Exam 1 - Chapters 1-3
calcium's atomic number is 20. it forms ions with 18 electrons. what is the electrical charge of a calcium ion
+2
approximately what percentage of the air we breathe is made of oxygen
20%
what is the mass number of the helium atom
4 amu
96% of body weight is made up of
4 elements
an atom of oxygen has an atomic number of 8 and a mass number of 18. how many of each type of subatomic particles does it contain
8 protons, 8 electrons, and 10 neutrons
what is the difference between active and passive transport across the plasma membrane
Active transport is ATP dependent, whereas passive transport uses only the kinetic energy of the particles for movement across the plasma membrane
which one of the following does not play a role in translation
DNA
Which of the following statements is true?
DNA determines the amino acid sequence of car proteins; ribosomal RNA (rRNA) is part of the ribosome; messenger RNA (mRNA) participates in transcription
phases of interphase
G1, S, G2
which of the following lists, in correct order, the phases of interphase
G1, S, and G2
the Na+-K+ pump transports _____ from the extracellular fluid to the cytoplasm
K+
what happens while the pump is dephosphorylated state
K+ is released, ATP binds, and Na+ binds
which of the following is an example of a decomposition reaction
MgO2 -> Mg + O2
the Na+ - K+ pump binds _______ when the pump is in its dephosphorylated state
Na+
which of the following is most likely to move through the cell membrane by facilitated diffusion
Na+
what happens while the pump is phosphorlyated state
Na+ is released, and K+ binds
which of the following is not a passive process
Na+/K+ pump
which function group makes one amino acid differ from another
R
which statement best describes strand characteristics as it relates to dna replication
The leading strand is built continuously, and the lagging strand is built in pieces
The mRNA start codon, AUG, matches up with a tRNA anticodon, __________.
UAC
Water acts to dissolve molecules in the body. How does water dissolve the salt (NaCl) in your mouth from a salty pretzel?
Water acts as a solvent because the partial negative charge on the oxygen in water attracts sodium, while the partial positive charge on hydrogen attracts chloride. This results in the separation of sodium from chloride, thus breaking the ionic bond
by which mechanism would a steroid molecule diffuse into the cell
a
what is a membrane potential
a voltage or electrical charge across the plasma membrane
which set of membrane proteins in the figure depicts the transport of solute molecules across the membrane
a
an ionic bond is
a chemical bond formed by the transfer of one or more electrons from the valence shell of one atom to that of the other
which of the following describes the difference between a colloid and a suspension
a colloid can undergo sol-gel transformation, whereas a suspension cannot
assume that Na+ is being transported across a membrane via facilitated diffusion. Which of the following conditions would allow for the most transport of Na+ across that membrane?
a gradient of more than 50% difference between sides for the Na+ and Na+ diffusing toward Cl−
which of the following factors would speed up the rate of a chemical reaction
a high concentration of reagents
which of the following statements best describes the fluid mosiac model of the plasma membrane
a lipid bilayer with protein molecules dispersed within it
what is the first step in RNA processing
a modified guanine nucleotide is added to the beginning of the RNA strand as a cap
which of the following events occurs during transcription
a molecule of RNA is formed based on the sequence of nucleotides in DNA
in hydrolysis,
a molecule of water is added for each bond broken
In plasma, a typical body fluid, protein floating around would be considered to be which of the following?
