Exam 1 - Chapters 1-3

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calcium's atomic number is 20. it forms ions with 18 electrons. what is the electrical charge of a calcium ion

+2

approximately what percentage of the air we breathe is made of oxygen

20%

what is the mass number of the helium atom

4 amu

96% of body weight is made up of

4 elements

an atom of oxygen has an atomic number of 8 and a mass number of 18. how many of each type of subatomic particles does it contain

8 protons, 8 electrons, and 10 neutrons

what is the difference between active and passive transport across the plasma membrane

Active transport is ATP dependent, whereas passive transport uses only the kinetic energy of the particles for movement across the plasma membrane

which one of the following does not play a role in translation

DNA

Which of the following statements is true?

DNA determines the amino acid sequence of car proteins; ribosomal RNA (rRNA) is part of the ribosome; messenger RNA (mRNA) participates in transcription

phases of interphase

G1, S, G2

which of the following lists, in correct order, the phases of interphase

G1, S, and G2

the Na+-K+ pump transports _____ from the extracellular fluid to the cytoplasm

K+

what happens while the pump is dephosphorylated state

K+ is released, ATP binds, and Na+ binds

which of the following is an example of a decomposition reaction

MgO2 -> Mg + O2

the Na+ - K+ pump binds _______ when the pump is in its dephosphorylated state

Na+

which of the following is most likely to move through the cell membrane by facilitated diffusion

Na+

what happens while the pump is phosphorlyated state

Na+ is released, and K+ binds

which of the following is not a passive process

Na+/K+ pump

which function group makes one amino acid differ from another

R

which statement best describes strand characteristics as it relates to dna replication

The leading strand is built continuously, and the lagging strand is built in pieces

The mRNA start codon, AUG, matches up with a tRNA anticodon, __________.

UAC

Water acts to dissolve molecules in the body. How does water dissolve the salt (NaCl) in your mouth from a salty pretzel?

Water acts as a solvent because the partial negative charge on the oxygen in water attracts sodium, while the partial positive charge on hydrogen attracts chloride. This results in the separation of sodium from chloride, thus breaking the ionic bond

by which mechanism would a steroid molecule diffuse into the cell

a

what is a membrane potential

a voltage or electrical charge across the plasma membrane

which set of membrane proteins in the figure depicts the transport of solute molecules across the membrane

a

an ionic bond is

a chemical bond formed by the transfer of one or more electrons from the valence shell of one atom to that of the other

which of the following describes the difference between a colloid and a suspension

a colloid can undergo sol-gel transformation, whereas a suspension cannot

assume that Na+ is being transported across a membrane via facilitated diffusion. Which of the following conditions would allow for the most transport of Na+ across that membrane?

a gradient of more than 50% difference between sides for the Na+ and Na+ diffusing toward Cl−

which of the following factors would speed up the rate of a chemical reaction

a high concentration of reagents

which of the following statements best describes the fluid mosiac model of the plasma membrane

a lipid bilayer with protein molecules dispersed within it

what is the first step in RNA processing

a modified guanine nucleotide is added to the beginning of the RNA strand as a cap

which of the following events occurs during transcription

a molecule of RNA is formed based on the sequence of nucleotides in DNA

in hydrolysis,

a molecule of water is added for each bond broken

In plasma, a typical body fluid, protein floating around would be considered to be which of the following?

a solute, specifically both a colloid and an electrolyte

the monomers of proteins are

amino acids

the presence of what group differentiates most amino acids from each other

an R group

what is an ion

an atom that has either gained or lost electron(s)

when atoms or molecules combine to form larger, more complex molecules, the process is known as

anabolism

which term best describes the metabolic process of cells making more complex molecules from simpler substances

anabolism

during which phase of mitosis do the chromosomes separate

anaphase

during which phase of mitosis do the sister chromatids move apart

anaphase

chemical bonds

are energy relationships between the electrons of the reacting atoms

mircotubule arrays around centrosomes

asters

each known element is designated with a one- or two-letter chemical shorthand known as the

