to population, 2 year terms, direct election)

Hamilton's Financial Plan

solution to economic issues; main goals were to pay off debts by assumption (federal government had responsibility to pay remaining state debts-14 debts in total), U.S. fund its foreign and domestic obligations at full face value, and encourage industrial development and cities; included a national bank, excise (sales) tax and protective tariff (discouraged imports and encouraged American-production to make money for nation)

Strict vs. Loose Interpretation

some people (Jefferson) believed in following the words of the Constitution to a tee and not straying from them, while others (Hamilton) believed it was alright to interpret the Constitution more leniently

Stephan F. Austin

son of a onetime Spanish citizen who was granted land by Mexico in Texas in hopes of attracting U.S. colonists to the region; 2021 people on his land grant by 1824

Panic of 1837

speculative boom collapsed and economic depression until 1843 resulted while Van Buren was in office; created by economic downturn in Britain (lowered demands for cotton), English Bank and Jackson (Specie Circular) demanding payment in gold and silver, and 20 million acres of federal land sold by government in 1836 (paid for in questionable paper money); prices fell by 25%, businesses failed, farmers lost land, urban workers lost jobs, and labor movement stopped

Buying on Margin

speculators bought stocks with as little as 5% down; corporations used large cash reserves to supply money to brokers who loaned it to investors on margin; essentially allowed playing the market on credit; one cause of Depression

Atlanta Exposition

speech in Atlanta where Booker T. Washington acknowledged white domination and called for slow progress of blacks through self-improvement (not law suit or agitation); did not want to fight for equal rights, but he wanted to get property and show blacks' worthiness; getting economic independence is key to freedom for blacks

Bleeding Kansas

sporadic civil war that broke out in Kansas; 200 died as settlers from free states established rival government; 1855-1856, pro-slavery Missourians crossed into kansas to cast fraudulent ballots in election, then Prez. Pierce recognized the legitimacy of the resulting pro-slavery legislature and replaced gov. Andrew H. Reeder when he dissented; discredited Douglas's popular sovereignty and helped the Republican cause;

English Colonization

started in Jamestown, spread to 13 original colonies; between 1607 and 1733 they founded thirteen colonies on North America's east coast and ruled them for 169 years

Baby Boom

started in WWII; young married couples starting having 3, 4, even 5 kids and larger families; 19% growth in the population from 1950 to 1960

Boss Tweed

started off as a city alderman, then Congressman, and NY assemblyman (rose through ranks of Tammany Hall); moved between ally's and elite; involved in scandal where 200 million taxpayers' dollars disappeared and ran corrupt politics where he gave people jobs in turn for voting for him to be re-elected; leader of "Tammany Ring" politicians involved in scandal; did help immigrants with jobs, voting, services, and helping misbehaving children; built the NY County Courthouse in Manhattan (still unfinished and the prices keep rising); brought down by Thomas Nast's cartoons and convicted on charges of forgery and larceny after trying to bribe them to stop; escapes jail and goes to Spain where he is recognized and brought back to jail

Watergate Scandal

starts when a group of men hired by Nixon's reelection committee were caught breaking into the offices of Democratic National headquarters in Watergate complex in D.C.; "plumbers" were hired to stop leaks and discredit opponents; an "enemies list" was created and the IRS was investigating people; John Dean, H.R. Haldeman, and John Ehrlichman established the link between Nixon and the cover-up/scandal (use of money and promise of pardons by White House staff to keep the burglars quiet); Nixon claimed executive privilege for the tapes, but investigators wanted them to prove the cover-up charges

Compact Theory

state of federal union; state gave certain explicit powers to national government and retained full authority over all matters not in Constitution; 13 states created federal government and entered an agreement (Constitution); Federalists argued the original compact was made by people, not states

Graying of America

steady increase in life expectancy and Americans lived longer in 2000; prompted growing concern about health care, prescription drugs, social security, and senior housing; the ratio of workers to social security receivers decreased

Impressment

stopping of American ships by Royal Navy on the high seas and forcing seamen to serve the king; one of reasons for War of 1812

United Mine Workers Strike

struggling union formed in 1890 made up of mostly older miners; in April 1894, wage reductions as a result of Panic of 1893 cause them to go on strike of bituminous coal mines; April 21, 1894 all midwest and Pennsylvania miners quite; coal supply slackened and blackouts/factories close; urged Congress to stop immigration in 1896

