Exam 1

skeletal system

Protects and supports body organs and provides a framework the muscles use to support movement. Made up of bones and joints

A branch of medicine that utilizes medical imaging technologies to explore the interior of the body is called

Radiology

Which branch of medicine is concerned with imaging, such as with X-rays?

Radiology

Which of the following are examples of a positive feedback mechanism?

contractions, and blood clot

In scientific experiments, placebos are given to Blank______.

control groups

Dissection and anatomy both mean

cutting apart

A receptor is a structure that

detects a change

Ultrastructure of a cell is revealed by

electron microscopes

Terms that identify the discoverer of a structure are called

eponyms

The term for the conscious or subconscious influence an experimenter may have on the interpretation of their data is

experimenter bias

A difference in chemical concentration, electrical charge, physical pressure, temperature, or other variable between one point and another is a physiological

gradient

Students are looking at major arteries and veins on the surface of the heart, which does not require a microscope. They are studying the Blank______ of the heart.

gross anatomy

If the textbook states a value for a typical human heart rate, you should assume that the value refers to the heart rate of a(n)

healthy 22-year-old

Which theory states that there are emergent properties of the whole organism that cannot be understood by its individual parts?

holism

The Blank______ method of study is the process of drawing conclusions and making predictions from repeated observation. It is a specific tool within the scientific method.

inductive

Which method of reasoning is a process of making numerous observations until one feels confident in drawing generalizations and predictions from them?

inductive method

Most medical terminology comes from the and Greek languages.

latin

Histology is also called

microscopic anatomy

A structure that is made up of two or more atoms is called a(n)

molecule

Organelles are composed of

molecules

When some bodily changes are detected, responses are activated that reverse the change, restoring stability and preserving normal body function. This would be an example of what type of feedback?

negative

Conclusions of the scientific method are...

open to refinement and open to correction

What is an anatomical structure that is composed of at least two different tissue types, has recognizable structural boundaries, and has a discrete function different from the structures around it called?

organ

The urinary system is an example of a(n)

organ system

What is the act of tapping the body to feel for abnormal resistance or listen for sounds called?

percussion

What type of feedback is a self-amplifying cycle in which a physiological change leads to an even greater change in the same direction?

positive

Effects of a subject's state of mind on their physiology are known as

psychosomatic

What is a cell or organ that is specialized to detect a stimulus called?

receptor

The number of animals (or people) used in an experimental study is called the

sample size

A typical outcome of a Blank______ may be expressed, "We can be 99.5% sure that the difference between group A and group B was due to the experimental treatment and not to random variation."

statistical test

Changes in the environment, to which organisms respond, are called what?

stimuli

nervous system

the body's speedy, electrochemical communication network, consisting of all the nerve cells of the peripheral and central nervous systems

An explanatory statement or set of statements derived from facts, laws and confirmed hypotheses is called a(n)

theory

What percentage of today's medical terms are formed from just 1,200 Greek and Latin roots?

90%

An organ is best described as which of the following?

A structure composed of at least two different tissues, with recognizable boundaries, and with a discrete function

Which evolutionary process leads to the establishment of species characteristics that favor survival and reproduction?

Adaptation

Which of the following is an example of a physiological negative feedback mechanism?

Body temperature

In a medical study, which group usually receives no treatment?

Control group

What is the process of transforming a cell with no specialized function into a cell with a specialized function called?

Differentiation

Which method is used to control experimental bias where neither the subject nor the person giving treatment and recording data know which subjects are receiving the treatment and which are receiving the placebo?

Double-blind method

Which prefix means "above" or "on top"?

Epi-

endocrine system

Glands secrete hormones that regulate processes such as growth, reproduction, and nutrient use (metabolism) by body cells.

An educated speculation or possible answer to a scientific question is called a(n)

Hypothesis

To be considered a scientific fact, information must be what?

Independently verified

What is a verbal or mathematical description of a predictable natural phenomenon called?

Law of nature

Which of the following states that some individuals have hereditary advantage over their competitors?

Natural selection

What is the method of having results evaluated by other experts in the field called?

Peer review

Medical mistakes, such as prescribing the wrong dose of medication, can result from failure to consider which of the following?

Physiological variation

What is a substance with no significant effect on a subject's physiology but is given to a control group that thinks they are being given the treatment called?