a solute, specifically both a colloid and an electrolyte
the monomers of proteins are
amino acids
the presence of what group differentiates most amino acids from each other
an R group
what is an ion
an atom that has either gained or lost electron(s)
when atoms or molecules combine to form larger, more complex molecules, the process is known as
anabolism
which term best describes the metabolic process of cells making more complex molecules from simpler substances
anabolism
during which phase of mitosis do the chromosomes separate
anaphase
during which phase of mitosis do the sister chromatids move apart
anaphase
chemical bonds
are energy relationships between the electrons of the reacting atoms
mircotubule arrays around centrosomes
asters
each known element is designated with a one- or two-letter chemical shorthand known as the
atomic symbol
which of the following is not produced through chemical bonding
atoms
in a covalent bond,
atoms share one or more pairs of electrons
which is representative of late prophase
attachment of chromatid pairs to spindle microtubules
which of the following events is not the result of a negative feedback mechanism
blood clotting when the lining of a blood vessel is injured
sugars contain all of the following except
calcium
An organic compound is analyzed, and it has twice as many hydrogen atoms as oxygen atoms. This compound is most likely a _________
carbohydrate
each individual gene does which of the following
carries the instructions for making a single polypeptide
a chemical reaction in which bonds are broken is
catabolic and exergonic
all of the following are functions of membrane receptors except
cell adhesion
tissues are groups of similar _____ that have a common function
cells
which of the following is not required for osmosis to occur
cellular energy
which of the following shows increasing complexity levels
cellular, tissue, organ, organ system
G1 phase
centrioles begin to replicate, cellular growth and biosynthesis of organelles and proteins for various functions
what happens during prophase
centrisomes move to the opposite sides of the cell, mitotic spindle fibers form and attach to centromeres, dna condenses into chromosomes, nuclear envelope breaks up
these structures act as focal points for the appearance of the mitotic spindle
centrosomes
Electrolytes are charged particles called ions that are dissolved in body fluids. Which of the following ions would be considered a major anion in the body?
chloride
When a double helix of DNA is replicated, two complete helices are formed. Together, these helices are called sister __________.
chromatids
dna containing structures which condense during prophase
chromatin
structures containing dna only visible during mitosis and first seen in prophase
chromosomes
what happens during metaphase
chromosomes align in the center of the cell
which is representative of early prophase
chromosomes condense as sister chromatid pairs
select the correct activity occurring during anaphase
chromosomes move towards opposite poles of the cell
what happens during telophase
chromosomes reach the opposite ends of the cell, chromosomes relax and nuclear envelopes form, completion of cytokinesis
which of the following cell structures are involved in propelling substances across cell surfaces
cilia
nonpolar molecules are the result of unequal electron pair sharing
false
which example best illustrates the principle of complementarity
convolutions of the small intestines provides greated surface are for nutrient absorption
which of the following correctly ranks the types of chemical bonds, in order, from strongest to weakest
covalent, ionic, hydrogen
what is the name of the process by which the cytoplasm divides into two
cytokinesis
what process ultimately pinches a dividing cell to produce two daughter cells
cytokinesis
which is true regarding cytokinesis
cytokinesis usually begins in anaphase
which is the least like the other three? cerebrospinal fluid cytoplasm plasma interstitial fluid
cytoplasm because it is inside the cell while the others are all extracellular fluids
which of the following organelles maintains cell shape, supports cellular structures, and generates cell movements
cytoskeleton
the Na+-K+ pump binds ATP when the pump is in its ______ state
dephosphorylated
which of the following events most directly leads to the change in pump conformation shown above
dephosphorylation of the pump
which of the following are considered anchoring junctions
desmosomes
the branch of anatomy that traces structural changes that occur in the body throughout the life span is referred to as
developmental anatomy
what is the force driving all of these transport mechanisms
diffusion down a concentration gradient
the body's ability to provide nutrients to target issues is a cooperative effort between which two body systems
digestive and cardiovascular
the median, or midsagittal plane
divides the body in two equal left and right sides along the midline
which nucleic acid molecules are involved in trasncription but not translation in the synthesis of a particular polypeptide
dna
Which protein joins together the Okazaki fragments of DNA in the lagging strand?
dna ligase
which statement about dna replication is false
dna ligase adds nucleotides to the lagging strand
which of the following builds new strands of dna
dna polymerase
S phase
dna replication
before a cell can divide, what must occur during interphase
each chromatin fiber is duplicated in the nucleus
which of the following statements about genes is not correct
each single chromosome contains one single gene
all of the following cells are considered "footloose", as they lack cellular junctions, EXCEPT _________
epithelial cells
a vesicle fuses with the plasma membrane and releases its contents to the extracellular fluid. this statement describes
exocytosis
4th step of RNA processing
extra adenine nucleotides are added to the end of the RNA strand, forming a tail.