atomic symbol

which of the following is not produced through chemical bonding

atoms

in a covalent bond,

atoms share one or more pairs of electrons

which is representative of late prophase

attachment of chromatid pairs to spindle microtubules

which of the following events is not the result of a negative feedback mechanism

blood clotting when the lining of a blood vessel is injured

sugars contain all of the following except

calcium

An organic compound is analyzed, and it has twice as many hydrogen atoms as oxygen atoms. This compound is most likely a _________

carbohydrate

each individual gene does which of the following

carries the instructions for making a single polypeptide

a chemical reaction in which bonds are broken is

catabolic and exergonic

all of the following are functions of membrane receptors except

cell adhesion

tissues are groups of similar _____ that have a common function

cells

which of the following is not required for osmosis to occur

cellular energy

which of the following shows increasing complexity levels

cellular, tissue, organ, organ system

G1 phase

centrioles begin to replicate, cellular growth and biosynthesis of organelles and proteins for various functions

what happens during prophase

centrisomes move to the opposite sides of the cell, mitotic spindle fibers form and attach to centromeres, dna condenses into chromosomes, nuclear envelope breaks up

these structures act as focal points for the appearance of the mitotic spindle

centrosomes

Electrolytes are charged particles called ions that are dissolved in body fluids. Which of the following ions would be considered a major anion in the body?

chloride

When a double helix of DNA is replicated, two complete helices are formed. Together, these helices are called sister __________.

chromatids

dna containing structures which condense during prophase

chromatin

structures containing dna only visible during mitosis and first seen in prophase

chromosomes

what happens during metaphase

chromosomes align in the center of the cell

which is representative of early prophase

chromosomes condense as sister chromatid pairs

select the correct activity occurring during anaphase

chromosomes move towards opposite poles of the cell

what happens during telophase

chromosomes reach the opposite ends of the cell, chromosomes relax and nuclear envelopes form, completion of cytokinesis

which of the following cell structures are involved in propelling substances across cell surfaces

cilia

nonpolar molecules are the result of unequal electron pair sharing

false

which example best illustrates the principle of complementarity

convolutions of the small intestines provides greated surface are for nutrient absorption

which of the following correctly ranks the types of chemical bonds, in order, from strongest to weakest

covalent, ionic, hydrogen

what is the name of the process by which the cytoplasm divides into two

cytokinesis

what process ultimately pinches a dividing cell to produce two daughter cells

cytokinesis

which is true regarding cytokinesis

cytokinesis usually begins in anaphase

which is the least like the other three? cerebrospinal fluid cytoplasm plasma interstitial fluid

cytoplasm because it is inside the cell while the others are all extracellular fluids

which of the following organelles maintains cell shape, supports cellular structures, and generates cell movements

cytoskeleton

the Na+-K+ pump binds ATP when the pump is in its ______ state

dephosphorylated

which of the following events most directly leads to the change in pump conformation shown above

dephosphorylation of the pump

which of the following are considered anchoring junctions

desmosomes

the branch of anatomy that traces structural changes that occur in the body throughout the life span is referred to as

developmental anatomy

what is the force driving all of these transport mechanisms

diffusion down a concentration gradient

the body's ability to provide nutrients to target issues is a cooperative effort between which two body systems

digestive and cardiovascular

the median, or midsagittal plane

divides the body in two equal left and right sides along the midline

which nucleic acid molecules are involved in trasncription but not translation in the synthesis of a particular polypeptide

dna

Which protein joins together the Okazaki fragments of DNA in the lagging strand?

dna ligase

which statement about dna replication is false

dna ligase adds nucleotides to the lagging strand

which of the following builds new strands of dna

dna polymerase

S phase

dna replication

before a cell can divide, what must occur during interphase

each chromatin fiber is duplicated in the nucleus

which of the following statements about genes is not correct

each single chromosome contains one single gene

all of the following cells are considered "footloose", as they lack cellular junctions, EXCEPT _________

epithelial cells

a vesicle fuses with the plasma membrane and releases its contents to the extracellular fluid. this statement describes

exocytosis

4th step of RNA processing

extra adenine nucleotides are added to the end of the RNA strand, forming a tail.