Placebo

Which of the following describes the integration center (control center) of a feedback mechanism?

Processes information, relates it to other information, and makes a decision of what a response should be

Placebos are often given to avoid what kinds of effects?

Psychosomatic

Which can be revealed through percussion during a medical exam?

Scar tissue, Pockets of air, Pockets of fluid

Anatomy is the study of?

Structure of the body

What does the term dissection refer to?

The process of carefully separating tissues to reveal anatomical relationships

What is gross anatomy?

The study of body structures that can be observed without magnification

Features of anatomy, physiology, and behavior that evolve in response to selection pressures are called

adaptations

Students are studying the shape, size, and parts of the heart. They are studying the Blank______ of the heart.

anatomy

A treetop habitat is also called a(n) habitat.

arboreal

Complexity Hierarchy

atom, molecule, macromolecule, organelle, cell, tissue, organ, organ system, organism

The receptors located in the heart, aortic arch, and carotid sinuses that trigger autonomic reflexes in response to fluctuations in blood pressure are known as

baroreceptors

Psychosomatic effects Blank______ on experimental results.

can have an undesirable effect

What is the smallest unit of an organism that can carry out all the functions of life?

cell

Evolutionary trends between species are often studied in which discipline?

comparative anatomy

An organism is a

complete individual

Which is an example of a class of tissue?

connective

An example of a well-designed experiment would have a(n) Blank______ group, which would receive a placebo, and a(n) Blank______ group, which would receive the intervention (i.e. treatment) being tested.

control, experimantal

Without the use of energy, matter tends to flow

down gradients

The internal state of the body is best described as a(n) equilibrium, where there is a set average point and conditions fluctuate around that point.

dynamic

A structure that carries out a response to a stimulus is called a(n)

effector

Statistical tests help scientists establish statements of absolute truth.

false

An increase in size of an organism is called

growth

A physician assistant devises a treatment plan based on the patient's age, lab results, economic status, perceptions, and emotions. What type of treatment is this?

holism

The ability to maintain a relatively stable internal environment in spite of changes in the external environment is known as

homeostasis

A generalization about the predictable ways in which matter and energy behave is called a

law of nature

Taking a pulse by feeling the radial artery is an example of which of the following?

palpation

When a doctor feels for a swollen lymph node, what action is she using in her exam?

palpation

The subdiscipline of physiology that is concerned with the mechanisms of disease is

pathophysiology

A review that is the method of evaluating results by other experts in that field is called a(n)

peer review

Who wrote On the Origin of Species by Means of Natural Selection?

Darwin

Which structure encloses a human cell and controls the traffic of molecules in and out of the cell?

Plasma membrane

Which forces promote the reproductive success of some individuals over others?

Selection pressures

What is the study of more than one species in order to observe their structural similarities and differences called?

Comparative anatomy

In which of the following does a surgeon learn a procedure on animals before practicing on humans?

Comparative physiology

Muscular System

Consists of skeletal muscles, tendons that connect muscles to bones, and ligaments that attach bones together to form joint

integumentary system

Consists of the skin, mucous membranes, hair, and nail

A physician who is listening to your heart beat is utilizing which diagnostic procedure?

Auscultation

In performing a physical examination, the act of listening to sounds made by the body is known as

Auscultation

Which statement best describes a theory?

Explanatory statement that concisely summarizes the state of knowledge on a phenomenon and provides direction for further study

Information that can be independently verified by any trained person is called which of the following?

Fact

The scientific method is based on an informed conjecture that is capable of being tested and potentially proven false by experimentation or data collection.

False

The study of ultrastructure focuses on examining individual cells, but not the fine details of cells.

False

Which branch of medicine examines tissues for disease?

Histopathology

What are the benefits of a large sample size?

It controls for individual variation. It enables us to place greater confidence in the outcome. It controls for chance events.

Which of the following are the criteria for a good hypothesis?

It is testable and falsifiable, It is consistent with what is already known.

Which of the following are features of an arboreal habitat?

Rich supply of leaves and fruit, Relatively less competition, Relative safety from predators

Which is an example of a law of nature?

The law of complementary base pairing

An effector

carries out corrective behavior

Evolution is

a change in the genetic composition of a population of organisms

What are features that have evolved in response to environmental pressures called?

adaptations

In anatomical terminology, the adjective comes Blank______ the noun.

after