which of the following is the best situation for maintaining homeostasis
extracellular fluid should be isotonic to intracellular fluid
which of the following is/are housed in the orbital cavity
eye
some transport processes use transport proteins in the plasma membrane, but do not require ATP. this type of transport is known as
facilitated diffusion
the majority of water molecules moving across plasma membranes by osmosis do so via a process that is most similar to
facilitated diffusion
the serous membrane is a double-layered membrane created by two separate membranes
false
which of the following is not a major function of proteins in the cell membrane
forming the entire glycocalyx
which is true about dna
found in the nucleus, contains our genes, contains the instructions for protein synthesis
the plane that divides the body into anterior and posterior parts is called the
frontal plane
which of the following would not diffuse through the plasma membrane by means of simple diffusion
glucose
why is it necessary for glucose to be pumped into the cell rather than diffusing in
glucose may have to be moved against a concentration gradient
Definite changes in the __________ of the cell membrane can be seen in a cell that is becoming cancerous.
glycocalyx
cells may be said to be "sugar-coated" because of the presence of
glycocalyx
which of the following organelles produces secretory vesicles
golgi apparatus
G2 phase
growth and biosynthesis of products to be used in mitosis, centrioles finish replicating
which of the following bases are purines
guanine and adenine
what type of bond is formed between the oxygen atom of one water molecule and the hydrogen atom of another water molecule
hydrogen bond
pH is a concentration unit used to measure the concentration of
hydrogen ions in a solution
which of the following solutions contains the most solute
hypertonic
crenation takes place when a cell is placed in a(n)
hypertonic solution
which of the following is an example of a homeostatic imbalance
illness
what is the basic difference between simple diffusion and facilitated diffusion across a cell membrane
in facilitated diffusion, molecules only move with the aid of a protein in the membrane
Which of the following best describes why Na+ isn't also transported in the opposite direction—from the extracellular fluid to the cytoplasm
in this pump conformation, Na+ can no longer bind
enzymes ______ the rate of a chemical reaction by _____ the activation energy
increase; lowering
Type 1 diabetes is caused when an individual does not produce insulin. which of the following statements regarding insulin is true?
insulin controls blood sugar
which of the following is not a necessary human life function
intelligence
during which phase of the cell cycle does DNA replication occur
interphase
during which phase of the cell does dna duplication or replication, take place
interphase
lysosomes perform which of the following cellular functions
intracellular digestion
covalent bonds
involve the sharing of one to three pairs of electrons
all electrolytes are
ions
how do ions form ionic bonds
ions of opposite electrical charges are attracted to each other to balance the charges
in general, to maintain homeostasis the relationship between our intracellular fluids should be which of the following
isotonic to each other
which of the following is not true of DNA
it carries amino acids to the ribosome
think about a 10% saline solution (saline refers to salt). which of the following is a correct statement
it contains 10% solute and 90% solvent
all of the following are true about serous fluid except that
it increases the friction produced by the movement of the organs with which it is associated
which of the following statements about kinetic energy is INCORRECT
it is a type of stored energy
which of the following best defines anatomy
it is the study of the structure of body parts and their relationships with one another
which response provides the best explanation as to why ionic compounds easily dissociate in water
its unusual polar arrangement allows more substances to dissolve in water than in any other chemical
what is the difference between kinetic and potential energy
kinetic energy is energy in action, while potential energy is stored energy
which of the following is an example of positive feedback
labor contractions causing the release of oxytocin, which results in an increase in the quantity of labor contractions
which of the following statements is true regarding the enzyme-catalyzed reaction compared to the uncatalyzed reaction
less energy input is required to start the reaction in the presence of enzyme
prostaglandins are
lipids
the spleen is an organ in the
lymphatic system
which of the following does not occur during RNA processing
mRNA attaches to the small subunit of a ribosome
which of the following is a correct statement about mRNA
mRNA moves from the nucleus to the cytoplasm following RNA processing
during which phase of mitosis do sister chromatids line up at the center of the cell
metaphase
in which stage of mitosis do the chromosomes align along the cell equator
metaphase
which of the following organelles is responsible for generating most of the energy the cell uses to perform work
mitochondrion
which of the following is not a difference between a compound and a mixture
mixtures are homogenous while compounds are heterogenous
what is the function of the golgi apparatus
modification and packaging of proteins
a primary active transport process is one in which
molecules move through transport proteins that have been activated by ATP
which of the following best explains diffusion
movement of molecules from an area of high concentration to an area of low concentration
simple diffusion is best describes as substances
moving passively down a concentration gradient
what is the function of mRNA during translation
nRNA carries the code for a polypeptide's sequence of amino acids
Which two systems monitor the body for homeostasis?
