Exam 1 Earth History

Nicolaus Steno

-"Figured Stones" were actually ancient animals -Organic origin of fossils -3 Principles Superposition Original Horizontality Lateral Continuity

Charles Lyell

-"Grand Synthesizer" -Principle of Cross Cutting -Principle of Inclusions -Took all geologic research and put it together for the first time -Separated science from religion

Inge Lehmann

-Discovered Earth's inner core -Founded the idea behind different earthquake waves s waves d waves

James Hutton

-Founded Uniformitarianism -Recognized rock cycles (Earth=Dynamic) -Infinite end of geologic time and the earth will forever be changing -Earth has dynamic cycles

Environments of deposition

-Grain Size: Coarse grain rocks are formed in higher energy environments and close to weathering source Fine grain rocks are formed in low energy environments and far from their weathering source -Grain Composition: More resistant minerals (ex.quartz) are expected to survive longer transport journeys, found further from weathering source Some composites only form in severe depositional environments(ex. coal, rock salt) -Grain Roundness: Angular grains suggest rocks that form close to weathering source and short transport journeys Rounded grains suggest long transport journeys

Leonardo Davine

-Historical geology through bible and scripture -Believed shells grew from seeds and couldn't have survived Noah's flood -Found fossils in multiple rock layers

Wiliam "strata" Smith

-Principle of Faunal Succession -Worlds first geological map "map that changed the world"

Charles Darwin

-Theory of organic evolution -Darwin based theories form Lyell Research

What percent of earth crust volume is sedimentary crust?

5%

How many principles are there?

6

What percent of earths total land mass do sedimentary rocks cover?

75%

Mineral

Any naturally occurring inorganic substance having a specific chemical composition and a characteristic crystal surface

Isotopes

Atom of the same element with a different atomic masses

Ion

Atom with an excess positive or negative charge

Classification of Sedimentary Rocks

CLastic and Non-Clastic Sedimentary Rocks

Earth's Chemical Differentiation of Internal Structure

Crust Mantle Core

Minerals

Feldspar=60% of crust total weight -multiple colors Mica=occurs in thin plates or sheets Pyroxene+Amphibole=

List Metamorphic Rocks

Gneiss Schist Phyllite Marble

What are the listed Igneous Rocks?

Granite Rhyolite Diorite Andesite Gabbro Basalt

Silicate Tetrahedron

Helps locate what exact mineral we're observing

4 Spheres of the Planet

Hydrosphere Biosphere Atmosphere Lithosphere

Who created uniformitarianism?

James Hutton

Strata

Layers of Rock

Outer Core

Liquid, same material as inner core just liquid 2200km thick

Earth's Physical Differentiation of Internal Structure

Lithosphere Asthenosphere Mesosphere Outer Core Inner Core

Principle of Original Horizontality

Sediment is deposited in layers that are originally horizontal (parallel to surface as deposited)

Inner Core

Solid, same material as outer core just solid 150km thick

Paleoecology+Paleoenvironment

Study of how past communities interacted with each other and their environment

Stratigraphy

Study of rocks as strata

Steno's 3 principles

Superposition Original Horizontality Lateral Continuity

Metamorphic Rocks

Undergo a change in form due to the action of high heat or pressure

Principle of Inclusions

a body of rock is younger than any of its constituents

S-Waves (secondary/shear)

actual waves of an earthquake and can't pass through liquid

Rock

any aggregate of mineral matter

Fossil

any physical evidence of past life

Physical Weathering

breaks down rocks and minerals into smaller particles with no change in mineral/chemical composition

Clastic Rocks

composed of "clasts" (grains/particles produced by physical weathering) -Examples: conglomerate, sandstone, mudstone/shale -Textures: grain roundness, size sorting, composition

Chemical Weathering

decomposition of rocks and minerals by chemicals

Sedimentary Rocks

form when sediment becomes compressed and/or cemented over time

What are Sedimentary Rocks

form when sediments become compressed or cemented over time

Geologic Time Scale

formal succession -biostratigraphy=correlation of rock strata using fossils

Non-Clastic Rocks

formed by chemical or biological processes -Examples: limestone, dolomite, chert/flint, coal, chalk, rock salt

Element

fundamental substance in which matter can be separated by chemical means

Earth Layer Athenosphere

hotter, more ductile (plastic) 100-350km thick

Principle of Superposition

in any sequence of undisturbed layers of rock the oldest layers are the bottom and the youngest are at the top

Evolution

indirect evidence examples are genetic information, comparative anatomy like with chimp and human DNA -fossils tell us when major changes in biological information occurred in the past

Core

iron+nickel composition 3500km thick

Biosphere

living/life globe

Mantle

middle layer, denser darker silicates 2800km thick

Mesospshere

middle layer, solid, denser 2600km thick

Transport

movement of sediments from point of weathering to point of deposition

When does transport occur?

occurs in wind, glacial movement, and running water+landslides, happens very quickly

Crust

outer most layer, silicates 10-70km thick

Earth Layer Lithosphere

outermost physical zone, rigid 100km thick

Paleogeography

physical and biological geography and the geologic past of land mass and it's occupants

2 types of the sedimentary rock cycle

physical weathering chemical weathering

Silicate Minerals

primarily made with oxygen and silicone -SI+4/Cation -0-2/Anion

Principle of Original Lateral Continuity

rock layer extends continuosly in all directions until it thins out, encounters a barrier, or merges with another sediment

Igneous Rocks

rocks that form from crystalization of molten material (magma/lava)

Principle of Faunal Succession

sedimentary rocks are characterized by unique assemblies of fossils that change through time

Deposition

setting or precipitation of sediments into layers(strata)

Atom

smallest individual particle that retains all properties of a given atom

Lithosphere

solid planet (rock)

Uniformitarianism

the present is key to the past -was guiding principle to knowing how the world works.

Importance of sedimentary rocks to earth history

they preserve clues about past environmental conditions on earth

Atmosphere

vapor (air)

Hydrosphere

water within the globe

D-Waves (primary/compressional)

waves pass through water, will find easiest way out

Molecule

when combined they create minerals

Principle of Cross-Cutting Relationships

younger geologic features cut across older geologic features -which geologic events happened first