Exam 2

What is hematocrit?

"Blood fraction" The amount of erythrocytes in a blood sample Higher in males (45%) than females (40%)

How long do RBC's survive in the body? Where are many of them broken down?

100-120 days Broken down by macrophages within the spleen

How long does it take to complete the clotting process?

3-6 minutes Most time is spent creating prothrombin activator

What is the pH of blood? Is it slightly basic (alkaline) or slightly acidic?

7.35-7.45 slightly basic (alkaline)

Contain "anti-b" antibody in plasma:

A

Contain antigen "a" on RBC surface:

A

Which of the following correctly describes neutrophils? a. Attack bacteria b. Type of agranulocyte leukocyte c. Make up 25% of white blood cells d. Originate in the yellow bone marrow e. Release histamine

A

Which of the following is FALSE concerning the innate immune system? a. Fever is a result of B cell activation b. Natural killer cells target virus-infected and cancerous cells c. The 4 signs of inflammation are redness, swelling, heat, and pain d. Neutrophils destroy pathogens by phagocytosis e. Acidic secretions of the skin limit bacterial growth

A

Which type of antibodies are able to cross the placenta to a developing fetus? a. IgG b. IgE c. IgA d. IgD IgM

A

Which of the following are part of the innate immune system? Choose all that apply. a. Skin and mucous membranes b. B and T cells c. Lymphocytes d. Memory cells e. Complement proteins f. Phagocytic cells

A E F

Can receive type A blood:

A,AB

Contain both antigens "a" and "b" on RBC surface:

AB

Contain no antibodies in plasma:

AB

Universal acceptor:

AB

What is sickle-cell anemia caused by? What effect does it have? What is one benefit of being a carrier of sickle-cell?

Abnormal hemoglobin shape (HbS) causes red blood cells to become spiky and sharp. This causes the RBC to rupture easily and stick together forming a clot in small blood vessels; rich reduces oxygen flow to cells One benefit is that is allows carriers of the gene to be resistant to malaria

What does AIDS stand for? What is it caused by? The virus invades and disables which type of cells?

Acquired Immune Deficiency Syndrome is caused by HIV This virus invades and disables CD4 T helper cells T helper cells are necessary to coordinate all other immune cells together

What are the different ways you can acquire immunity?

Active immunity: causes person's immune system to generate memory cells Naturally acquired: getting infected with a pathogen; storing memory lymphocytes for that particular antigen Artificially acquired: getting a vaccine; causes a fake "primary" response Passive immunity: does not directly stimulate a person's immune system; just giving them antibodies; effects are temporary Naturally acquired: antibodies passed from mother to feus through placenta or breastmilk Artificially acquired: injection of antibodies

Protein produced by plasma cell that attaches to antigens. Causes complement activation, neutralization, precipitation, or agglutination, all which mark the antigens for destruction by phagocytes or complement.

Antibody

Substance capable of provoking an immune response.

Antigen

Any type of cell that engulfs and digests antigens that it encounters. Displays antigen fragments on MHC proteins. Include macrophages and dendritic cells.

Antigen-Presenting Cell (APC)

Are antigens found on the surface of a RBC or in the blood plasma? Are antibodies found on the surface of a RBC or in the blood plasma?

Antigens are found on the surface of a RBC (will determine the blood type) Antibodies are found in the blood plasma

What is a pathogen?

Anything that causes disease Could include virus, bacteria, fungus, other micro-organism

What does aspirin inhibit? What specific step in the hemostasis pathway does it inhibit? What does warfarin inhibit?

