Exam 1 multiple choice questions

Erikson expanded on Freud's views by: Select one: a. elaborating on the social influences on development. b. stressing biological forces in development. c. focusing on improvements in one's sense of self d. emphasizing the power of the id.

a elaborating on the social influences on development

Adopting a lifespan perspective, the best synonym for development is: a. nurturance b. improvement c. change d. environment

C. Change

History normative influences include all of the following except: a. worldwide economic depression b. the AIDS epidemic c. death of a spouse d. introduction of the contraceptive pill

C. Death of a spouse

Age-normative influences include all of the following except: a. puberty b.menopause c. retirement d. war

D. War

Which of the following is an example of a non normative event? a. the 9/11 bombing of the WTC b. winning the lottery c. a woman giving birth at 52 d. two of those options

D. two of those options

Children are tested in the Strange Situation between_________ since it is expected that attachment to the parent would have occurred by that time. Select one: a. 10-24 months b. Any age is appropriate. c. 14 - 36 months d. 3 - 8 months

a 10-24 months

In the example of the child who cried when a fishhook pierced the white of his fingernail, the child's dad comforted him by telling him_____________. This example is best understood by ____________. Select one: a. "Fishhooks don't kill fish: they catch them."/ Piaget's theory. b. "You can handle it! Stop crying."/ Freud's theory. c. "There is no reason to cry; the hook doesn't cause pain."/ Erikson's theory. d. "Let's put a Band-Aid on it."/ Bronhoffer's theory.

a. "Fishhooks don't kill fish: they catch them."/Piaget's theory

An infant who develops trust has learned that: Select one: a. "I count. I can make a difference in my life." b. "I have purpose in my life." c. "I cannot depend on people to help me." d. "I can do many things by myself."

a. "I count. I can make a difference in my life."

While about __________ of children have a slow to warm up temperament, about ____________are born with a difficult one. Select one: a. 15%/ 10% b. 10%/ 30% c. 25%/ 25% d. None of the options.

a. 15%/10%

If one parent has a genetic makeup of Hh for Huntington's and the other hh, what are the risks for their potential offspring developing the disorder? Select one: a. 50% b. 100% c. 75% d. 25%

a. 50%

The behavior of the 2 year old child who defies his parents daily is best explained by Select one: a. Erikson's autonomy vs. doubt/shame stage. b. Piaget's preoperational stage. c. None of the options. d. Freud's anal stage.

a. Erikson's autonomy vs. doubt/shame stage

Which of the following genetic disorders develops typically when the person is in their mid 30s or older? Select one: a. Huntington's disease b. PKU c. cystic fibrosis d. Tay-Sachs

a. Huntington's disease

An example of Erikson's third stage would be: Select one: a. a 3 year old trying to fill a cup with water and cheerfully wiping up the water when it spills. b. a 7 year old learning to read fluently. c. an infant learning that she can depend on being fed. d. a teenager conforming to peer pressure.

a. a 3 year old trying to fill a cup with water and cheerfully wiping up the water when it spills

Which of the following are members of the same cohort? a. a high school senior in Cleveland and a high school senior in Cincinnati in 1999 b. a veteran of the Vietnam war and a veteran of WWI c. a woman who raised children in Chicago during WWII and a woman raising children in Chicago during the 1990s d. an urban child in the Soviet Union and a rural child in the USA

a. a high school senior in Cleveland and a high school senior in Cincinnati in 1999

The embryonic stage is characterized by: Select one: a. All of the options. b. incredibly rapid change. c. development of all major bodily systems. d. high sensitivity to the effects of teratogens.

a. all of the options

Which of the following are examples of influences making up the context of one's life? a. all of the options b. social c. biological d. intellectual

a. all of the options

A child who has developed trust in the first stage of life is likely to _________in the second year of life. Select one: a. assert their independence b. be very demanding c. be clingy d. suspicious of strangers

a. assert their independence

Which of the following genetic makeups is typical of someone with Cystic Fibrosis? Select one: a. cc b. cC c. Cc d. CC

a. cc

A complete strand of genes is called a: Select one: a. chromosome. b. carrier. c. zygote. d. function

a. chromosome

The germinal stage (zygote or ovum stage) is approximately from __________ and the stage of the embryo from ___________. Select one: a. conception to the 10-14th day/ implantation through the 8th week. b. conception to the 10-14th day/ the 8th week to 15th week. c. the 14th day to the 21st day/ 3-6th month. d. implantation to the 14th day/ the 9th week to birth.