General Strike in Seattle

summer of 1919, labor unrest that started off the Red Scare; there was a series of bombings including the mayor of Seattle getting a package with a homemade bomb and then a NY postal employee found 16 bombs addressed to a variety of famous citizens; the last bomb was to Palmer, but the deliverer (Italian anarchist) died

Confederacy-Advantages/Disadvantages

superior military leadership; defensive war-able to hold out for 4 years; home-field advantage; greater motivation to fight for independence and preservation of way of life; possible European aid; BUT smaller population (11 states, 9.5 million with 3.5 million slaves) and force (900,000 serve); lack of industry and railroads to supply army; poor political leadership; fighting amongst states

Reaganomics

supply-side economics; tax cuts reduce government spending, which would increase investment by private sectors and lead to increased production, jobs, and prosperity; "trickle-down" economics; tax cuts and government spending cut; critics said it would have wealthy people prosper and only some of their profits/spending would help the middle and lower classes

Gold Bugs

supporters of gold during "battle of the standards;" ex. William McKinley

Sharecropping

system that let each black family rent part of a plantation and the crop was divided between worker and owner at the end of the year; gave planters a stable resident labor force and blacks the prospect of work without daily white supervision; became more oppressive and gave less economic opportunity as the price of farm products decreased; dominated Cotton and Tobacco Belt (VA and NC)

New Left

taking personal control of one's life and destiny and not creating new bureaucracies; part of the free speech/student movement against Vietnam and the new society/culture

Tariff of 1828 ("Abominations")

tariff that raised taxes on imported manufacture goods made of wool and raw materials like iron; named this in the South, which really opposed it; SC officials thought it was impossible and undesirable to compete with North's industrial development and this raised prices paid by the South to benefit the North and threatened to nullify it

Tariff of 1832

tax on imported goods that reduced the rates, but was still nullified by South Carolina during the nullification crisis; prompts Jackson to enact Force Bill

Tariff

tax put on imported goods; commonly raised to promote American industry

Excise Tax

taxes that can be made by the federal government and do not need to be uniform for the entire nation; it is this type of tax on whiskey that sparked the Whiskey Rebellion

Normal Schools

teacher training institutes; only 10 in the country before the Civil war, but 345 in the country by 1900

"Forty Acres and a Mule"

technically called Special Field Order 15; issued by Sherman in response to black delegation, set aside Sea Islands and a larger area along SC and GA coasts for settlement of black families on 40 acre plots; gave mule and 40 acres to every family; 40,000 freedmen were settled on "Sherman Land" by June

Reconstruction Act of 1867

temporarily divided the South into 5 military districts and called for the creation of new state government with black suffrage; passed over Johnson's veto in March of 1867

Jay's Treaty

temporarily eased U.S. conflict with Britain; GW sent someone to London in 1794; Ham secretly informed British officials that the U.S. would compromise on most issues and therefore sabotaged us; issue-British forts in West and trade issues; outcome-British abandon their frontier posts and American ships are allowed to trade in British West Indies, but Britain rejected U.S. position on neutral rights and Royal Navy would continue impressment and no mention of British compensating for slaves they took at end of Revolution

September 11, 2001 (War on Terror)

terrorist attacks on twin towers of the World Trade Center in NY, the Pentagon in Washington, D.C., and the downing of a fourth plane in Pennsylvania; 3,000 people died; galvanized public opinion; response of Bush was to pursue al Qaeda and bin Laden and he gained support of Congress and most nations to root out terrorists; in America, suspects of supporting terrorism were frozen, rounded up, and exec. order set up secret hearings and military tribunals to try foreigners accused of terrorism; most Americans accepted background checks, searches, detentions, new police powers after this (though some questioned loss of privacy and liberty)

Queen Elizabeth I

the "virgin queen" for which Virginia is named; many foreign emissaries looking to be her suitor; 1558-1603

Federalist No. 10

the 10th essay of a series of 85 written by Hamilton, Madison, and Jay under the pen name Publius supporting ratifying the Constitution; in this specific essay, Madison developed new vision of relationship between the government and society in the U.S.; he said the central dilemma is that the gov. must be based on the will of the people, yet people had dangerous enthusiasms; property rights must be respected and problems of democracy would grow as the economy made more people poor; the more diversity and larger size of the U.S., the more stable it would be

Russia/Bolshevik Revolution and WWI

the Czar was overthrown and a constitutional government was established during WWI; this lead to the U.S. declaring war against Germany because now we could fight and be allied with democratic (not communist) powers