Aspirin inhibits thromboxane A2; specifically blocks step 2: platelet plug formation Warfarin blocks vitamin K from being used; certain clotting factors are unable to be made

Contain "anti-a" antibody in plasma:

B

Contain antigen b" on RBC surface:

B

Receiving a vaccination is classified as which type of immunity? a. Naturally acquired active immunity b. Artificially acquired active immunity c. Naturally acquired passive immunity d. Artificially acquired passive immunity

B

Which chemicals are responsible for creating a fever? (These chemicals cause the hypothalamus to increase the temperature set point in the body). a. Interferons b. Pyrogens c. Complement protein d. Suppressor factors e. Histamine

B

Which of the following is TRUE concerning red blood cell formation? a. Red blood cells are able to survive for a couple years b. A decreased red blood cell count will stimulate the kidneys to release EPO c. Erythrocytes are converted into reticulocytes d. Very few red blood cells are made each day

B

What is the difference between primary and secondary lymphoid organs? Which 2 organs are classified as primary lymphoid organs?

B and T cells mature in primary lymphoid organs Include the thymus and red bone marrow Lymphocytes encounter antigens and become activated in secondary lymphoid organs

Lymphocyte that matures in bone marrow. Effector cells include plasma cells and memory cells.

B cell

If you have type B blood, you can receive which type of blood? Choose all that apply. a. A blood b. B blood c. AB blood d. O blood

B, D

Can receive type B blood:

B,AB

Why do clots not form in the blood under normal circumstances? What does antithrombin III inactivate? What does heparin inhibit?

Blood is moving too quickly for clotting factors to come into contact with one another and start the clotting cascade process Antithrombin III inactivates any thrombin not bound to fibrin Heparin enhances the activity of antithrombin (so heparin indirectly inhibits thrombin)

All of the following is found inside a red blood cell except? a. Hemoglobin b. Iron c. Nucleus d. Heme groups

C

Which of the following correctly matches each term to its function? a. Helper T cells: signal macrophages to stop working b. Cytotoxic T cell: Activates B cells and other T cells c. Plasma cell: releases antibodies Memory cell: able to recognize and phagocytize multiple types of pathoge

C

Which of the following is FALSE concerning coagulation? a. Platelets are fragments of megakaryocytes b. Anticoagulants like antithrombin III and heparin inhibit thrombin c. Hemophilia occurs when there is an increase in coagulation d. The second step of the blood clotting process is the formation of the platelet plug

C

Which of the following is NOT classified as a secondary lymph organ? a. Spleen b. Lymph node c. Thymus d. Tonsil e. Appendix

C

What are the 2 major T cell types? What kind of T cells do they include?

CD4 cells Helper T cells Regulatory T cells CD8 cells Cytotoxic T cells

What are cytokines?

Chemical messengers involved in cellular immunity Include interferons and interleukins Important in activating T cells Activated T cells release more cytokines (creates positive feedback cycle to increase immune response)

Group of proteins that enhance phagocytosis by opsonization and intensifies inflammatory and other immune responses.

Complement Proteins

Small proteins that act as chemical messengers between various parts of the immune system.

Cytokines

Destroys cells in body that are infected or cancerous:

Cytotoxic

Directly attacks and kills other cells:

Cytotoxic

Effector CD8 cell that kills virus-infected and cancerous cells. Looks for specific antigens. May form memory cells.

Cytotoxic T (TC) cell

Which lymph structure is matched to its correct location? a. Pharyngeal tonsils: base of the tongue b. Appendix: wall of small intestine c. Spleen: right side of lower abdominal cavity d. Palatine tonsils: posterior end of oral cavity

D

Which of the following does NOT describe lymph nodes? a. Hundreds of nodes are found throughout the body b. Found between lymphatic vessels c. Offer place for lymphocytes to encounter antigen and become activated d. Filters the blood

D

Which of the following is FALSE? a. Oxygen-rich blood is a scarlet, bright red color b. Sickle cell anemia is caused by an abnormal hemoglobin shape c. Red blood cells are destroyed in the spleen d. Polycythemia is a decrease in red blood cells

D

Why are Regulatory T Cells important?

Decrease or suppress an immune response when the pathogen has been eliminated from the body Do not want immune cells to keep working and attack the body's own tissue (prevents against autoimmune reactions)

What are 2 common antigen presenting cells? How do they work?