a. conception to the 10-14th day/ implantation through the 8th week

Which of the following is a social influence leading to the development of trust in stage Erikson's stage 1? Select one: a. cuddling b. toilet training c. avoiding eye contact d. All of the options.

a. cuddling

Ellen is suspicious of strangers, has frequent tantrums, has an irregular pattern of waking and sleeping, and has difficulty adapting to change. Which kind of temperament does she have? Select one: a. difficult b. hyperactive c. slow to warm up d. easy

a. difficult

Newborns can see: Select one: a. lines and spaces 1/8th of an inch wide. b. objects 3 feet away most clearly. c. nearly as well as adults. d. only in black and white.

a. lines and spaces 1/8th of an inch wide.

In the Kauai study, all of the following were protective factors for children developing resilience except: Select one: a. low emotional intelligence. b. an easy temperament. c. success in school, sports, and/or some other area of life. d. All of the options.

a. low emotional intelligence

Having folic acid in a pregnant woman's diet is critical for the proper development of the _________ during the_________. Select one: a. neural tube/ embryonic stage. b. heart/ germinal stage. c. limbs/ fetal stage. d. brain/ gestation stage.

a. neural tube/ embryonic stage

The familiarity factor influencing attachment refers to all of the following EXCEPT: Select one: a. parents giving unconditional hugs. b. parents behaving in consistent ways. c. parents setting up daily routines for care. d. parents spending "enough time" with a child.

a. parents giving unconditional hugs

One year old Miranda was left with a stranger during the Strange Situation test. She shrieked the whole time her mother was out of the room and when her mother returned, she alternately clung to her and pushed her away. Miranda's behavior typifies a(n) _________ child who is likely to be _________ at age 3 than children who had hugged their mom and resumed playing. Select one: a. resistant insecure/ less independent b. neglected/ more independent c. secure/ less dependent d. avoidant insecure/ more independent

a. resistant insecure/ less independent

In the story of the little boy and the old man, which of the following is an example of an influence from the social domain? a. School mates are bullying the little boy. b. The little boy's parents are going through a divorce. c. Living in the USA, the little boy is expected to be toilet trained by 2.9 years. d. The old man is adjusting to the loss of his wife.

a. school mates are bullying the little boy

In the embryonic period, teratogens are most apt to produce __________;while in the fetal stage, they are apt to produce __________. Select one: a. structural defects; less serious defects. b. physiological defects/ defects of the limbs. c. functional difficulties/ more serious problems. d. None of the options.

a. structural defects; less serious defects

Environmental factors that may produce birth defects by crossing the placenta are called: Select one: a. teratogens. b. blastocysts. c. toxinogens. d. allergens.

a. teratogens

In a lifespan perspective, understanding an individual depends on examining ____________. a. the context of their life b. their individual personality c. their inborn characteristics d. the environmental influences on their development

a. the context of their life

A child is born with Down Syndrome when: Select one: a. they receive an extra chromosome for pair 21. b. they inherit two defective recessive genes. c. they develop more chromosomal material on pair 7. d. they inherit a defective dominant gene.

a. they receive an extra chromosome for pair 21.

The rooting reflex consists of: Select one: a. turning their head towards a touch on their cheek. b. arching their back and extending their arms and legs. c. making a fist. d. fanning out their toes when touched on the foot.

a. turning their head towards a touch on their cheek.