Marian Anderson

the Daughters of the American Revolution refused to let her sing in Constitution Hall in 1939; sang at the Lincoln Memorial on Easter Sunday instead where 75,000 came to listen/watch because Eleanor Roosevelt spoke out against the racial discrimination and worked with Interior Secretary Harold Ickes to make it happen

Kansas-Nebraska Act

the MO compromise prohibited slavery in Kansas and Nebraska but this bill of Douglas's bill repealed it; enacted because Douglas wanted IL (his home) to be the center of new transcontinental railroad, which meant he needed people to settle in the West

Legacy of New Deal and FDR

the New Deal lasted a long time and influenced economic, social, and political development; social security (gov. acknowledged their responsibility to provide welfare for those unable to care for themselves) and the Wagner Act (growth of labor unions and minimum wage law) had lasting impacts

Protestant Reformation

the Protestant Church in England is divided between the Puritans (purify the church) and the Pilgrims (separate from the church) and other sections (Lutherans, Baltics, etc.)

Sputnik's Impact on Education

the Soviet Satellite caused the National Defense Education Act (NDEA) to be created to authorize federal financing of science and foreign language programs in schools and colleges to put a greater emphasis on these subjects to compete in "space race"

Separation of Powers/Checks and Balances

the U.S. Constitution would have three branches (executive, legislative, and judicial) that all had the power to "check" each other, which would ensure no one branch every became to tyrannical or dominant

Destroyers for Bases

the U.S. gave Britain 50 destroyers in exchange for the use of naval and air bases during WWII

Tet Offensive

the Vietcong used the traditional lull of the lunar New Year to launch surprise attack against heavily-populated cities and they struck at 36 of 44 capitals; 6 hour raid of American embassy compound in Saigon with dramatic battle, police came over attackers; Americans and South Vietnam repelled the offensive except in Hue (the old imperial capital that was retaken after 3 weeks); turning point of war because victory seemed to be lost; victory for communists (got rural areas even though lost cities)

Compromise of 1877

the bargain that went along with the election fo 1876; Hayes would be given the presidency and would put a southerner as the postmaster general, recognize Democratic control of the South, and avoid intervention, and work for federal aid to Texas and Pacific Railroad in exchange for the Democrats not disputing Hayes' right to office and respecting the civil and political rights of blacks; railroad never got a grant and the Democrats did not respect blacks, but the rest did happen

Free Coinage of Silver

the biggest issue of the election of 1896; William Jennings Bryan supported this, as did other democrats and populists (good for farmers and anti-Cleveland Democrats)

Proclamation Line of 1763

the boundary Parliament instilled in North America to restrict colonist settlement and give Indians land after the French and Indian war; colonists did not listen to it and continued to settle west of the line/Appalachian Mountains

Bank War

the central political struggle of the Age of Jackson; conflict over Bank of U.S.'s charter; Biddle persuaded Congress to approve Bank Recharter Bill (extended the charter for 20 years) when it was supposed to end in 1836; despite blackmail, Jackson vetoed the bill; shows Jackson enhancing presidential power

Necessary and Proper Clause

the clause in the Constitution that gives the federal government the right to carry out actions it deems "necessary and proper" based on the situation; elastic clause

Stagflation

the condition of the economy in the early 1970's with high inflation rates but stagnation/economic slow-down

Separate But Equal

the doctrine established by Plessy vs. Ferguson that would be used to justify racial discrimination of blacks for decades to follow; overturned with respect to education by Brown vs. Board of Education

General Court

the elected assembly that was made of freemen elected by their own representatives in Massachusetts Bay Colony; in order to be elected, had to be church member and in order to vote, had to be a white, male church member

Red Scare

the first and most intense breakout of national alarm in 1919 as Russian Revolution and Marxism created fear of communism; concern of all radical ideas (anarchism, socialism, communism); 60,000 American radicals and foreign-born (immigrants) turned to communism (relatively low in numbers, but very visible to society); labor unrest magnified impact and lead to hatred of unions and association with political radicalism

Vietnam

the first crisis for Eisenhower; since 1950, the U.S. gave France military and economic help in war in Indochina against communists; at first, Eisenhower decided against an air strike and Britain refused his joint action, so he rejected military intervention; French were on brink of defeat by 1954 in war against communist guerillas (headed by Ho Chi Minh) and appealed to U.S. for help; Dien Bien Phu fell to Vietminh communists in May 1954; Geneva Accords Conference divided Vietnam at 17th Parallel

House of Burgesses

the first elected assembly in colonial America (1619); only landowners voted and the company/governor could nullify any measure