Dendritic cells and macrophages Engulf antigens, and then present those antigen fragments on their Class II MHC molecule (on cell surface) Will interact with other lymphocytes in order to activate them

How is a fever useful to fight infection?

Destroys certain pathogens Increases metabolic rate of cells; speeds up cell-repair process Activates macrophages Causes liver and spleen to hold onto iron and zinc; slows down pathogen growth

What is the process called when immune cells leave a capillary? How do they migrate to the site of tissue damage?

Diapedesis Positive chemotaxis

Once prothrombin activator is made, which product is made next? a. Plasmin b. Thromboxane A2 c. PDGF d. Fibrin e. Thrombin

E

Which of the following is NOT classified as an autoimmune disease? a. Celiac disease b. Multiple sclerosis c. Type 1 diabetes d. Rheumatoid arthritis e. Severe combined immunodeficiency syndrome (SCID)

E

What is another name for red blood cell? White blood cell?

Erythrocyte Leukocyte

What are the 3 components of the "formed elements?" Which ones are complete cells?

Erythrocytes, Platelets, Leukocytes Leukocytes are complete cells

Systemic response initiated by pyrogens. Enhances body repair process and inhibits microbes from multiplying.

Fever

Why is fibrinolysis important? Which protein breaks down fibrin?

Fibrinolysis is the process that breaks down blood clots after the blood vessel wall has been rebuilt It prevents blood vessels from being blocked permanently Plasmin breaks down fibrin

What is lymph?

Fluid contained with lymphatic vessels Plasma that was pushed out of capillaries Moves through lymph nodes; contains antigens and antigen presenting cells to potentially come in contact with lymphocytes

Platelets come from which cell? Which hormones regulates their production? Why are they important?

Fragments of megakaryocytes Regulated by hormone thrombopoietin Essential for clotting process

Activate B cells, other T cells, and macrophages:

Helper

Effector CD4 cell central to both humoral and cellular immunity. Activates B cells, T cells, and macrophages. Also releases cytokines.

Helper T (TH) cell

What does hematopoiesis mean? Where does it occur? What is the first cell involved in this process?

Hematopoiesis: process of creating new blood cells Occurs in red bone marrow First cell is called hematopoietic stem cell

What is hemostasis? What are the 3 general steps?

Hemostasis: stopping blood Response is fast, localized, and carefully controlled Involves many clotting factors 3 general steps: Vascular spasm Platelet plug formation Coagulation

Found in mucous, saliva, and breast milk:

IgA

Activates basophils and mast cells:

IgD

Responsible for allergic reactions:

IgE

Most abundant:

IgG

Transferred through placenta:

IgG

Typically first antibody used in primary response:

IgM

If 2 non-compatible blood types are mixed, what will occur?

Immune reaction occurs: the recipient's plasma antibodies will attack the donor's red blood cells Agglutination occurs; clogs small blood vessels; oxygen flow is decreased May also cause RBC to rupture which releases hemoglobin; may cause kidney damage

What is immunocompetence? Self-tolerance?

Immunocompetence: lymphocytes recognize one specific antigen Self-tolerance: lymphocytes are unresponsive to self-antigens

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In afferent vessels, lymph travels towards the lymph node. In efferent vessels, lymph travels away from the lymph node. There are more afferent vessels in a lymph node. This causes the fluid to slow down within the node.

Prevents pathogen from spreading to neighboring tissues. Disposes of pathogens and dead tissue cells and promotes tissue repair. Released chemicals attract phagocytes to the area.

Inflammatory response

What chemicals do injured cells release? What do those chemicals cause?

Injured chemicals release histamine, kinins, prostaglandins, complement proteins Chemicals cause vasodilation and make capillaries more permeable Fluid leaves capillary causing swelling Swelling causes pain, and makes the skin feel hot and look red Fluid contains important proteins and antibodies to help fight infection

How is the innate defense system different than the adaptive defense system? Which components are part of the innate/ adaptive defense system?