Which of the following is the best example of generativity? Select one: a. two of the options b. A focus on caring for others as the fulfilling aspect of one's job. c. Reinvesting in one's business to become more successful. d. Helping out in a community project, such as building a playground for children.

a. two of the options

One characteristic that all development theories have in common is that they are ____________ theories and describe change in __________. Select one: a. history-normative/ steps b. age-normative/ stages c. quantitative/ degrees d. nonnormative/ a straight line

b. age-normative/ stages

Characteristics of children with fetal alcohol syndrome may include _______ . Select one: a. mental retardation. b. All of the options. c. hyperactivity. d. facial deformities.

b. all of the options

Homelessness has an effect on: a. infant mortality b. all of the options c. Placement in special education classes d. mothers receiving prenatal care

b. all of the options

The effects of teratogens depend on: Select one: a. the intensity of exposure. b. All of the options. c. the type of teratogen. d. when exposure took place during pregnancy.

b. all of the options

According to Erikson, supporting the psychosocial needs of a 2 year old would include: Select one: a. All of the options. b. allowing them to feed themselves. c. dressing them daily. d. protecting them from failure.

b. allowing them to feed themselves

In the story of the little boy and the old man, the _________ of the two individuals were similar, but the _________ of their development differed. a. reasons/ normative factors b. behaviors/ context c. family situations/ norms d. cultural factors/ economic factors

b. behaviors/context

The explanation of the little boy's dropping spoons as due to cerebral palsy is an example of an influence in the ____________ domain. a. cultural b. biological c. natural d. spiritual

b. biological

White babies are more likely to die from _________. Black infants from problems associated with _________. Select one: a. LBW/ birth defects b. birth defects/ LBW c. None of the options. d. prenatal insults/ genetic problems.

b. birth defects/ LBW

Erikson describes the age range for his first stage as ___________ and for his third ______________. Select one: a. birth to 2 years/ 4-7 years b. birth to 12(18) months/ 3-6 years c. birth to 3(5 )years/ 5-7 years d. birth to 18 months/ 18 months - 3 years

b. birth to 12 (18) months / 3-6 years

Perinatal stress refers to: Select one: a. problems occurring during the last 3 months of pregnancy. b. birth trauma and other problems around the time of birth. c. stress at the moment of birth. d. injuries at the time of birth.

b. birth trauma and other problems around the time of birth

The grasping reflex normally disappears before a baby is one year old. What problem might be indicated if a 2 year old continues to exhibit this reflex? Select one: a. plasticity of the subcortex. b. delayed cortical development. c. delayed development of spinal cord. d. poor socialization of the child.

b. delayed cortical development.

While Freud focused on development ________ , Erikson described development as ___________. Select one: a. in the social domain/ due to biological forces b. during the first six years of life/ lifelong c. in childhood/ lifelong d. of sexual interests/ cognitive change

b. during the first six years of life/ lifelong

A key characteristic of a resilient child in the Kauai study was: Select one: a. All of the options. b. having someone in their life who loved them unconditionally c. a birth with no complications. d. a home life with routines and parents with at least a high school ed.

b. having someone in their life who loved them unconditionally

Erikson's stage 6 is called ____________ and applies to ages __________. Select one: a. generativity vs. stagnation/ 40-65 b. intimacy vs. isolation/ 20-40 c. integrity vs. despair/ 60-85 d. identity vs. role confusion/ 30-45

b. intimacy vs. isolation/ 20-40

As described in lecture, the importance of a parent showing "warmth" to a child is that it gives the child a feeling being: Select one: a. in control. b. special. c. safe. d. understood.

b. special.

Which of the following teratogens causes damage during the embryonic stage? Select one: a. All of the options. b. thalidomide. c. syphilis d. genital herpes.

b. thalidomide

I estimated the age of the little boy in the story as 5 because: a. he cries often b. the boys language was too sophisticated for a 3 year old c. none of the options d. incontinence is highly common for 5 year olds

b. the boy's language was too sophisticated for a three year old

The most significant finding of the Kauai study was that: Select one: a. perinatal stress is not long lasting. b. the environment a newborn goes home to matters. c. birth trauma is seldom overcome. d. recovery from perinatal stress is seldom complete.

