Exam 1

B. Oozes are at least 30% biogenous test material while abyssal clays are at least 70% fine, clay-sized particles from the continent.

3. How are oozes different from abyssal clays? A. Oozes and abyssal clays are essentially the same. B. Oozes are at least 30% biogenous test material while abyssal clays are at least 70% fine, clay-sized particles from the continent. C. Abyssal clays are at least 30% biogenous test material while oozes are at least 70% fine, clay-sized particles from the continent. D. Abyssal clays are glacial deposits, while oozes are turbidite deposits

pelagic deposit

A sediment sample dominated by microscopic lithogenous sediment grains would be classified as a ___________.

D. All of the above

Alfred Wegener's theory of continental drift relied on which evidence? A. The jigsaw puzzle fit of the continental land masses B. The same dinosaur fossils were found on different continents. C. Mountain range on one continent matches a mountain range on another continent. D. All of the above.

stromatolites.

All the following are examples of hydrogenous sediment except

ocean sediments are thickest in pelagic waters overlying the oceanic ridges.

All the following statements are true of ocean sediments except :

alkaline

As a whole, the pH of surface waters of the ocean is slightly __________.

coccolithophores; foraminifers

Calcite-secreting organisms such as __________ and __________ live in the ocean's sunlit surface waters and form the basis of most marine food webs.

carbonic acid (H2CO3)

Carbon dioxide (CO2) combines with water (H2O) to form __________.

clay

Complete this analogy: Bouncing is to sand as suspension is to_____________.

ions

Complete this analogy: Sliding is to gravel as dissolution is to_____________.

microscopic spherules and macroscopic meteor debris.

Cosmogenous sediment consists of two main types of sediment

D. All of the above

Deep water has more dissolved CO2 because of decomposition of particulate organics from above, and thus is more acidic compared to surface water. A. Because of this increasing acidity with depth, there exists a depth at which carbonate shells dissolve. B. At this depth, carbonate dissolution equals carbonate precipitation. This depth is called the Calcium Carbonate Compensation Depth (CCD) C. Below the CCD, there is no net accumulation of carbonate. D. All of the above

B. Clay, silt, sand, pebbles

From smallest to largest, which list of sediment textures is in the correct order? A. Clay, sand, silt, pebbles B. Clay, silt, sand, pebbles C. Pebbles, sand, silt, clay D. Silt, clay, pebbles, sand

B. Oozes are at least 30% biogenous test material while abyssal clays are at least 70% fine, clay-sized particles from the continent.

How are oozes different from abyssal clays? A. Oozes and abyssal clays are essentially the same. B. Oozes are at least 30% biogenous test material while abyssal clays are at least 70% fine, clay-sized particles from the continent. C. Abyssal clays are at least 30% biogenous test material while oozes are at least 70% fine, clay-sized particles from the continent. D. Abyssal clays are glacial deposits, while oozes are turbidite deposits

rolling, sliding, bouncing

How can pieces of rock in contact with a stream bed move?

B. Sea water was enclosed and precipitated in basin pockets, effectively removing if from the ocean.

How did plate tectonics play a role in decreasing the salinity of the early ocean? A. The process of plate tectonics adds salt to the seawater B. Sea water was enclosed and precipitated in basin pockets, effectively removing if from the ocean. C. None of the above.

D. Dissolved minerals in seawater precipitate out of solution when temperature and pressure conditions change.

How does a hydrogenous sediment form in the deep ocean? A. Hot water from vents concentrate nutrients in the deep ocean. B. Phosphates and carbonates occur at volcanic mid-ocean ridges. C. Ship wrecks dissolve and contribute to the mineral content in the ocean. D. Dissolved minerals in seawater precipitate out of solution when temperature and pressure conditions change.

Silica tests accumulate faster than seawater can dissolve them

How does siliceous ooze accumulate on the seafloor if silica-based residues are dissolved slowly at all depths?