Innate Immune System Also called nonspecific defense system Responds within minutes Does not attack against specific pathogens Surface barriers: skin and mucous membranes Internal Defenses: Phagocytes, NK cells, antimicrobial proteins, Inflammation, and fever Adaptive Defense System Also called specific defense system Responds within hours/days Attacks against specific pathogens Includes B and T cells

Interferes with viral replication. Mobilizes other immune system cells.

Interferons

What are two types of antimicrobial proteins? What are they responsible for?

Interferons interfere with viral replication and activate NK cells and macrophages Complement proteins enhance the effectiveness of both the innate and adaptive defenses Release inflammatory chemicals Opsonize pathogens to be destroyed Lyse and kill certain bacteria

What element does the heme group contain? What does this bind to?

Iron (Fe) Oxygen binds to heme group

What happens to the iron core? What is the heme group broken down into? Where do those components go?

Iron core is saved and stored for reuse Heme groups is broken down into bilirubin (Liver picks up bilirubin and converts it into bile; bile is secreted into intestines; then bile is converted into another pigment and excreted from the body)

What are some diseases associated with overproduction of leukocytes?

Leukemia: overproduction of nonfunctional leukocytes Causes severe anemia and bleeding problems, fever, weight loss, and bone pain Infectious Mononucleosis "Mono": excessive lymphocytes produced Caused by Epstein-Barr virus Tired, achy, chronic sore throat, low-grade fever

What causes a fever? Should they always be treated?

Leukocytes and macrophages release pyrogens Pyrogens act on hypothalamus and tell it to raise the temperature set point in the body Body works to increase its temperature until that point is reached Unless fever is very high, does not need to be treated right away

FILL IN THE BLANK

Leukocytes are also called white blood cells. They make up 1% of the total blood volume. They are able to leave the bloodstream and enter damaged tissue by the process of diapedesis. They are able to find the specific damaged tissue by positive chemotaxis. Leukocytosis occurs when there are greater than 11,000 cells/ul of blood.

What are some diseases associated with too little leukocytes?

Leukopenias: decreased leukocytes Neutropenia: decreased neutrophils Caused by chemotherapy medication or immune dysfunction Lymphocytopenia: decreased lymphocytes Caused by inherited immune deficiency, infectious diseases, chemotherapy medications, immune dysfunction

If the spleen is removed, what will take over its functions?

Liver and bone marrow

Where is the spleen located? What occurs in the spleen? What does the spleen filter?

Located on left side of abdominal cavity below diaphragm Serves as location for lymphocyte activation Filters and breaks down old blood cells and platelets Macrophages break down old blood cells; breakdown products enter bloodstream to be recycled

In which direction does lymph flow? What does the right lymphatic duct drain? Thoracic duct?

Lymph flows in one direction from capillaries toward the heart Lymphatic capillaries are found between tissues and within loose connective tissue throughout the body The right lymphatic duct drains lymph from the right upper limb and right side of the head and thorax The thoracic duct drains lymph from the rest of the body

Why are lymph nodes important? What types of cells are found in lymph nodes?

Lymph nodes allow the lymph to be filtered and prevent unwanted substances from being delivered to the blood They also serve as a location where lymphocytes are activated Macrophages and lymphocytes are found in lymph nodes

How are lymphatic vessels similar to veins?

Lymphatic vessels are under low pressure; they do not have an organ that pumps the blood through the body Therefore they rely on the pumping action of skeletal muscles They contain valves that help prevent backflow and buildup of lymph

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Lymphocytes circulate through these 3 areas: blood, lymph, and secondary lymphoid organs. They become activated when they bind to a specific antigen. Once a lymphocyte becomes activated, it proliferates to form a group of cells exactly alike called a clone. Most of these become effector cells. B cell effector cells are called plasma cells and secrete antibodies. The 3 types of T cell effector cells are called helper, regulatory, and cytotoxic. Some clones become memory cells.