Free Speech Movement

the first sign of student rebellion was at University of California at Berkeley where radical students occupied administration buildings and blocked arrests of non-student protesters to protest not being able to solicit for off-campus causes; they got what they wanted and established a cause of fighting against powerlessness

John Q. Adams Sec. of State vs. Presidency

the first was very successful (Monroe Doctrine, Adams-Onis Treaty) and the second was not as successful/very bad

Bear Flag Republic

the government established in California following 1846 rebellion

Orville Faubus

the governor of Little Rock, Arkansas that ordered the National Guard to turn away 9 black students who volunteered to integrate the Central High School

Silent Majority

the group that Nixon tried to appeal to in the election of 1968 when he realized he was a minority president; conservative Americans, Catholic ethnics, democrats, southern whites, blue-collar workers, suburbanites who were disaffected by anti-war protests, black militants, school busing, and youth counter-culture

Seneca Falls

the high point of Mott and Stanton's campaign in 1848 in NY; the first national gathering of feminists; had a Declaration of Rights and Sentiments (list of grievances modeled after D of I)

Virtual vs. Actual Representation

the idea that each member of Parliament represented the entire empire, not just his own district; theory that the interests of all were considered despite lack of direct representation VS. being physically present or having a representative physically present and able to voice their opinion

New Frontier

the liberal, reform agenda unrealized by JFK including aid to education, healthcare for elderly, and New Department of Urban Affairs; conservative coalition of southern democrats and northern republicans stopped the measures, but minimum wage was raised from $1 to $1.25, space program promised trip to the moon, Housing Act gave $5 billion for urban renewal, and Area Redevelopment Act gave $400 million in loans and grants to distressed areas, and increased Social Security benefits

LBJ's Dilemma in Vietnam

the more he struggled to uphold Cold War policies from JFK's presidency, the more attacks he got from Congress, the media, and universities; then he decided he had no choice but continue policy and support independent Southern Vietnam

Article X

the most controversial section of the Treaty of Versailles pertaining to the League of Nations; calls for assistance to be given to a League member that experiences external aggression

Town Meeting

the most direct form of democracy in the colonies (typical of New England Colonies)

Social Security Act

the most enduring New Deal legislation; created "federal insurance program" meant to be a trust fund for those in need; employees and employers would make contributions throughout their careers and monthly payments made to retired persons, dependent moms and kids, handicapped, etc.; old-age pensions financed by tax on employers and workers (no gov. contribution); system of unemployment compensation (local/state payroll tax); FDR wanted a tax so people felt they "earned" their pensions

Rebirth of the KKK

the most ominous expression of protest against the new urban culture; reemerges and expands circle of hate to included immigrants (Russians, Italians), Catholics, Jews, political radicals and union groups in addition to blacks (for 100% Americanism); lead by William J. Simmons, who was succeeded by Hiram Evans in 1922; entered politics and controlled Texas, Oklahoma, Oregon, and Indiana legislatures; marches on Washington with faces exposed-not hiding anymore; appealed to insecure Protestants who wanted reassurance and identity in their activities; fell when the violence offended the nation and political scandals ousted them

Carpetbaggers

the name given by Southerners to black and white Northerners that moved to the South; negative connotation

Populists

the new People's Party formed in July 1892 at convention of Farmer's Alliance at Omaha, Nebraska; Southern Farmer's Alliance joined (no reason to cooperate with Democrats); united black and white farmers; adopted many Ocala Demands; their opinion on silver repelled many city-dwellers and factory workers; peak in 1892 and died out when Farmer's Alliance died out

St. Augustine, Florida

the oldest site in the U.S. continuously inhabited by European settlers and descendants; in 1565, Philip II let Pedro Menéndez de Avilés lead the colonization of Florida and establish a Spanish Fort at this location

National (Cumberland) Road

the paved road from Cumberland, Maryland to the Old Northwest; reached Wheeling on the Ohio River by 1818 and ended in Illinois in 1838; Congress authorized it in 1806 as the first and only one financed by the National Government

Ocala Demands

the platform the Farmer's Alliance pushed as long as it existed; created at Ocala, Florida meeting in 1890; called for "sub-treasury" system to let farmers store crops in gov. warehouses and get Treasury notes for 80% of market value (repay loan when crops sold); wanted free coinage of silver, end to protective tariffs and national bank, federal income tax, direct election of senators by voters, and tighter regulation of railroad companies; adopted by Populists in 1892 to form their platform

