Exam 1 Biology 2230

what is glycocacalyx

outer covering made of saccharides. used for attachements. ex streptococcus mutans ex streptococcus pneumonia

what was buchners contribution

permored fermentation using yeast extract. He discovered enzymes

what is peptidoglycan?

polymers of saccharides and amino acids acetyl glucoseamine(NAG) ACETYL MURAMIC ACID (NAM)

inclusion

precipitated chunk of energy/ storage molecules (storage granules) . minimizes water uptake

what is fimbria

protein structures used for attachement ex e coli

What is a cell wall, and why is it important?

rigid structure used to protect the cell, primarily against water. made of peptidoglycan- polymers of saccharides and amino acids.

Ribosomes

site of protein synthesis prokaryotic ribosomes are different from eukaryotic ribosomes ex tetracyline

plasmid

small accessory loop of DNA can be exchanged with other cells used in genetic engineering

Metabolism

sum of all biochemical reactions occuring in a cell. catabolic reactions- exergonic ( releases energy) decompostion anabolic reactions- synthetic, usually endergonic (require energy)

What is the theory of spontaneous generation

that if you leave raw meat out bacteria will grow on it

what impacts have microorganisms had on history?

the plague (1300's) Cortex conquers the aztecs (d/t smallpox 1520's) AMerican civil war (186o's)

Gram (-)

thin layer of peptidoglycan between an inner and outter membrane. outter membrane contains (lps) lipopolysaccaride. (many sugars to a lipid) ex e coli (0157 is fatal)

what is a gradient

unequal distribution of something ex height, pressure, thermal, electrical

Archea

unicellular Prokaryotic ( has no nucleus, no internal membranes) Adapted for extreme environment (temp, PH, salt)

Bacteria

unicellular Prokaryotic (no nucleus, no internal membranes)

Eukarya

unicellular has a nucleus has internal membranes 4 kingdoms: animalia, plantal, fungi, protista

what are endospores

"cell" within a cell produced by some bacteria in response to stressful environment. highly resilient. ex clostridium difficile bacillius anthracis

How did humans begin to combat microogranisms

-evil spirits/ demons- exervisioms -Gods wrath/sins- pray/ not sin -foul vapors- smell petals and wear masks -imbalance of humor- blood draining

Who was the first to see microorganisms, How? When?

Anton Leeuwenhoek, he was the first to see bacteria "animalcules" because he was a dutch drapery merchage and an expert lens grinder

what are the distinguishing features of prokaryotic cells

Bacteria= 1-10 mm Round- coccus (cocci) streptococcus pyrogenes Rod- Baccillus (bacilli) escherichia coli Bent rod- Vibrio . Bibrio cholerae Spiral- Spirillum- helicobacter pylori Spirochete . treponema pailidum Simple-single ex E choli Chain= strepto ex streptococcus pyogenes Diplococcus ex streptococcus pneumonia Cluster-staphylo ex staphylococcus aureus

Roles of microorganisms in the enviorment

Co2 + H2O ---> glucose + o2 Photosynthesis ex: cyanobacteria, algae Decomposers- bacteria & fungi

How did the plague contribute to microbiology

During the plague one third of the population dies in four years of yersinia pestis

who contributed to disproving spontaneous generation

Francesco Redi- covered raw meat, delayed spoiling Lazzaro Spallanzi- boiled broth Pasteur- repeats spallanzi's experiment using swan necked flask

what were historically thought to be causes of disease

Gods wrath/ sins Evil spirits Imbalance of humors (fluids) Foul vapors

Gram (+)

Gram positive single membrane surrounded by a thick layer of peptidoglycan. Also contains teichoic acids ex Streptococcus pyogenes staphylococcus aureus

What contributions to did Koch make to microbiology

Koch did the experiments in Pasteur's Lab

Who developed the germ theory of disease?

Loius pastour & Robert Koch

who developed the germ theory of diesease

Pasteur and Koch. Koch did the experiements

what is fermentation

Process which sugars process into alcohol

Whar are prokaryotes and Eukaryotes

Prokaryotic no nucleus, no internal membranes. Most are homeless- some cause disease Eukaryotes- Unicellular, has a nucleus, has internal membrane

4 mechanisms of membrane transport

Simple diffusion facilitated diffusion active transport passive transport

Steptococcus pyogenes in binomial classisfication

Streptococcus . genes pyogenes . species

active transport

movement from lower to higher requiring energy and a pump made of protein often used to create gradient ex proton pump

What types of bacteria have waxy cell walls

mycolic acid (wax) Mycobacteriym tuberculosis- prevent ATB from getting in

simple diffusion

net movement of a substance from areas of higher concentrations to areas of lower concentration. passive- no energy required

Viruses

nonliving obligate intracellular parasites. ex: HIV Prion- mad cow disease nucleoids- infections nucleic acids

when was the golden age of microbiology

mid 1800's to early 1900's

what questions did scientist attempt to answer

1. Does life arise spontaneously 2. What causes fermentation 3. What causes disease 4. how can disease be prevented/ treated

what roles did the following people play with germs? 1.Semmelweis 2. Nightingale 3. Lister 4. Jenner 5. Fleming

1. Semmelwies- wash hands 2. nightingale- hospital cleanliness 3. Lister- invented germicides, chemicals kill germs 4. Jenner- Vaccines, Pasteur creates more 5. Fleming- ANT (Penicillin)

concentraiton

amount of solute _________________________ amount of solvent

what did pasteur learn about fermentation

bacteria are the cause of spoilage. yeast is the cause of fermentation.

roles of microorganisms with food production

bread, cheese, yogurt, beet, wine Saccharomyces Cerevisiae (yeast cells)

What is flagella

complex protein machine used for motility Made of flegellia and spins ex helicobacter pylori

what is the structure of the cytoplasmic membrane

consists primarily of phospholipids arranged in a bilayer also contains proteins and carbohydrates regulates what enters/ exits the cell

osmosis

diffusion of a solvent (water) from high to low

bulk transport

endocytosis- movement into cell phagocytosis- bring in pinocytosis- engulfing exocytosis- movement out of cell

How do lysozymes work

enzyme hydrolysis *digest* peptidoglycan found in tears, saliva, breast milk weaken cell wall-lysis

Roles of microorganisms and biotechnology

genetic engineering

what are pilus

hollow protein tube used for material exchange ex plasmids (genes)

How does Penicillian work

it inhibits dehydrations synthesis of an amino acid cross links.

Nucleoid (chromosome)

large loop of double stranded DNA

facilitated diffusion

movement from high to low concentration with help of a transport protein