Exam 1 Practice Questions
What ligament connects the dens to the medial aspect of the occipital condyle?
- Alar ligaments
Which structure does not contribute to the formation of the spinal canal?
- Anterior longitudinal ligament - Spinous Process - Transverse process
To perform epidural anesthesia at the L4/L5 region, all of the following structures are pierced by the needle, EXCEPT:
- Arachnoid matter - Dura matter
Which of the following is an example of secondary cartilaginous joints?
- IVD and pubic symphysis - Amphiarthrosis - Sternal Angle *also called Symphysis *united by fibrocartilage *between manubrium and sternum
What muscles make up the erector spinae muscle?
- Iliocostalis - Longissimus - Spinalis
What ligament is found between the spinous processes C2-L5?
- Interspinous ligament
Which muscle is NOT innervated by the dorsal scapular nerve?
- Latissimus dorsi
What is NOT a content of the subocciptal triangle? (2 answers)
- Rectus capitus posterior minor - Greater occipital nerve (Dorsal ramus of C2)
What is attached to the medial border of the scapula? (Distal attachment/insertion) What is the proximal attachment for this muscle?
- Rhomboid major - Nuchal ligament -C7-T5 SPs
What is attached to the base of the spine of scapula? (Distal attachment/insertion) What is the proximal attachment for this muscle?
- Rhomboid minor - Nuchal ligament - C7-T5 SPs
What is the origin (proximal attachment) of the latissimus dorsi? What is the insertion (distal attachment)?
- SPs of T7-L5 - Thoracolumbar fascia - Iliac crest - Inferior 3 or 4 ribs - Inferior angle of the scapula - Humerus (floor of intertubercular sulcus)
Which of the following bones is part of the appendicular skeleton?
- Scapula - Bones of pectoral and pelvic girdles - Limb bones
Which of the following is a feature of the lumbar vertebrae? Select all correct answers.
- Short and sturdy spinous process - Mammillary process - Triangular vertebral foramen
What are the structures that are pierced during epidural anesthesia at the L4/L5 region. *??CHECK THIS Q
- Skin - Superficial fascia - Supraspinous ligament - Interspinous ligament - Ligamentum flavum - Epidural space
Which of the following bones is part of the axial skeleton?
- Skull - Ribs & Sternum - Vertebral Column
The following structures are the boundaries of the intervertebral foramen:
- Sup. & Inf. Vertebral notches - Intervertebral disc - Facet joints (between the articular processes of the sup. & inf. vertebrae
What innervates the latissimus dorsi?
- Thoracodorsal nerve
Which ligament holds the odontoid process of the axis in place and prevents its posterior displacement?
- Transverse ligament of atlas
What muscle is innervated by the spinal accessory nerve?
- Trapezius
What structures pierce the posterior atlanto-occipital membrane? or What structures pass through the subocciptial triangle?
- Vertebral artery - Dorsal ramus of C1 (suboccipital nerve)
What pierces the clavipectoral fascia?
- cephalic vein - thoracoacromial artery - lateral pectoral nerve
Which structures form the vertebral canal and what are its boundaries?
- formed by the successive vertebral foramina, intervertebral discs, ligaments - Anterior Boundary: body, disc, PLL - Posterior Boundary: laminas + ligamentum flavum - Lateral Boundary: pedicles + intervertebral foramina
What are features of the cervical vertebrae?
- large and triangular vertebral foramen - transverse process is small or absent in C7 - C3-C5 short and bifid (split in 2 parts) spinous process - spinous process of C6 is long but C7 (vertebra prominens) is longer - superior surface of body is concave between adjacent (uncinate) processes - inferior surface of body is convex - transverse processes: foramina transversaria; vertebral arteries and sympathetic plexuses pass through foramina (except C7, which transmits only small accessory vertebral veins); anterior and posterior tubercles
Presynaptic neurons of the sympathetic system are located in.....
- the thoracic and lumbar segments of the spinal cord
Intermediate sacral crest represents ____________.
Articular facets
What is the longest cervical spinous process?
C7 (Vertebral prominens)
The inferior articular facets of ___________________ vertebrae are directed infero-anteriorly
Cervical
The superior articular facets of ___________________ vertebrae are directed superoposteriorly
Cervical
Which of the following vertebrae have bifid spinous process?
Cervical (C2)
Which of the following terms defines "a muscle with two bellies"?