nervous and endocrine
which subatomic particles contribute to an atom's mass number but not its atomic number
neurtons
Atoms of oxygen have a total of 8 electrons. Are these atoms stable, and why or why not?
no, because the atoms have only 6 valence electrons, but need 8 for stability
these rna structures disappear when chromosomes appear
nucleoli
the building blocks (monomers) of RNA and DNA are
nucleotides
which of the following cell structures is the largest organelle in the cell and functions as the control center of the cell
nucleus
Which of the following lipids are thought to decrease heart disease
omega-3 fatty acids
which of the following distinguishes hydrogen bonds from covalent bonds
only hydrogen bonds can form between molecules
which of the following transport mechanisms specifically involves the movement of water
osmosis
what diffuses through the plasma membrane through simple diffusion
oxygen, a steriod hormone, a lipid-soluble vitamin
Which pH is more acidic, a pH of 3, a pH of 7, or a pH of 9?
pH of 3
proteins in the cell membrane that bind hormones and relay messages into the interior of the cell
perform a function known as signal transduction
which of the following organelles possesses oxidase enzymes that function in neutralizing harmful free radicals
peroxisome
which of the following is the main component of the cell membrane
phosopholipid
what part of a cell membrane is usually in contact with the interstitial fluid
phosphate heads of phospholipids
which of the following molecular components of the lipid bilayer of the plasma membrane possesses a charged polar phosphate "head" and uncharged nonpolar fatty acid "tails"
phospholipid
the body cavity that houses the lungs is known as the
pleural cavity
A molecule of water (H2O) is formed by what type of bond?
polar covalent bonds
formation of hydrogen bonds requires hydrogen atoms and what else
polar covalent bonds
which of the following is not one of the three components of homeostatic control systems
positive feedback
the sequence of amino acids in a protein constitutes the _________ structure of the protein
primary
the sodium-potassium pump uses ATP to move sodium and potassium ions across the plasma membrane. this statement describes
primary active transport
which type of membrane transport process uses ATP as a source of energy
primary active transport
active processes
primary active transport, secondary active transport, endocytosis, exocytosis
during which of the following phases does chromatin condense and become chromosomes
prophase
during which phase of mitosis do the nuclear envelope and nucleoli disappear
prophase
place the four phases of mitosis in the correct order or occurrence from left to right
prophase, metaphase, anaphase, telophase
which of the following is the correct sequence for the stages of mitosis
prophase, metaphase, anaphase, telophase
which of the following lists, in correct order, the phases of mitosis
prophase, metaphase, anaphase, telophase
molecular chaperones help __________ fold
proteins
which particle is indicated by the arrow
proton
buffers tend to prevent dramatic changes in pH when _______ are added to a solution
proton donors or proton acceptors
which type of subatomic particles can be located within the nucleus of an atom
protons and neutrons
which of the following types of energy moves in waves
radiant energy
the Na+ - K+ pump can bind ATP only after the pump ___________
releases phosphate
the ability to sense changes in the environment and respond to them is a physiological ability known as
responsiveness
which of the following organelles serves as the site of protein synthesis
ribosome
the site of translation is
ribosomes in the cell cytoplasm
which of the following types of RNA contains regions that act as a switch to turn protein synthesis on and off for the protein they code for
riboswitches
if you know that the appendix lies in the right lower part of the trunk, you could also say it lies in the
right inguinal region
2nd step in RNA processing
segments of the rna strand that do not actually code for the protein are removed
3rd step of RNA processing
segments of the rna that do code for the protein are reconnected
which of the following is a characteristic of the cell membrane
semipermeable
passive process
simple diffusion, facilitated diffusion, osmosis
which phase below correctly describes metaphase
sister chromatids are aligned at the metaphase plate
