Exam 1 Practice Questions

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What ligament connects the dens to the medial aspect of the occipital condyle?

- Alar ligaments

Which structure does not contribute to the formation of the spinal canal?

- Anterior longitudinal ligament - Spinous Process - Transverse process

To perform epidural anesthesia at the L4/L5 region, all of the following structures are pierced by the needle, EXCEPT:

- Arachnoid matter - Dura matter

Which of the following is an example of secondary cartilaginous joints?

- IVD and pubic symphysis - Amphiarthrosis - Sternal Angle *also called Symphysis *united by fibrocartilage *between manubrium and sternum

What muscles make up the erector spinae muscle?

- Iliocostalis - Longissimus - Spinalis

What ligament is found between the spinous processes C2-L5?

- Interspinous ligament

Which muscle is NOT innervated by the dorsal scapular nerve?

- Latissimus dorsi

What is NOT a content of the subocciptal triangle? (2 answers)

- Rectus capitus posterior minor - Greater occipital nerve (Dorsal ramus of C2)

What is attached to the medial border of the scapula? (Distal attachment/insertion) What is the proximal attachment for this muscle?

- Rhomboid major - Nuchal ligament -C7-T5 SPs

What is attached to the base of the spine of scapula? (Distal attachment/insertion) What is the proximal attachment for this muscle?

- Rhomboid minor - Nuchal ligament - C7-T5 SPs

What is the origin (proximal attachment) of the latissimus dorsi? What is the insertion (distal attachment)?

- SPs of T7-L5 - Thoracolumbar fascia - Iliac crest - Inferior 3 or 4 ribs - Inferior angle of the scapula - Humerus (floor of intertubercular sulcus)

Which of the following bones is part of the appendicular skeleton?

- Scapula - Bones of pectoral and pelvic girdles - Limb bones

Which of the following is a feature of the lumbar vertebrae? Select all correct answers.

- Short and sturdy spinous process - Mammillary process - Triangular vertebral foramen

What are the structures that are pierced during epidural anesthesia at the L4/L5 region. *??CHECK THIS Q

- Skin - Superficial fascia - Supraspinous ligament - Interspinous ligament - Ligamentum flavum - Epidural space

Which of the following bones is part of the axial skeleton?

- Skull - Ribs & Sternum - Vertebral Column

The following structures are the boundaries of the intervertebral foramen:

- Sup. & Inf. Vertebral notches - Intervertebral disc - Facet joints (between the articular processes of the sup. & inf. vertebrae

What innervates the latissimus dorsi?

- Thoracodorsal nerve

Which ligament holds the odontoid process of the axis in place and prevents its posterior displacement?

- Transverse ligament of atlas

What muscle is innervated by the spinal accessory nerve?

- Trapezius

What structures pierce the posterior atlanto-occipital membrane? or What structures pass through the subocciptial triangle?

- Vertebral artery - Dorsal ramus of C1 (suboccipital nerve)

What pierces the clavipectoral fascia?

- cephalic vein - thoracoacromial artery - lateral pectoral nerve

Which structures form the vertebral canal and what are its boundaries?

- formed by the successive vertebral foramina, intervertebral discs, ligaments - Anterior Boundary: body, disc, PLL - Posterior Boundary: laminas + ligamentum flavum - Lateral Boundary: pedicles + intervertebral foramina

What are features of the cervical vertebrae?

- large and triangular vertebral foramen - transverse process is small or absent in C7 - C3-C5 short and bifid (split in 2 parts) spinous process - spinous process of C6 is long but C7 (vertebra prominens) is longer - superior surface of body is concave between adjacent (uncinate) processes - inferior surface of body is convex - transverse processes: foramina transversaria; vertebral arteries and sympathetic plexuses pass through foramina (except C7, which transmits only small accessory vertebral veins); anterior and posterior tubercles

Presynaptic neurons of the sympathetic system are located in.....

- the thoracic and lumbar segments of the spinal cord

Intermediate sacral crest represents ____________.

Articular facets

What is the longest cervical spinous process?

C7 (Vertebral prominens)

The inferior articular facets of ___________________ vertebrae are directed infero-anteriorly

Cervical

The superior articular facets of ___________________ vertebrae are directed superoposteriorly

Cervical

Which of the following vertebrae have bifid spinous process?

Cervical (C2)

Which of the following terms defines "a muscle with two bellies"?