Where do lymphocytes originate? Where do B cells mature? Where do T cells mature?

Lymphocytes originate in red bone marrow B cells finish maturing in the red bone marrow T cells mature in the thymus

What is the purpose of lymphoid tissue? What type of tissue makes it up?

Lymphoid tissues serves as a place for immune cells to encounter antigens and become activated (produce effector and memory cells) It is composed of reticular connective tissue

Descendant of activated B cell or T cell. Generate during initial immune response. May exist in body for years, enabling it to respond quickly and efficiently to subsequent encounters with same antigen.

Memory Cell

What makes up most of plasma? What is also found in plasma? Why is albumin important?

Mostly water 100 different dissolved solutes: proteins, electrolytes, nutrients, gases, hormones, waste products Proteins most abundant solutes Albumin most abundant protein Carries different molecules Blood buffer Maintains the plasma osmotic pressure: helps maintain fluid levels in blood vessels

What does MALT stand for? What is the function of MALT? Where are the largest collections of MALT found?

Mucosa-associated lymphoid tissue Serve as a location where lymphocytes are activated and macrophages able to break down pathogens Largest collections found in tonsils, Peyer's patches, and appendix

What do natural killer cells target? What do they cause to happen?

NK cells target cancerous and virus-infected body cells Looks for cells that lack normal "self" proteins on cell surface Tell cells to undergo apoptosis Also release chemicals to increase inflammatory response

Promotes apoptosis by directly attacking virus-infected or cancerous cells. Recognizes general abnormalities rather than specific antigens. Does not form memory cells.

Natural Killer (NK) cell

Cytotoxic T cells are similar to which type of cell of the innate immune system? (neutrophil, eosinophil, basophil, natural killer cell, monocyte). Hint: The answer is not written on a slide, you will have to look at the functions of these cells individually.

Natural killer cells

When are the 4 methods antibodies use to inactivate antigens?

Neutralization: antibodies block binding sites on viruses or bacterial toxins Agglutination: binds multiple antigens together Precipitation: binds to soluble antigens (prevents antigens from dissolving in blood) Activation of complement proteins: enhances phagocytosis and inflammatory response

What types of immune cells get to the site of inflammation first? Which type of immune cells stay at the site of inflammation longer?

Neutrophils arrive first; start process of phagocytosing foreign material Monocytes arrive afterwards; are signaled to become macrophages; finish phagocytosing foreign material

Which cells are considered as phagocytes? What is the job of a phagocyte?

Neutrophils, macrophages, and monocytes Phagocytes break down pathogens and signal for other immune cells to be activated Phagocyte recognizes pathogen, engulfs pathogen, enzymes within phagocyte break down pathogens Excess particles are released; signal other immune cells to become activated

What is needed for erythrocyte formation?

Nutrients and structural material (amino acids, lipids, carbohydrates) Vitamin B12 Iron

Contain both "anti-a" and "anti-b" antibody in plasma:

O

Contain no antigens on RBC surface:

O

Universal donor:

O

1) What is anemia? What are the 3 different causes of anemia?

Occurs when blood is not carrying enough oxygen to support normal metabolism (activity of cells) Symptoms: fatigue, shortness of breath, pale and chilled skin Hemorrhagic anemia Too much blood is lost Not enough red blood cells circulating; not enough oxygen gets to cells fast enough Decreased erythrocyte production Not enough red blood cells are made Caused by multiple factors: Iron deficiency Pernicious anemia (unable to absorb vitamin B12) Renal anemia (kidneys unable to make EPO) Aplastic anemia (red bone marrow is destroyed) Hemolytic Red blood cells are destroyed faster than they are being replaced May rupture or lyse on their own Are destroyed because they were not correctly made in the first place (genetic factor) Thallassemia's anemia Sickle-cell anemia

How do allergies occur?