b. the environment a newborn goes home to matters

Which of the following is not a good example of sensitive care? Select one: a. he parent says, "I can see you are scared." b. the parent tells the child there is nothing to be afraid of. c. the parent shows the child that the "lion" is not longer in the closet. d. he parent gives the child a way to deal with the fear (lion stun spray).

b. the parent tells the child there is nothing to be afraid of

The order of Erikson's first three stages of development is: a.trust vs. mistrust, initiative vs. guilt, industry vs. inferiority. b. trust vs. mistrust, autonomy vs. shame/doubt, initiative vs. guilt c. ndustry vs. inferiority, intimacy vs. isolation, integrity vs. despair. d. autonomy vs. doubt, initiative vs. guilt, intimacy vs. isolation.

b. trust vs. mistrust, autonomy vs. shame/doubt, initiative vs. guild

Erikson's stage ____________ parallels Freud's _________ stage. Select one: a. autonomy vs. doubt/ phallic b. trust vs. mistrust/ oral c. phallic/ initiative vs. guilt d. anal/ latent

b. trust vs. mistrust/ oral

Nonnormative life events are: a. events that happen at a given age b. unusual events that influence a person's life c. traumatic events d. events that happen to a large number of people at a point in time

b. unusual events that influence a person's life

While rubella is a risk factor for _______defects, thalidomide is a risk factor for _____________ . Select one: a. cleft palatte/ underdeveloped lungs. b. limbs/ AIDs c. heart/ defects of the limbs. d. neural tube/ blindness and deafness.

c heart/ defects of the limbs

Preventative programs for reducing the number of babies born with birth defects would do much to improve the USA's standing in neonatal deaths. The USA falls below the ________ percentile. Select one: a. 5th b. 15th c. 22nd d. 30th

c. 22nd

Certain types of intelligence begin decreasing as early as: a. 18 years of age b. 55 years of age c. 25 years of age d. 40 years of age

c. 25 years of age

In most cases, the risk of potential offspring inheriting a recessive genetic disorder from parents who are both carriers is___________. Select one: a. 75% b. 50% c. 25% d. 100%

c. 25%

In Mexico, ____________ of the elderly live with their adult children, while in the USA, only about ____________ of elderly men and women combined live with relatives. a. 72%/16.75% b. 35%/10% c. 52%/12.5% d. 18%/33%

c. 52%/12.5%

Syphilis is a risk factor from the _____ month on as is ____________. Select one: a. None of the options. b. 2nd/ thalidomide c. 5th/ smoking d. 3rd/ rubella

c. 5th/ smoking

A peak period of neuron production occurs between the _________ weeks. Select one: a. 30th to birth. b. 2nd and 8th c. 8th and 20th d. 20th and 30th

c. 8th and 20th

Which of the following is an example of qualitative changes in development? Select one: a. David, age 16, can jump higher than he could last year. b. Jason, age 43, has learned 20 new words, in a week's time while taking a night course. c. Abby, age 3, has switched focus from a preoccupation with anal issues to interest in her genitals. d. At 6 months of age, Charles has doubled his birth weight.

c. Abby, age 3 has switched focus from a preoccupation with anal issues to interest in her genitals

David was born in 1967 with birth defects due to the fact that the rubella vaccine was not yet readily available. The unavailability of the vaccine is an example of ______________ influence. a. an age-normative b. a cultural normative c. a history normative d. a nonnormative

c. a history normative

In the clip of the child who was failing to thrive, his development was delayed because of: Select one: a. a malfunciton of his esophagus. b. a lack of attention to his biological needs. c. a lack of attention to his social/emotional needs. d. All of the options.

c. a lack of attention to his social/emotional needs.