Digastric

What is the connection between the bones of the spine?

Facet

Which of the following terms defines "a shallow depression in the bone surface"?

Fossa

What corresponds with the supracristal plane?

L4

What corresponds with tubercle of the iliac crest?

L5

All of the following structures are participating in the formation of the intervertebral foramen, EXCEPT:

Lamina

The mamillary articular processes of ___________________ vertebrae are on posterior surface of each superior articular process

Lumbar

The superior articular facets of ___________________ vertebrae are directed posteromedially (or medially)

Lumbar

In a patient with breast cancer, the surgeon cleans the space between the pectoralis major and minor muscles to remove all of the lateral pectoral lymph nodes. Upon recovery it is noted that the lower fibers of the pectoralis major muscle is paralyzed. Which nerve has been injured during surgery?

Medial pectoral nerve

What corresponds with posterior superior iliac spines?

S2

Medial sacral crest represents ____________.

Spinous process

Which of the following muscles is located immediately under the upper fibers of the trapezius muscle?

Splenius capitis

What nerve supplies the sub-occipital muscles?

Sub-occipital nerve

What corresponds with the base of the scapular spine?

T3

What corresponds with the inferior angle of the scapula?

T7

The inferior articular facets of ___________________ vertebrae are directed anteriorly and slightly medially.

Thoracic

The superior articular facets of ___________________ vertebrae are directed posteriorly and slightly laterally.

Thoracic

The clavipectoral fascia is penetrated by which artery?

Thoracoacromial

Lateral sacral crest represents ____________.

Tip of the transverse processes

What ligament is found between transverse processes?

Intertransverse ligament

What ligaments resists flexion and assists with preserving posture and straightening the spine? hint: located on posterior wall of vertebral canal

Ligamentum flavum

The inferior articular facets of ___________________ vertebrae are directed anterolaterally (or laterally)

Lumbar

Which of the following terms defines "an indentation on the edge of a bone"?

Notch

Which of the following is an example of primary cartilaginous joints?

- 1st sternocostal joint (1st rib/manubrium synchondrosis) - growth plates of the long bones *also called Synchondroses *united by hyaline cartilage *usually temporary *Synarthrosis *between anterior end of each rib and corresponding costal cartilage

Which of the following ligaments are associated with the joint between the vertebral bodies?

- ALL - PLL

Which structures form the vertebral foramen and what are its boundaries?

- Arch + Body - Anterior boundary: body, PLL - Posterior boundary: laminas - Lateral boundary: pedicle

Which processes are palpable?

- C2 - C6 - thoracic, lumbar spinous processes are palpable depending on body composition - sacral spinous processes (median sacral crest)

What are some distinct features of the thoracic vertebrae?

- Costal facets - Heart-shaped vertebral foramen

What innervates the Levator scapula, Rhomboid minor, and Rhomboid major?

- Dorsal scapular nerve

If someone were to injure their spinal accessory nerve, what would be the result?

- Drooping shoulder

Posterior rami (dorsal rami) of the spinal nerves supply......

- Facet joints - Deep back muscle (Intrinsic) - Skin over the back

What is attached to the superior angle of the scapula? (Distal attachment/insertion) What is the proximal attachment for this muscle?

- Levator scapulae - Posterior tubercles of C1-4 TPs

Which structures contribute to the formation of the spinal canal?

- Ligamentum Flavum - Lamina - Posterior Longitudinal Ligament - Intervertebral Disc - Posterior Surface of vertebral body

The erector spinae muscles have a common tendinous origin. What do they arise from?

- Lumbar and lower thoracic vertebrae - Sacrum - Posterior aspect of iliac crest -Sacroiliac and supraspinous ligaments

What is the floor of the suboccipital triangle?

- Posterior atlanto-occipital membrane

Which muscle is NOT part of the erector spinae muscle?

- Semispinalis

What pathology is shown in the attached radiograph?

- Spondylolysis - Fracture of pars interarticularis

Anterior rami (ventral rami) of the spinal nerves supply.............

- Superficial back muscles (extrinsic)

Which of the following ligaments is the cranial continuation of the PLL?

- Tectorial membrane

Which of the following back muscles are attached to the clavicle and scapula? (Distal attachment/insertion) What is this muscles proximal attachments (origin)?

- Trapezius - Medial 1/3 of superior nuchal line - External occipital protuberance (EOP) - Nuchal ligament - SPs of C7-T12


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