10th Amendment

the powers not delegated to the United States by the Constitution, nor prohibited by it to the States, are reserved to the States respectively, or to the people; made sure that the states retained some powers; shows influence of Anti-Federalists

Nueces vs. Rio Grande Border Dispute

the region was claimed by both Mexico and the U.S. on the disputed border between Texas and Mexico; American soldiers under Zachary Taylor moved into the region between these two rivers, which made war inevitable

Dominion of New England

the single super colony that James II established by combining Connecticut, Plymouth, Massachusetts, New Hampshire, Rhode Island, New York, and East and West Jersey; Sir Edmund Andros ruled it without an elected assembly;

Halfway Covenant

the solution to the problem of whether to expand church membership and lose religious purity or limit size and social influence of church; allowed baptism and subordinate (half-way) membership for grandkids of those who emigrated in the Great Migration; made ancestry the pathway to elect

Recession of 2001

the stock market crashed and ended tech. boom of 1990s; Dow Jones Industrial Average fell 38% from 2000 to 2002; first recession since early 1990's; unemployment increased 6% and number of people in poverty increased (by 2002); Federal Reserve fought the recession by cutting interest rates to 1.25%; combined with tax cuts and increased defense spending put $300-400 billion annual deficits by 2003

Social Darwinism

the theory of "social selection" that combines biology and sociology to explain human progress; said society evolves slowly by adapting to the environment; belief that evolution in society is natural and justifies why wealthy are rich and poor are poor; does not call for government intervention to help

Columbian Exchange

the transatlantic flow of goods and people; exchange of animals, plants, and diseases between the Old and New Worlds; changed evolution and our world today; corn, tomatoes, potatoes, peanuts from New World to Old World; wheat, rice, sugar, horses, cattle from Old World to New World

New Immigration

the two largest immigrant groups were from Latin America (47%) and Asia (37%) because of refugees leaving communism and the Immigration Act of 1965 ended ethnic quota acts of the 1920's that favored Europe; only 13% of immigrants from Canada and Europe; both illegal and legal immigrants flocked the borders ("lost control of borders")

Middle Passage

the voyage of slaves across the Atlantic; the second and middle leg in triangular trading routes linking Europe, Africa, and America

Peggy Eaton

the wife of Jackson's secretary of war; she was ostracized by Calhoun's wife and the rest of Washington society because she was the daughter of a Washington tavern keeper and of "easy virtue;" Jackson (identified with her because of his wife's abuse during 1828 campaign) and widower Van Buren supported her

McGuffey Eclectic Readers

the work of William Holmes McGuffey (professor of language at Miami of Ohio); one of the period's most popular textbooks; taught reading, values, ethics, religion (specifically taught that boys were heroes, girls were mothers, and hard work leads to success); 100 million copies sold in last half of 19th century

Conquest of Ireland

there was a long struggle for British to conquer/pacify Ireland because the Catholic population was a threat to Protestants; English used military conquest, civilian slaughter, and land seizure

Election of 1860

there were essentially 2 elections: North-Lincoln (republican) vs. Douglas (northern democrat) and South-Douglas (democrat) vs. Breckinridge (southern democrat) vs. John Bell (Constitutional Union); biggest issue was slavery; outcome-Breckinridge had most slave states, Bell had 3 upper south states, Douglas 1.3 million pop. votes and across whole country, Lincoln had almost whle North; Lincoln won without any votes in 10 southern states (would've won even if all other votes were put towards 1 opponent)

Mountain Whites/Yeoman Farmers' Attitude Towards Slavery

these were hardworking small landowners without slaves that lived on hilly, poor terrain; most tolerated slavery and opposed abolition because black slavery guaranteed their own liberty and status as equals to white planters; did not like planter aristocracy and hoped to own slaves in future; saw free blacks as job competition

Demise of the Whig Party

this political party slowly fell out as republicans (opposed to the expansion of slavery) emerged; members of the political party who agreed with republicans joined them, which further solidified the new republican party and contributed to this party's demise

Herbert Hoover's Solution to Depression

thought federal government intervention would undermine American pride, so he tried to rally nation with bold forecasts of better days ahead; blamed foreign causes (European banks were unstable); rejected bold gov. action and relied on voluntary cooperation with business (called on private charities and local gov. for food and clothes, called on leaders of industry to secure agreement to keep prices and wages high) and workers not to go on strike; "triumph over poverty"

Air Traffic Controller's Strike

thousands of federal air traffic controllers violated their contract and Reagan took a tough stand against Unions, firing them all and decertifying their union (PATCO)