A. As water interacts with hot rock, some minerals are dissolved whereas others are deposited.

Hydrothermal vents are considered both a source and sink for ions dissolved in sea water. How can one factor both add and take away ions? A. As water interacts with hot rock, some minerals are dissolved whereas others are deposited. B. The statement is incorrect. Hydrothermal vents are only a source for dissolved ions, not a sink

A. Continental margin, abyssal plain, mid-ocean ridge, abyssal plain and again continental margin

If you could walk on the bottom of the ocean from the east coast of Canada to the west coast of N Africa, which ocean provinces in which order would you encounter? A. Continental margin, abyssal plain, mid-ocean ridge, abyssal plain and again continental margin B. Only abyssal plain C. Mid-ocean ridges, continental margin and then abyssal plain D. No such thing as provinces in ocean

D. All of the above

If you traveled to another earthlike planet with an ocean, how could you determine if tectonic plates and plate tectonic movement existed? A. Look for mountain ranges, oceanic ridges, oceanic trenches, and volcanoes. B. From satellite imaging, observe a jigsaw fit of the continental edges C. Check seismic readings for earthquake activity. D. All of the above.

Are hot spot volcanoes located on the Pacific Plate Will eventually subduct in the Aleutian trench

Islands in the Hawaiian Island chain (mark all that apply) 1. Are increasing in age from north to south 2. Are hot spot volcanoes located on the Pacific Plate 3. Are made of granitic rock 4. Will eventually subduct in the Aleutian trench

B. Water is a polar molecule and thus forms hydrogen bonds.

Many of the unique properties of water, such as cohesion and its reputation as a universal solvent, come from its properties at the molecular level. What causes these properties? A. Atoms in water molecules are stuck together with ionic bonds. B. Water is a polar molecule and thus forms hydrogen bonds. C. Water molecules contain sodium (Na) ions that break down substances.

biogenous sediment

Match the term or person with the appropriate phrase. coccolithophores

hydrogenous sediment

Match the term or person with the appropriate phrase. halite

biogenous sediment

Match the term or person with the appropriate phrase. siliceous ooze

C. Silicate and carbonate

Most biogenic sediments consist of tiny shells called microfossils that are made of what two substances? A. Carbonate and manganese B. Silicate and manganese C. Silicate and carbonate D. Carbonate and iron oxides

sand, silt, and gravel

Neritic sediments are most likely to be composed of __________.

A. Greater activity of sea-floor spreading

On long geologic times, sea level is influenced by plate tectonics. What caused the flooding of the continents 470 million years ago? A. Greater activity of sea-floor spreading B. More convergent boundaries C. Absence of plate tectonic movement D. None of the above

the biogenous component tends to be overwhelmed by the amount of lithogenous material derived from the nearby continent

Oozes are uncommon on continental margins because __________.

True

Organisms that live on the ocean floor may be responsible for keeping manganese nodules from being buried in the sediment

less than 30% biogenous material

Pelagic clays contain lots of material that settles to the seafloor through the water column and are:

True

Radiolarian oozes typically form near the equator

rotary drilling

Sediment samples from deep beneath the ocean floor are recovered by __________.

lithogenous.

Sediments derived from pre-existing rocks on land are called

neritic.

Sediments found on continental margins are called:

hydrogenous.

Sediments produced because of chemical reactions in seawater are called

cosmogenous.

Sediments with an extraterrestrial origin are called:

high latitudes; equatorial upwelling zones

Siliceous ooze is particularly abundant on the seafloor at __________ and at __________.

C. Carbonate accumulation; carbonate dissolution

The Calcite Compensation Depth (CCD) is the depth in the ocean where _________ equals _________. A. Acidity; dissolution potential B. Temperature; the dissolution point C. Carbonate accumulation; carbonate dissolution

C. Carbonate accumulation; carbonate dissolution

The Calcite Compensation Depth (CCD) is the depth in the ocean where _________ equals _________. A. Acidity; dissolution potential B. Temperature; the dissolution point C. Carbonate accumulation; carbonate dissolution

A. divergent

The East Pacific Rise is associated with which type of plate boundary? A. divergent B. convergent C. transform D. all of the above

B. The pattern of alternating reversals indicates that new seafloor is generated at the mid-ocean ridge and is moving away from the spreading centers.

The alternating reversals of Earth's magnetic field throughout history have been recorded in sea floor rocks in a particular pattern and chronology. How does this support plate tectonics? A. This does not support plate tectonics. B. The pattern of alternating reversals indicates that new seafloor is generated at the mid-ocean ridge and is moving away from the spreading centers. C. The pattern of alternating reversals indicates that the sea floor is static, and so there must be another mechanism for plate movement. D. The pattern of alternating reversal indicates that the sea level has risen due to plate subduction.

A. True

The biggest diversification of life (540 million years ago) happened at the same time that the salinity in the ocean decreased. A. True B. False

calcite compensation depth or CCD

The depth at which calcite dissolves rapidly in the ocean is called the __________.

zoogenous sediment.