which of the following is the best situation for maintaining homeostasis

extracellular fluid should be isotonic to intracellular fluid

which of the following is/are housed in the orbital cavity

eye

some transport processes use transport proteins in the plasma membrane, but do not require ATP. this type of transport is known as

facilitated diffusion

the majority of water molecules moving across plasma membranes by osmosis do so via a process that is most similar to

facilitated diffusion

the serous membrane is a double-layered membrane created by two separate membranes

false

which of the following is not a major function of proteins in the cell membrane

forming the entire glycocalyx

which is true about dna

found in the nucleus, contains our genes, contains the instructions for protein synthesis

the plane that divides the body into anterior and posterior parts is called the

frontal plane

which of the following would not diffuse through the plasma membrane by means of simple diffusion

glucose

why is it necessary for glucose to be pumped into the cell rather than diffusing in

glucose may have to be moved against a concentration gradient

Definite changes in the __________ of the cell membrane can be seen in a cell that is becoming cancerous.

glycocalyx

cells may be said to be "sugar-coated" because of the presence of

glycocalyx

which of the following organelles produces secretory vesicles

golgi apparatus

G2 phase

growth and biosynthesis of products to be used in mitosis, centrioles finish replicating

which of the following bases are purines

guanine and adenine

what type of bond is formed between the oxygen atom of one water molecule and the hydrogen atom of another water molecule

hydrogen bond

pH is a concentration unit used to measure the concentration of

hydrogen ions in a solution

which of the following solutions contains the most solute

hypertonic

crenation takes place when a cell is placed in a(n)

hypertonic solution

which of the following is an example of a homeostatic imbalance

illness

what is the basic difference between simple diffusion and facilitated diffusion across a cell membrane

in facilitated diffusion, molecules only move with the aid of a protein in the membrane

Which of the following best describes why Na+ isn't also transported in the opposite direction—from the extracellular fluid to the cytoplasm

in this pump conformation, Na+ can no longer bind

enzymes ______ the rate of a chemical reaction by _____ the activation energy

increase; lowering

Type 1 diabetes is caused when an individual does not produce insulin. which of the following statements regarding insulin is true?

insulin controls blood sugar

which of the following is not a necessary human life function

intelligence

during which phase of the cell cycle does DNA replication occur

interphase

during which phase of the cell does dna duplication or replication, take place

interphase

lysosomes perform which of the following cellular functions

intracellular digestion

covalent bonds

involve the sharing of one to three pairs of electrons

all electrolytes are

ions

how do ions form ionic bonds

ions of opposite electrical charges are attracted to each other to balance the charges

in general, to maintain homeostasis the relationship between our intracellular fluids should be which of the following

isotonic to each other

which of the following is not true of DNA

it carries amino acids to the ribosome

think about a 10% saline solution (saline refers to salt). which of the following is a correct statement

it contains 10% solute and 90% solvent

all of the following are true about serous fluid except that

it increases the friction produced by the movement of the organs with which it is associated

which of the following statements about kinetic energy is INCORRECT

it is a type of stored energy

which of the following best defines anatomy

it is the study of the structure of body parts and their relationships with one another

which response provides the best explanation as to why ionic compounds easily dissociate in water

its unusual polar arrangement allows more substances to dissolve in water than in any other chemical

what is the difference between kinetic and potential energy

kinetic energy is energy in action, while potential energy is stored energy

which of the following is an example of positive feedback

labor contractions causing the release of oxytocin, which results in an increase in the quantity of labor contractions

which of the following statements is true regarding the enzyme-catalyzed reaction compared to the uncatalyzed reaction

less energy input is required to start the reaction in the presence of enzyme

prostaglandins are

lipids

the spleen is an organ in the

lymphatic system

which of the following does not occur during RNA processing

mRNA attaches to the small subunit of a ribosome

which of the following is a correct statement about mRNA

mRNA moves from the nucleus to the cytoplasm following RNA processing

during which phase of mitosis do sister chromatids line up at the center of the cell