Nixon's Impeachment Proceedings

three articles of impeachment=obstruction of justice, abuse of power, contempt of Congress; guilty of illegal presidential activity (manipulating/bribing government officials, withholding tapes/evidence for an important investigation and firing officials because of the potential harm they could do to himself); he ends up resigning

John D. Rockefeller

titan of corporate business and model for industry in marketing; built Standard Oil Company in 1863 at 24 years old; viewed competition as wasteful (small-scale enterprise was inefficient and consolidation would be the path of the future); ruthless, religious, demanded efficiency, cut costs (very detailed), used latest technology and great lieutenants; marketed products of high quality at lowest unit costs and threatened rivals, bribed politicians, used spies, and extorted railroad rebates to lower costs and beat competition

Robert La Follette

took leadership of Wisconsin progressivism in 1897; Republican in 1880's and turns to reform in late 1890's

Webster Haynes Debate

took place in Senate Jan. 1830 between Daniel Webster and Robert Haynes; issue was nullification; Webster said the people, not the states, created the Constitution so nullification is illegal, unconstitutional, and treasonous; Haynes supported nullification

Manhattan Project

top-secret program where American scientists were authorized by FDR to develop an atomic bomb during WWII; it was tested in New Mexico in July 1945

New England

town meetings were form of democracy; fishing, shipbuilding, sea trade, naval stores, furs (not farming); Congregational Church was state tax-supported (except RI); deference society; urban; first compulsory public schools in Mass.

Triangular Trade

trade system between Africa, Britain, and America/colonies; British manufactured goods go to Africa/colonies, colonial products (tobacco, sugar, rice, indigo) to Europe, and slaves from Africa to New World; most slaves go to West Indies and Brazil, not modern-day U.S., because population of slaves grows naturally in U.S. and they use indentured servants, but not in West Indies/Brazil (they die easily and need to be replaced)

Inter-Colonial Trade

trade was restricted by Britain under Navigation Acts; major trade with Barbados for rice-based slavery in SC/Georgia

Nathaniel Hawthorne

transcendentalist who wrote Scarlet Letter, House of Seven Gables, Blithedale Romance, etc.; was skeptical of utopianism and transcendentalism (thought they were unworldly overoptimistic); viewed quest for perfection as dangerous, escape from evil was futile, had to accept life's imperfections; anti-reform era

Kellog-Briand Pact

treaty signed in Paris on August 27, 1928 by U.S. Sec of State Frank B. Kellog and French Foreign Minister Aristide Briand to outlaw war; signed by 64 nations; American effort to avoid involvement with European alliances; had limited effect because war was outlawed as policy but still allowed for self-defense (enforcement based on opinion); reflects pacifism of Europe and America post WWI

Growth of Metropolitan Areas in 2000

trend in 1980's and 1990's was that people were moving back to cities; young people and affluent professionals returned to cities for economic and cultural opportunities; 80% of population lived in 280 metropolitan areas in America; the fastest growing were in the South and West, slowest growing in Midwest and Northeast

Cherokee

tribe a part of the Five Civilized Tribes that had schools, two-story homes; laws, Constitution, and farmers with slaves; wanted aid in remaining peacefully in their ancient territory (near Great Smokey Mts. and Knoxville, TN) and in protecting their rights from treaties in court; GA tried to seize them

War on Afghanistan

triggered after 9/11 terrorist attack because after the Taliban refused to turn over Osama Bin Ladin, the government was overthrown in Afghanistan by U.S. bombs, anti-Taliban Northern Alliance troops, and special forces (in 2001); in 2003, U.S. and Afghan forces continued to pursue al Qaeda in mountains bordering Pakistan, but failed to capture bin Ladin (kept looking); Hamid Karzai (pro-America) head of Afghan government in Kabul, but country was unstable and divided

Horizontal Integration

type of industrial organization involving dominating one part of the process, not the entire thing (ex. how Rockefeller starts out)

Electoral College

under the new Constitution, method of electing the president rather than direct voting; states choose electors and then electors cast their votes; excluded the vast majority of people from voting for president

Signs of Economic Weaknesses

unequal distribution of wealth; saturation of market for consumer goods; growing speculation; all factors that created economic instability and would ultimately result in crash after 1920's boom

Dwight D. Eisenhower

unusually well-prepare for presidency (which was during height of Cold War); had military experience and experience in international affairs; confident and gifted diplomat and politician; goals were to bring the Cold War under control (ideally end it, but realistically just relax tensions with Soviets) and lower military/gov. spending; had "new look" plan

Eisenhower's Farewell Address

upon leaving presidency, he warned of the danger of massive military spending

Open Range

vast, fenceless area extending from the Texas panhandle north to Canada; ranchers realized potential of West's grasslands for buffalo, cattle, and grama grass; conflict arose between free cattle grazers/drivers and ranchers with established land, fences, etc.