The four main types of marine sediment include all the following except

C. bicarbonate ion

The most abundant ion of the carbonate sytem in the ocean is A. hydrogen ion B. carbonate ion C. bicarbonate ion D. carbon dioxide

abyssal plain far from a continent.

The most likely place to find abundant manganese nodules is on the

hydrogen

The pH scale is a measure of the __________ ion concentration of a solution.

clathrates

The sea floor provides the largest reservoir of usable energy in the ocean—and likely the world—in the form of ______________.

diatoms; radiolarians

The two major types of microscopic, planktonic organisms that produce siliceous oozes are __________ and __________.

neritic, lithogenous sediment deposits

The type of marine sediment that forms the thickest deposits worldwide is:

A. Sea-floor spreading

Through which process does Earth loose its internal heat? A. Sea-floor spreading B. Subduction C. Transform faulting D. None of the above

B. carbonic acid

Water and CO2 combine to form which acid initially A. hydrochloric acid B. carbonic acid C. pool acid D. does not form an acid

C. There is a natural buffer system based on the ions of bicarbonate and carbonate

Water in the ocean combines with carbon dioxide to form a weak acid called carbonic acid. But the ocean's pH is 8.1 on average, which is slightly basic. How is this so? A. Water has a set pH and never fluctuates. B. Because of ocean water's salt content, it is always basic. C. There is a natural buffer system based on the ions of bicarbonate and carbonate.

C. Evaporite minerals formed from restricted open ocean circulation with high evaporation rates

What are halite and gypsum? A. Manganese nodules formed from precipitation out of the saturated water column B. Metal sulfides associated with hydrothermal vents C. Evaporite minerals formed from restricted open ocean circulation with high evaporation rates D. Carbonate deposits in tropical seas

C. Evaporite minerals formed from restricted open ocean circulation with high evaporation rates

What are halite and gypsum? A. Manganese nodules formed from precipitation out of the saturated water column B. Metal sulfides associated with hydrothermal vents C. Evaporite minerals formed from restricted open ocean circulation with high evaporation rates D. Carbonate deposits in tropical seas

bed load, suspended load, dissolved load

What are the three types of loads carried by streams?

A. They are all associated with zones of earthquakes.

What do all plate boundaries have in common? A. They are all associated with zones of earthquakes. B. They are all associated with an abundance of volcanic activity. C. They are all located along the edges of continents. D. They occur only on the ocean floor. E. They occur entirely within the middle of continents.

C. Neither subducts; instead, a mountain range forms.

What happens when two continental plates converge? A. The older one subducts. B. The younger one subducts. C. Neither subducts; instead, a mountain range forms. D. A spreading center forms. E. A hotspot is formed.

a fine-grained, deep ocean sediment containing the skeletal remains of calcite-secreting microbes

What is calcareous ooze?

C. Oil and natural gas formed from remains of ancient microorganisms buried within marine sediments

What is petroleum? A. Gas hydrates of methane and carbon dioxide B. Minerals deposited from biogenous secretions C. Oil and natural gas formed from remains of ancient microorganisms buried within marine sediments D. A combination of siliceous and calcium carbonate oozes that decompose.

the fine-grained particles that travel in the water column above the stream bed

What is suspended load?

D. 1000m

What is the approximate sediment thickness of the sediment cover on a seafloor about 100 Mio years old that is covered by carbonaceous ooze that settles at about 1cm/1000yrs? A. 10 m B. 100 m C. 1000 cm D. 1000 m

the ocean depth below which calcite is unstable and will dissolve quickly

What is the calcite compensation depth, or CCD?

B. Cyanobacteria produce carbonate structures in warm shallow seas that can date back to 3 billion years ago

What is the significance of stromatolites? A. They are composed of benthic patches of bacteria found at hydrothermal vents. B. Cyanobacteria produce carbonate structures in warm shallow seas that can date back to 3 billion years ago C. They are composed of siliceous deposits of diatoms and dinoflagellates. D. They are composed of biogenous deposits of foraminiferans and coccolithophores.

deposition of calcite shells above the CCD, cover of these shells by a non-calcareous material, and movement of the sea floor over millions of years

What three steps are required for calcareous ooze to exist below the CCD?

Calcareous ooze would not be found below the CCD.

What would happen if the depth of the CCD were above the top of the mid-ocean ridge?