metaphase

in which stage of mitosis do the chromosomes align along the cell equator

metaphase

which of the following organelles is responsible for generating most of the energy the cell uses to perform work

mitochondrion

which of the following is not a difference between a compound and a mixture

mixtures are homogenous while compounds are heterogenous

what is the function of the golgi apparatus

modification and packaging of proteins

a primary active transport process is one in which

molecules move through transport proteins that have been activated by ATP

which of the following best explains diffusion

movement of molecules from an area of high concentration to an area of low concentration

simple diffusion is best describes as substances

moving passively down a concentration gradient

what is the function of mRNA during translation

nRNA carries the code for a polypeptide's sequence of amino acids

Which two systems monitor the body for homeostasis?

nervous and endocrine

which subatomic particles contribute to an atom's mass number but not its atomic number

neurtons

Atoms of oxygen have a total of 8 electrons. Are these atoms stable, and why or why not?

no, because the atoms have only 6 valence electrons, but need 8 for stability

these rna structures disappear when chromosomes appear

nucleoli

the building blocks (monomers) of RNA and DNA are

nucleotides

which of the following cell structures is the largest organelle in the cell and functions as the control center of the cell

nucleus

Which of the following lipids are thought to decrease heart disease

omega-3 fatty acids

which of the following distinguishes hydrogen bonds from covalent bonds

only hydrogen bonds can form between molecules

which of the following transport mechanisms specifically involves the movement of water

osmosis

what diffuses through the plasma membrane through simple diffusion

oxygen, a steriod hormone, a lipid-soluble vitamin

Which pH is more acidic, a pH of 3, a pH of 7, or a pH of 9?

pH of 3

proteins in the cell membrane that bind hormones and relay messages into the interior of the cell

perform a function known as signal transduction

which of the following organelles possesses oxidase enzymes that function in neutralizing harmful free radicals

peroxisome

which of the following is the main component of the cell membrane

phosopholipid

what part of a cell membrane is usually in contact with the interstitial fluid

phosphate heads of phospholipids

which of the following molecular components of the lipid bilayer of the plasma membrane possesses a charged polar phosphate "head" and uncharged nonpolar fatty acid "tails"

phospholipid

the body cavity that houses the lungs is known as the

pleural cavity

A molecule of water (H2O) is formed by what type of bond?

polar covalent bonds

formation of hydrogen bonds requires hydrogen atoms and what else

polar covalent bonds

which of the following is not one of the three components of homeostatic control systems

positive feedback

the sequence of amino acids in a protein constitutes the _________ structure of the protein

primary

the sodium-potassium pump uses ATP to move sodium and potassium ions across the plasma membrane. this statement describes

primary active transport

which type of membrane transport process uses ATP as a source of energy

primary active transport

active processes

primary active transport, secondary active transport, endocytosis, exocytosis

during which of the following phases does chromatin condense and become chromosomes

prophase

during which phase of mitosis do the nuclear envelope and nucleoli disappear

prophase

place the four phases of mitosis in the correct order or occurrence from left to right

prophase, metaphase, anaphase, telophase

which of the following is the correct sequence for the stages of mitosis

prophase, metaphase, anaphase, telophase

which of the following lists, in correct order, the phases of mitosis

prophase, metaphase, anaphase, telophase

molecular chaperones help __________ fold

proteins

which particle is indicated by the arrow

proton

buffers tend to prevent dramatic changes in pH when _______ are added to a solution

proton donors or proton acceptors

which type of subatomic particles can be located within the nucleus of an atom

protons and neutrons

which of the following types of energy moves in waves

radiant energy

the Na+ - K+ pump can bind ATP only after the pump ___________

releases phosphate

the ability to sense changes in the environment and respond to them is a physiological ability known as

responsiveness

which of the following organelles serves as the site of protein synthesis

ribosome

the site of translation is

ribosomes in the cell cytoplasm

which of the following types of RNA contains regions that act as a switch to turn protein synthesis on and off for the protein they code for