Occurs when the immune system responds to a threat that is not usually recognized as foreign (pollen venom, penicillin, peanuts) The body releases an overabundance of antibodies (IgE) against these antigens The antibodies may cause more damage to the body that the antigen will

Released by TC cells. Creates large pores in the target cell's membrane allowing entry of apoptosis-inducing enzymes.

Perforin, granzymes

Engulfs and destroys pathogens that breach surface membrane barriers. Includes neutrophils and macrophages.

Phagocyte

An effector B cell that produces antibodies.

Plasma cell

What is polycythemia?

Polycythemia: too many red blood cells are made Hematocrit is increased which increases blood viscosity (may impair circulation) Secondary polycythemia occurs when less oxygen is available; therefore EPO production increases

What is the purpose of inflammation? What are the 4 signs of inflammation?

Prevents spread of damaging material to nearby tissues Disposes cell debris and pathogens Alerts adaptive immune system Ultimately help tissue be repaired 4 signs: Redness, Heat, Swelling, Pain

What does erythropoietin stimulate? Where is it made?

Production of red blood cells Kidneys

Where does leukopoiesis occur? What is it stimulated by?

Red bone marrow Interleukins and CSFs (colony stimulating factors)

Suppress T and B cells when antigen is no longer present:

Regulatory

Slows or stops activity of B cells, T cells, macrophages, and other immune cells. Important in controlling autoimmune diseases.

Regulatory T (Treg) cell

After platelets contract and pull on the vessel wall, they release what product? What does this help do?

Release PDGF: platelet-derived growth factor It helps rebuild the blood vessel wall

In erythropoiesis, what is the last cell called before it becomes an erythrocyte? What vitamin is required for this process?

Reticulocyte Vitamin B12

Are most Americans considered, Rh+ or Rh-?

Rh+

What are some examples of autoimmune diseases?

Rheumatoid arthritis Myasthenia gravis Multiple sclerosis Grave's disease Type I diabetes mellitus Celiac disease Systemic lupus erythematosus

What is used to help replace blood volume? Does this replace the oxygen-carrying capacity of lost red blood cells?

Saline or any isotonic solution (compared to blood plasma) can be given to replace blood volume This does not involve red blood cells, so it does not replace the oxygen-carrying capacity of blood

What color is oxygen-rich blood? Oxygen-poor?

Scarlet, bright red Maroon, dark red

What is the first line of defense in the body? What are some protective measures of skin and mucous membranes?

Skin and Mucous membranes Acidic environment of skin, urine, vagina, or stomach inhibit bacterial growth Enzymes found in saliva, tears, respiratory mucus, sweat, and stomach secretions kill many different pathogens Mucus lining digestive and respiratory tracts helps trap pathogens

Where are Peyer's patches found? Where is the appendix found?

Small intestine Hanging off the first part of large intestine

What are some unique qualities of the adaptive immune system?

Specific: recognizes and targets particular pathogens or antigens Systemic: immunity not restricted to the initial infection site Memory: after the initial exposure, it recognizes previously encountered pathogens, creates a stronger attack

For each of the steps of hemostasis, fill in the blanks with the appropriate words from the lists provided. Not all words will be used.

Step 1: vasoconstriction, vasodilation, increases, decreases · Damaged blood vessels respond to injury by vasoconstriction. This decreases blood flow. Step 2: aggregating, dividing, permanent, temporary, ADP, Serotonin, Heparin, thromboxane A2, positive, negative · Once platelets have become activated, they begin aggregating. This forms a temporary seal in the vessel wall. Chemicals released from platelets include ADP, serotonin, and thromboxane A2. The platelet plug formation is an example of a positive feedback cycle. Step 3: clot retraction, clotting factors, anticoagulants, liver, kidney, Vitamin K, Vitamin B12, prothrombin activator, thrombin, fibrin · If the damage is very large, coagulation or "blood clotting" may occur. This whole process involves substances called clotting factors. Many of these are produced in the liver and require vitamin K to be made. The slowest step in the clotting cascade is the synthesis of prothrombin activator. Once this is made, it causes the synthesis of thrombin. This causes the synthesis of fibrin. This product forms the cross-linked fibrin mesh substance. Factors that inhibit any of these steps from occurring are called anticoagulants.