A. Convergent boundary.

Where do most of the largest earthquakes occur? A. Convergent boundary. B. Divergent boundary. C. Transform boundary. D. Hot spots.

B. Deep-Sea hydrothermal vents

Where would you find the greatest deep-sea biodiversity? A. Oceanic trenches B. Deep-Sea hydrothermal vents C. Continental slopes D. None of the above

C. Rise

Which continental margin feature is located at the bottom of a passive continental margin? A. Shelf break B. Slope C. Rise D. Mid-ocean ridge

A. Oxidation of H2S

Which is the source of energy used by Chemosynthesis? A. Oxidation of H2S B. Light C. Photons D. CO2

gravel, sand

Which of the following are part of the bed load?

foraminiferans

Which of the following contains calcium carbonate (CaCO3

radiolarians

Which of the following contains silica (SiO2)?

B. Coccolithophorids

Which of the following organism groups contribute to calcareous oozes? A. Diatoms B. Coccolithophorids C. Dinosaurs D. Radiolarians E. Fish

A. Diatoms

Which of the following organism groups contribute to siliceous oozes (S)? A. Diatoms B. Coccolithophorids C. Dinosaurs D. Pteropods E. Fish

B. Quartz is formed only in the arid environments of deserts.

Which of these statements is INCORRECT? A. Quartz is composed of silica, which is common in continental rocks. B. Quartz is formed only in the arid environments of deserts. C. Quartz is one of the most durable minerals in continental rocks, so it resists weathering. D. Quartz grains come from continental mountain belts.

Age of lithospheric plate Water depth Sediments thickness

Which parameters increase with increasing distance from a spreading center (mark all that apply) Heat flow Age of lithospheric plate Water depth Sediments thickness

C. Archaea

Who is carrying out chemosynthesis at the hydrothermal vents? A. Algae B. Tube worms C. Archaea D. Giant mussels

A. Organic marine sediments provide source of natural gas that then forms gas hydrate in high pressure low temperature conditions.

Why are gas hydrate deposits abundant in submarine continental margins? A. Organic marine sediments provide source of natural gas that then forms gas hydrate in high pressure low temperature conditions. B. There is plenty of water to form the ice-like compound. C. Gas hydrate forms in surface water offshore of continents where it sinks to the ocean bottom. D. The ocean contains abundant bacteria, which form the natural gas needed for gas hydrate.

B. The water is hypersaline; it has a high amount of dissolved solids, making it extremely dense and buoyant.

Why are lakes like the Dead Sea and Great Salt Lake so buoyant? A. The water is brackish; it has a high amount of dissolved solids, making it extremely dense and buoyant. B. The water is hypersaline; it has a high amount of dissolved solids, making it extremely dense and buoyant. C. Salt water meets freshwater at these lakes, making them extremely buoyant. D. None of the above.

D. Clay dominates because of the scarcity of biogenic particles.

Why are the deep ocean basins covered with red clay deposits? A. Red clays are formed from submarine weathering of other sediments. B. Clay particles are carried to the middle of the oceans by wind and currents. C. Only the deep ocean has the right pressure, temperature, and oxygen conditions to form red clay. D. Clay dominates because of the scarcity of biogenic particles.

B. Because ocean floor is constantly being recycled.

Why is the oldest sediment/ocean floor that we can find in the ocean no older than 200 million years old? A. Because Earth is 200 Mio yrs old. B. Because ocean floor is constantly being recycled. C. None of the above.

D. All of the above.

You are exploring an ocean basin and trying to determine whether it formed by sea floor spreading. Which of the following evidence would expect to find in an actively spreading ocean? A. Bathymetry would reveal a mid-ocean ridge. B. Symmetric magnetic anomalies would be found parallel to the mid-ocean ridge. C. Dredging of the mid-ocean ridge would yield young rocks. D. All of the above.

D. Carbonate ooze

You are on a research cruise, and you leave Japan, heading east. At about 1500 kilometers east of Japan, you encounter a large volcanic plateau (Shatsky Rise) that is covered with sediments. You lower a piston core to sample the sediments, and the wire indicator says 2500 meters of water depth. What kind of sediment will the core likely contain? A. Lihtogenous B. Hydrogenous C. Abyssal clays D. Carbonate ooze E. Siliceous ooze

clay

You take a sediment sample from the ocean floor at a depth of 5500 m. The area has low biological productivity and the CCD is at 4500 m depth. Your sample will probably consist of __________.