riboswitches

if you know that the appendix lies in the right lower part of the trunk, you could also say it lies in the

right inguinal region

2nd step in RNA processing

segments of the rna strand that do not actually code for the protein are removed

3rd step of RNA processing

segments of the rna that do code for the protein are reconnected

which of the following is a characteristic of the cell membrane

semipermeable

passive process

simple diffusion, facilitated diffusion, osmosis

which phase below correctly describes metaphase

sister chromatids are aligned at the metaphase plate

what happens during anaphase

sister chromatids, separate into chromosomes, chromosomes move along the spindle fibers

which of the following body systems functions to produce blood cells

skeletal

which of the following is least likely to increase the rate of diffusion

small concentration gradient

vesicular transport is involved in all of the following transport processes except

solute pumps

a homogenous mixture of gases, liquids, or solids is referred to as a

solution

which internal organ is not housed in the ventral body cavity

spinal cord

cortisol is a type of lipid hormone. which type of lipid would cortisol be classified as

steroid

the important cholesterol-based molecules are

steroids

which of the following is a product in the following reaction? glucose + fructose -> sucrose + h2o

sucrose

consider sweetened ice tea. which of the following is a solute

sugar

The sternal region of the body is __________ to the umbilical region.

superior

the cavity between articulating bones at most joints is known as the

synovial cavity

during which of the following phases does DNA replication occur

synthesis

which item below is not a function or role performed by proteins found in the plasma membrane

synthesis of proteins

during dna replication, which nucleotide will bind to an A neucleotide in the original or parental dna strand

t

which statement best describes the function of tRNA in translation

tRNA carries amino acids to the ribosome

during which phase of mitosis do nuclear envelopes and the nucleoli reappear

telophase

if a person goes to the hospital for surgery and requires IV fluids, which of the following should you expect

the IV fluid should be isotonic to the patient's blood

if a person is severely dehydrated, their extracellular fluids will become hypertonic to the intracellular fluid. what do you predict will happen to the person's cells

the cells will lose water and shrink

5th step of RNA processing

the completed messenger RNA (mRNA) leaves the nucleus

the resting membrane potential is mainly determined by

the differential permeavility of the plasma membrane to K+ and other ions

which of the following statements about dipoles is INCORRECT

the dipole molecules are electrically balanced

the cranial cavity is part of

the dorsal body cavity

which of the following is true of polar covalent bonds

the electrons are shared unequally

why is the figure considered to be an example of a negative feedback system, as opposed to a positive feedback system

the figure illustrates the correction of an imbalance back to a baseline

the underlying cause of Tay-Sachs disease is

the lack of enzymes needed to break down a glycolipid abundant in nerve cell membranes

cristae are found in which of the following cell organelles

the mitochondria

when an ionic bond forms, which part(s) of the atoms are directly involved

the outermost electrons

which of the following does not represent correct positioning when placing the body in the anatomical position

the thumbs are pointing medially

which of the following is/are not included in the axial part of the body

the upper limbs

which of the following statements is correct about genes

they are composed of DNA, they are part of your chromosomes, they are located in the nucleus

what is the function of serous fluid

to enables organs, such as the heart and the stomach, to slide across cavity walls and each other without friction

the respiratory system contains

trachea, bronchi, lungs

which of the following is an incorrect description

transfer RNA (tRNA) transfers the instructions for protein synthesis to the ribosome

ATP is unstable, high-energy molecule that provides body cells with a form of energy that is immediately usable

true

which of the following is not a result of hydrogen bonds

two hydrogen atoms join together to form a molecule of hydrogen gas

which parts of atoms can interact (react) to form chemical bonds

valence electrons

the outermost energy shell of an atom is known as it

valence shell

which membrane directly covers the heart

visceral pericardium

which of the following is considered the universal solvent

water

foods are broken down into their building blocks by adding water. this would be an example of which characteristic of water

water acts as a reactant

Carbon atoms have four valence electrons. Are they likely to react with other atoms, and why or why not?

yes, because they can become more stable by doing so


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