Newborns look longest at: Select one: a. curved lines. b. a bullseye pattern. c. a three-dimensional face. d. a drawing of a face.

c. a three-dimensional face

The exciting news in the fight against AIDs is that the incidence of transmission from mother to child can be significantly reduced by: Select one: a. giving the mother AZT during the late stages of pregnancy. b. the use of nevirapine in late pregnancy. c. All of the options. d. delivering the child through a C-section.

c. all of the options

David's mother was exposed to the rubella virus during the 4th week of her pregnancy, affecting David for life. Had she been exposed in her 6th month, David would not have been affected. Exposure during the 4th week is an example of _______________ influence a. nonnormative b. biological normative c. an age-normative d. history-normative

c. an age-normative

Potential damage to a newborn of a woman with genital herpes can be avoided by: Select one: a. corrected with rehabilitation. b. avoided by giving antibiotics at the time of birth. c. avoided by a cesarean delivery. d. All of the options.

c. avoided by a cesarean delivery

Stem cells first develop in the ___________. Select one: a. fetus b. zygote. c. blastocyst. d. egg.

c. blastocyst

One of the best ways to help our children develop a sense of competence is to: Select one: a. punish them for poor school performance. b. compare then to their siblings. c. celebrate their strengths. d. focus on the grades they earn.

c. celebrate their strengths

The file card analogy is helpful in understanding _____________ in ____________ theory. Select one: a. moral development/ Kohlberg's b. psychosexual development/ Freud's c. cognitive development/ Piaget d. psychosocial development/ Erikson's

c. cognitive development/ Piaget

Which of the following hormones is linked to impaired brain function in abused children? Select one: a. epinephrine b. adrenaline c. cortisol d. serotonin

c. cortisol

In dominant genetic disorders: Select one: a. the genes control aggressive and violent behavior. b. the genes insure that the disorder occurs more than half the time. c. only one gene is necessary for the trait it controls to appear. d. two of the same defective genes are necessary for the trait they control to appear. Feedback

c. only one gene is necessary for the trait it controls to appear

While stage 4 focuses on developing basic skills, stage 5 in Erikson's view deals with developing _________. Select one: a. giving their children money for movies, snacks, dates, etc. in order to form lasting friendships. b. allowing teens freedom from all limits to explore identity options. c. providing reality checks to remind them that greater freedom brings greater responsibility. d. defining the way their children should think.

c. providing reality checks to remind them that greater freedom brings greater responsibility

Given the three parental factors involved in attachment, which of the following factors was most obviously missing in the video of the child failing to thrive? Select one: a. love b. familiarity c. sensitive or responsive care d. consistency

c. sensitive or responsive care

In the strange situation, which of the following is typical for a baby classified as resistant/ambivalent? Select one: a. The baby clings to the stuffed animals in the room. b. The baby actively ignores the mother on her return. c. The baby clings and alternately hits the mother on her return. d. The baby goes for a hug when mom returns and then resumes play.

c. the baby clings and alternately hits the mother on her return

The three stages of the prenatal period are: Select one: a. the germinal, fetal, and embryonic stages. b. the first, second, and third trimesters. c. the germinal, embryonic, and fetal stages. d. the embryonic, geminal, and fetal stages.

c. the geminal, embryonic, and fetal stages

The importance of sensitive care was developed in lecture in which of the following examples? Select one: a. Harry Harlow's monkey studies. b. the use of kangaroo care for premature infants. c. the lion stun spray for dealing with a child's fears. d. the bedtime ritual at the Schulenburg household.

c. the lion stun spray for dealing with a child's fears.

In the mutual regulation model, infants whose mothers are depressed are likely to become sad because: Select one: a. they have inherited a tendency to be depressed themselves. b. their mothers do not feed them enough. c. they feel powerless to elicit a response. d. they see their mothers as sad.

c. they feel powerless to elicit a response.

A newborn's hearing is: Select one: a. the least developed sense at birth. b. poorly developed until the second month of life. c. well-developed. d. not developed enough to discriminate among sounds.

c. well-developed

During the proliferation period of brain development, neurons are produced at a rate of ___________ per minute. Select one: a. 50,000 b. 150,000 c. 75,000 d. 250,000

d. 250,000

A procedure which can be used as early as the first two months of pregnancy to test fetal cells for defects is: Select one: a. Amniocentesis. b. Any one of the options. c. Maternal blood testing. d. Chorionic Villus Sampling (CVS).

d. Chorionic Villus Sampling (CVS)