what happens during anaphase
sister chromatids, separate into chromosomes, chromosomes move along the spindle fibers
which of the following body systems functions to produce blood cells
skeletal
which of the following is least likely to increase the rate of diffusion
small concentration gradient
vesicular transport is involved in all of the following transport processes except
solute pumps
a homogenous mixture of gases, liquids, or solids is referred to as a
solution
which internal organ is not housed in the ventral body cavity
spinal cord
cortisol is a type of lipid hormone. which type of lipid would cortisol be classified as
steroid
the important cholesterol-based molecules are
steroids
which of the following is a product in the following reaction? glucose + fructose -> sucrose + h2o
sucrose
consider sweetened ice tea. which of the following is a solute
sugar
The sternal region of the body is __________ to the umbilical region.
superior
the cavity between articulating bones at most joints is known as the
synovial cavity
during which of the following phases does DNA replication occur
synthesis
which item below is not a function or role performed by proteins found in the plasma membrane
synthesis of proteins
during dna replication, which nucleotide will bind to an A neucleotide in the original or parental dna strand
t
which statement best describes the function of tRNA in translation
tRNA carries amino acids to the ribosome
during which phase of mitosis do nuclear envelopes and the nucleoli reappear
telophase
if a person goes to the hospital for surgery and requires IV fluids, which of the following should you expect
the IV fluid should be isotonic to the patient's blood
if a person is severely dehydrated, their extracellular fluids will become hypertonic to the intracellular fluid. what do you predict will happen to the person's cells
the cells will lose water and shrink
5th step of RNA processing
the completed messenger RNA (mRNA) leaves the nucleus
the resting membrane potential is mainly determined by
the differential permeavility of the plasma membrane to K+ and other ions
which of the following statements about dipoles is INCORRECT
the dipole molecules are electrically balanced
the cranial cavity is part of
the dorsal body cavity
which of the following is true of polar covalent bonds
the electrons are shared unequally
why is the figure considered to be an example of a negative feedback system, as opposed to a positive feedback system
the figure illustrates the correction of an imbalance back to a baseline
the underlying cause of Tay-Sachs disease is
the lack of enzymes needed to break down a glycolipid abundant in nerve cell membranes
cristae are found in which of the following cell organelles
the mitochondria
when an ionic bond forms, which part(s) of the atoms are directly involved
the outermost electrons
which of the following does not represent correct positioning when placing the body in the anatomical position
the thumbs are pointing medially
which of the following is/are not included in the axial part of the body
the upper limbs
which of the following statements is correct about genes
they are composed of DNA, they are part of your chromosomes, they are located in the nucleus
what is the function of serous fluid
to enables organs, such as the heart and the stomach, to slide across cavity walls and each other without friction
the respiratory system contains
trachea, bronchi, lungs
which of the following is an incorrect description
transfer RNA (tRNA) transfers the instructions for protein synthesis to the ribosome
ATP is unstable, high-energy molecule that provides body cells with a form of energy that is immediately usable
true
which of the following is not a result of hydrogen bonds
two hydrogen atoms join together to form a molecule of hydrogen gas
which parts of atoms can interact (react) to form chemical bonds
valence electrons
the outermost energy shell of an atom is known as it
valence shell
which membrane directly covers the heart
visceral pericardium
which of the following is considered the universal solvent
water
foods are broken down into their building blocks by adding water. this would be an example of which characteristic of water
water acts as a reactant
Carbon atoms have four valence electrons. Are they likely to react with other atoms, and why or why not?
yes, because they can become more stable by doing so