Susan B. Anthony

veteran of many reform campaigns; tried to vote in the 1872 presidential election and was fined $100, but refused to pay; helped form National American Woman Suffrage Association in 1890 to work for the enfranchisement of women

Slave Resistance

violent forms of rebellion with risk of death: open rebellion/armed revolts (bear arms against oppressors), marches, conspiracy, running away; passive and indirect forms of rebellion: work slowly, arson, pretend to be ill, steal, self-mutilation, sabotage tools, etc., poison master's food

Jefferson's View of Native Americans

wanted to create vast reservation beyond the Mississippi River (like British before Revolution); sent civilizing agents (federal agents) to "civilize" Indians/turn them into yeoman farmers; viewed them as having a culture not worth preserving and being clearly below whites

Pontiac's Rebellion

war of Indians of Great Lakes against Britain after French and Indian War (1763-1766); Indians were unhappy with British treatment compared with French treatment because they took their land and refused to offer gifts to tribal leaders

National Debt

was $54 million after the Revolution (because of war obligations, foreign loans, soldier and citizen loans); mostly owed to speculators; according to Hamilton, this creates unity among nation

Theodore Roosevelt

was the governor of NY and a moderate reformer (tried to rid NY Republican Party of corruption and institute civi reform), came from aristocratic family but was a sickly boy, skilled negotiator, and liked risks; VP to McKinley because politicians wanted to remove him from NY politics; became youngest prez. (42 years old) in 1901 when McKinley was assassinated; Republican and wanted a strong national government, to preserve environment, and help workers

Annexation of Hawaii

we had close ties to this location because naval base at Pearl Harbor (1887 renewed trade treaty) and we exempt imports of its sugar from our tariffs (1875 reciprocal trade) and it was strategically significant as vital to our commercial and defense interests; Queen Lilliuokalani's government was overthrown by American planters in 1893; Harrison gave annexation treaty to Senate before he left, Cleveland withdrew it (Americans acted improperly, wanted restoration of queen), Republic of Hawaii proclaimed, and finally it was annexed by McKinley-joint resolution-in July 1898 during Spanish-American war

Ronald Reagan

well-known handsome movie and t.v. actor who was an effective political speaker during 1964 Goldwater campaign and gained Republican support; elected governor of California; almost nominated over Ford in 1976 election; won election of 1980 as republican; wanted supply-side economics and cut in gov. spending; Iran hostages released on his inauguration day

Europe First

when Germany and Italy declare war on U.S. Dec. 11, 1941, they do us a favor by getting us involved without making us declare war; Germany considered greater threat

China Falls to Communism

when WWII ended, China was torn between 2 groups: Chiang Kai Shek (nationalists of South with American political and economic backing, Soviet recognition, and corruption/inflation) and Mao Zedong (communist in North, inherited Manchuria); when Chiang invaded Manchuria, the coalition Marshall tried to form between the two groups failed; 1947 full civil war broke out and America gave up because there was no political, military, or economic policy that would help, it was beyond our control, China was now communist

2nd Party System

whigs vs. democrats

Checkers Speech

while running for VP under Eisenhower, this speech was given by Nixon to relieve himself of accusations of financial improprieties; got its name from his dog

Haymarket Riot

worst incident of violence; took place in Haymarket Square in Chicago, where workers had been campaigning for an 8 hr. work day; May 1886, police killed 2 workers at McCormick Harvester Strike and the next night protesters met at Haymarket Square (peaceful, dull meeting of 3,000 people, police ordered them to disperse and somebody threw dynamite bomb that killed 7 police and then police killed 4 people); weakened labor movement (linked anarchy and labor)

Lost Generation

writers commented on their new industrial society and were bewildered by rapidly changing social patterns and materialism of 1920's; observed and condemned/criticized excesses of business, conformity, materialism, mass production, machines; upheld women issues and regional themes; deep regrets for WWI loses

The Lonely Crowd

written by David Riesman in 1950 about the shift from "inner-directed" people relying on self-denial and frugality to "outer-directed" people conforming to social pressures in the 1950's; critical of 50's culture because it resulted in bland, tolerant society without creativity and adventure and decline in individualism where everyone is sensitive to others' expectations