Developmental theories describe: Select one: a. quantitative development. b. All of the options. c. continuous development. d. age-normative changes.

d. age-normative changes

Philip is a 15 month old infant. His mother leaves him alone in the Strange Situation. Philip is not noticeably distressed when his mother leaves the room and does not give her any attention when she returns. Psychologists would classify Philip's attachment as: Select one: a. resistant insecure. b. weak. c. secure. d. avoidant insecure.

d. avoidant insecure

Which of the following is NOT an example of discouraging autonomy in a 2 year old? Select one: a. Dressing the child in clothing which always requires help to put on. b. Frantically hovering over them while they attempt to balance on a low balance beam, saying, "Honey, you're gonna fall. Let me hold you." c. Interfering with their efforts to feed themselves even though they make a mess. d. Baby proofing the house so the child can safely explore.

d. baby proofing the house so the child can safely explore

Which of the following is an example of the genetic makeup of an individual with a recessive genetic disorder? Select one: a. Cc b. cC c. CC d. cc

d. cc

Harry Harlow's monkey studies showed that: Select one: a. kangaroo type care is the most powerful way to encourage attachment. b. infant monkeys will cling to even a fake mom who "feeds" them c. infant monkeys without a real monkey mom fail to thrive. d. contact comfort was the critical ingredient in attachment.

d. contact comfort was the critical ingredient in attachment

Which of the following is a social influence leading to the development of trust in Erikson's stage 1? Select one: a. toilet training b. avoiding eye contact c. All of the options. d. cuddling

d. cuddling

A genetic disorder which results in clogging the lungs and digestive system with too much mucous is: Select one: a. Down syndrome. b. PKU. c. neural tube defect. d. cystic fibrosis.

d. cystic fibrosis

According to Erikson, a child who successfully ends the first year of life develops the virtue of__________ while by the end of the 3rd year of life, they have developed__________. Select one: a. fidelity/ trust b. competence/hope c. purpose/ will d. hope/ will

d. hope/ will

On a school morning, a parent offers their 5 year old a choice of 3 outfits that they picked out together the night before. This is an example of supporting what Erikson calls the development of ___________. Select one: a. autonomy b. intimacy c. industry d. initiative

d. initiative

An important finding of the Snuggli study was that: Select one: a. mothers of babies in the Snuggli condition paid less attention to their babies. b. the babies in the Snuggli condition slept less. c. the infant seat babies cried less and were more independent. d. more babies in the Snuggli group were rated securely attached.

d. more babies in the Snuggli group were rated securely attached

The brain images and accompanying notes in the Time magazine article illustrated that: Select one: a. the larger the brain, the brighter the child. b. experience has little to do with brain development. c. the plasticity of the brain always leads positive change. d. rich experiences produce rich brains.

d. rich experiences produce rich brains.

In achieving a goodness of fit, a parent would: Select one: a. see an unmanageable child as destined for crime. b. act as if their difficult child had no temperament issues. c. see a slow to warm up child as aloof and distanced from life. d. see a difficult child as full of zest.

d. see a difficult child as full of zest

The key reason for the differences in the context of the little boy and the old man's lives was a. their mental abilities. b. their different cultures. c. All of the options. d. the difference in their ages.

d. the difference in their ages

The key message a child gets from a sensitive parent is that: Select one: a. their parent is fun to be with. b. their parent will cuddle them often. c. their parent is predictable. d. their parent understands them.

d. their parent understands them.

Karen has a recessive genetic disorder. Her mate carries only one of the defective genes. How will genetic transmission affect their potential offspring? (Hint: Use the Punnett square in diagramming your answer.) Select one: a. There is a risk of one child in three (33%) being a carrier. b. There is a risk of one child in four (25%) having the disorder. c. All offspring will be carriers. d. There is a risk of one child in two (50%) having the disorder.

d. there is a risk of one child in two (50%) having the disorder

Crystallized intelligence refers to: a. thinking spatially. b. the ability to solve novel problems. c. thinking based on inborn abilities d. using learned information based on experience.

d. using learned information based on experience