What is an antigen? What are they associated with on a cell's surface?

Substances that trigger the body's adaptive defenses Anything considered "non-self" (not normally present in the body) Our own cells contain "self-antigens" Antigens, either self or non-self, are displayed on MHC proteins

How are T cells activated: By recognizing free antigens? Or by recognizing processed fragments of antigens presented on MHC proteins of APC's?

T cells are activated when they interact with antigen fragments presented on antigen presenting cells They cannot recognize free antigens

What occurs in the thymus? When is it most active?

T cells undergo further maturation in the thymus It is most active during childhood Slowly atrophies in adult

fill in the blanks

The hypothetical first lymph node or group of nodes draining a cancer is called the sentinel lymph node.

What is the difference between a primary and secondary immune response? How does this relate to vaccinations?

The primary immune response occurs on the first exposure to a particular antigen; the response takes 3-6 days to activate. The time involves for the correct B antigen to be activated; make clones; and make antibodies. The secondary immune response occurs when re-exposed to the same antigen; the response takes much less time and is much stronger. The time involves for the memory B cells to be activated; make more clones, and make more antibodies.

Why does organ rejection occur?

The recipient's immune system may recognize the donated organ as foreign; activates their immune system against it

What is thrombocytopenia? What is hemophilia? How can liver damage affect blood clotting?

Thrombocytopenia: deficient number of platelets Causes spontaneous bleeding from small blood vessels all over the body Hemophilia: severe hereditary bleeding disorders; unable to clot properly Certain clotting factors are not made Small cut can be dangerous The liver is responsible for making clotting factors. So if the liver is not working, clotting factors will not be made and the clotting process will be unable to occur.

What is a thrombus? Embolus? What causes them? Why is an embolism bad?

Thrombus: clots that develops and persists in an unbroken blood vessel Embolus: clot that breaks free from blood vessel wall and is traveling in the bloodstream Called embolism when embolus gets stuck in a small enough blood vessel (different place than where clot formed originally) Caused by conditions that roughen the blood vessel endothelium or slowly flowing blood (clotting factors accumulate) Embolisms block the flow of oxygen to tissues

What is the function of erythrocytes? What do they not contain? What is the major protein found in an erythrocyte?

Transport oxygen and some carbon dioxide Do not contain nucleus or organelles Hemoglobin (Hb)

`What are the functions of blood?

Transport oxygen, carbon dioxide, nutrients, waste products, hormones Regulate body temperature, blood pH, and fluid volumes Protect against infection and blood loss

Gather and remove pathogens in food and air:

all 3

Most rare WBC:

basophil

Release histamine:

basophil

In the following diagram, explain what is happening at each step. Start with a stimulus of hypoxia (low oxygen)

check review

Label the different layers of blood. Include the percentages of each component.

check review

Defend against large parasitic worms:

eosinophil

Involved in allergies and asthma:

eosinophil

Located at base of tongue:

lingual

Associated most with lymphoid tissue:

lymphocyte

May become B cell:

lymphocyte

May become T cell:

lymphocyte

Activate lymphocytes:

monocyte

Largest WBC:

monocyte

May become macrophages:

monocyte

Phagocytize viruses and bacteria:

monocyte

Defend against bacteria:

neutrophil

Defend against fungi:

neutrophil

Most numerous WBC:

neutrophil

Largest and most often infected:

palatine

Located in posterior end of oral cavity:

palatine

Also called adenoids:

pharyngeal

Located in posterior wall of nasopharynx:

pharyngeal