Looking Backward

written by Edward Bellamy; the protagonist (Julian West) falls asleep in 1887 and wakes up in 2000 in socialist utopia (government owned means of production and citizens share material rewards in cooperation); the new world was regimented, paternistic, and had new gadgets; had dramatic effect on readers and sold 10,000 copies a week

Kentucky Resolutions

written by Jefferson in November 1798 in outburst of partisan anger/response to Alien and Sedition Acts; defended individual state assemblies' rights to interpret the constitutionality of federal law; flirts with "doctrine of nullification"; references compact theory; says states have natural right to nullify all assumptions of power by others within their limits in cases not within the compact

Olive Branch Petition

written by John Dickinson; reaffirmed America's loyalty to the crown and hoped for "permanent reconciliation;" addressed to George III by Congress in July 1775; it was ironic because of the current fighting

The Affluent Society

written by John Kenneth Galbraith; questioned relationship between public good and private wealth

Monroe Doctrine

written by Monroe's Secretary of State, John Quincy Adams, to consolidate power of national government at home and abroad; part of president's annual message to Congress; motivated by fear that Spain would try to regain American Colonies or Russia would want more land; said that U.S. would oppose further efforts at colonization by European powers in Americas, U.S. would abstain from involvement in Wars of Europe, and warned European powers not to interfere with new, independent states of Latin America; claimed U.S. was the dominant power of Western Hemisphere

The Jungle

written by Upton Sinclair (muckracker) to expose horrors of the meat packing industry; intended to expose the poor working conditions (for the heart) but instead focused on the unsanitary truths of the industry (for the stomach); this novel created an uproar that prompted TR to order government investigation of conditions of the meatpacking industry

Letters from the Federal Farmer

written by anti-federalist Richard Henry Lee claiming a Constitution would take away individual liberties and opposing ratification

MLK's Letter from Birmingham Jail

written in jail after arrest at Birmingham in response to white religious leaders who felt he was pushing too hard and fast; said it was hard to wait when people you love were dying and you feel the sting of segregation

Jack Kerouac

wrote On the Road in 1957, which set the tone for the "beats" literary movement

Rachel Carlson

wrote Silent Spring, which triggered LBJ to include environment reform in his Great Society (water quality act, wilderness preservation act, clear air act, and air quality act)

Michael Harrington

wrote The Other America in 1962, which attracted national attention; claimed that 1/5 of the nation (35 million Americans) lived in poverty; the problem was that the poor were cut off from education, medical care, and employment opportunities; there was cycle of poverty where children of poor were trapped in same culture of poverty and there was no hope or knowledge of how to enter mainstream life

Thorstein Veblin

wrote Theory of the Leisure Class, which condemned the rich for making money only for money's sake instead of for productive industrial purposes/to satisfy needs of people; wanted social leadership to turn to engineers as opposed to the wealthy

Harriet Beecher Stowe

wrote Uncle Tom's Cabin (abolitionist novel)

Ralph Nader

wrote Unsafe at Any Speed about the unsafe automobile, which triggered LBJ to establish National Traffic and Motor Vehicle Safety Act

Chorlotte Perkins Gilman

wrote Woman and Economics, calling for woman to contribute more to the economy and abandon their dependent status; created centralized kitchens and nurseries and helped get women into the workforce

Allen Ginsberg

wrote a dark, bitter poem called "Howl" as one of the "beats" in the 1950's; leader of the "beats" literary movement

Helen Hunt Jackson

wrote book about treatment of Native Americans, believed that whites treated them poorly

John Dickinson

wrote the Olive Branch Petition; later wrote Articles of Confederation

Nicholas Trist

wrote the Treaty of Guadalupe Hidalgo, which ended the Mexican American War

Dr. Benjamin Spock

wrote the bestseller Baby and Child Care in 1946

Walter Raushenbusch

young Baptist minister who read Bellamy, George, and other reformers; promoter of social gospel and believed that urban church should be place for schooling, helping poor, recreation, etc.; professor at Rochester Theological Seminary and expanded on responsibility of organized religion to advance social justice; thought there would be better life in next world/salvation

Frederick Jackson Turner

young history instructor at U of Wisconsin, wrote 1893 paper "The Significance of the Frontier in American History" and said that the existence of free land, its recession, and the advance of American settlement westward explains American development; views lack of frontier as bad thing; "frontier thesis"