Digastric
What is the connection between the bones of the spine?
Facet
Which of the following terms defines "a shallow depression in the bone surface"?
Fossa
What corresponds with the supracristal plane?
L4
What corresponds with tubercle of the iliac crest?
L5
All of the following structures are participating in the formation of the intervertebral foramen, EXCEPT:
Lamina
The mamillary articular processes of ___________________ vertebrae are on posterior surface of each superior articular process
Lumbar
The superior articular facets of ___________________ vertebrae are directed posteromedially (or medially)
Lumbar
In a patient with breast cancer, the surgeon cleans the space between the pectoralis major and minor muscles to remove all of the lateral pectoral lymph nodes. Upon recovery it is noted that the lower fibers of the pectoralis major muscle is paralyzed. Which nerve has been injured during surgery?
Medial pectoral nerve
What corresponds with posterior superior iliac spines?
S2
Medial sacral crest represents ____________.
Spinous process
Which of the following muscles is located immediately under the upper fibers of the trapezius muscle?
Splenius capitis
What nerve supplies the sub-occipital muscles?
Sub-occipital nerve
What corresponds with the base of the scapular spine?
T3
What corresponds with the inferior angle of the scapula?
T7
The inferior articular facets of ___________________ vertebrae are directed anteriorly and slightly medially.
Thoracic
The superior articular facets of ___________________ vertebrae are directed posteriorly and slightly laterally.
Thoracic
The clavipectoral fascia is penetrated by which artery?
Thoracoacromial
Lateral sacral crest represents ____________.
Tip of the transverse processes
What ligament is found between transverse processes?
Intertransverse ligament
What ligaments resists flexion and assists with preserving posture and straightening the spine? hint: located on posterior wall of vertebral canal
Ligamentum flavum
The inferior articular facets of ___________________ vertebrae are directed anterolaterally (or laterally)
Lumbar
Which of the following terms defines "an indentation on the edge of a bone"?
Notch
Which of the following is an example of primary cartilaginous joints?
- 1st sternocostal joint (1st rib/manubrium synchondrosis) - growth plates of the long bones *also called Synchondroses *united by hyaline cartilage *usually temporary *Synarthrosis *between anterior end of each rib and corresponding costal cartilage
Which of the following ligaments are associated with the joint between the vertebral bodies?
- ALL - PLL
Which structures form the vertebral foramen and what are its boundaries?
- Arch + Body - Anterior boundary: body, PLL - Posterior boundary: laminas - Lateral boundary: pedicle
Which processes are palpable?
- C2 - C6 - thoracic, lumbar spinous processes are palpable depending on body composition - sacral spinous processes (median sacral crest)
What are some distinct features of the thoracic vertebrae?
- Costal facets - Heart-shaped vertebral foramen
What innervates the Levator scapula, Rhomboid minor, and Rhomboid major?
- Dorsal scapular nerve
If someone were to injure their spinal accessory nerve, what would be the result?
- Drooping shoulder
Posterior rami (dorsal rami) of the spinal nerves supply......
- Facet joints - Deep back muscle (Intrinsic) - Skin over the back
What is attached to the superior angle of the scapula? (Distal attachment/insertion) What is the proximal attachment for this muscle?
- Levator scapulae - Posterior tubercles of C1-4 TPs
Which structures contribute to the formation of the spinal canal?
- Ligamentum Flavum - Lamina - Posterior Longitudinal Ligament - Intervertebral Disc - Posterior Surface of vertebral body
The erector spinae muscles have a common tendinous origin. What do they arise from?
- Lumbar and lower thoracic vertebrae - Sacrum - Posterior aspect of iliac crest -Sacroiliac and supraspinous ligaments
What is the floor of the suboccipital triangle?
- Posterior atlanto-occipital membrane
Which muscle is NOT part of the erector spinae muscle?
- Semispinalis
What pathology is shown in the attached radiograph?
- Spondylolysis - Fracture of pars interarticularis
Anterior rami (ventral rami) of the spinal nerves supply.............
- Superficial back muscles (extrinsic)
Which of the following ligaments is the cranial continuation of the PLL?
- Tectorial membrane
Which of the following back muscles are attached to the clavicle and scapula? (Distal attachment/insertion) What is this muscles proximal attachments (origin)?
- Trapezius - Medial 1/3 of superior nuchal line - External occipital protuberance (EOP) - Nuchal ligament - SPs of C7-T12
