Exam 2

He said, "If we remembered everything, we should on most occasions be as ill off as if we remembered nothing."

William James

After a rap concert, as Dominique walks out into the fresh air, she notices her ears are ringing. This ringing indicates possible damage to the hair cells of her _____ membrane.

basilar

Kari is a fan of heavy metal music. Her mother is concerned that prolonged exposure to ear-splitting music could most likely damage her _____ membrane.

basilar

One important reason that sleep is so important in remembering what you have studied is because during sleep, the brain organizes and _____ newly learned information for long-term memory.

consolidates

Because memories are _____, "hypnotically refreshed" memories may prove inaccurate, especially if the hypnotist asks leading questions.

constructed

One fear about _____ memories in childhood traumas is that the genuine cases of childhood sexual abuse will be disbelieved.

false

Punishment decreases the rate of operant responding, and negative reinforcement _____ the rate of operant responding.

increases

A scientist records how long it takes for subjects to press a button when they see a light. This person is studying:

neurological speed.

Which of the following interventions is most likely to positively impact the cognitive development of students from families who live in poverty?

nutritional supplements

In an effort to recall his early life experiences, Aaron formed vivid mental images of the rooms in his childhood home. Aaron was engaged in the process of _____.

priming

A baby's ability to comprehend speech is known as receptive language; his or her ability to produce words is known as:

productive language

J. McVicker Hunt's 1961 book, Intelligence and Experience, helped launch _____ in 1965.

project head start

Sarah comes from a loving but poor family. Her family wants her to do well in school, and she is in the program _____ to boost her cognitive and social skills.

project head start

A(n) _____is a mental image of all the features we associate with a category.

prototype

John has a harder time remembering that tomatoes are considered a fruit than are apples. This is because apples more closely resemble his _____ of fruit.

prototype

Matching new items to a(n) _____ provides a quick and easy method for sorting items into existing mental categories.

prototype

Studying the relationships between the physical characteristics of stimuli (e.g., intensity) and the psychological experience of them involves the field known as:

psychophysics.

The widely used American revision of Alfred Binet's original intelligence test was developed by _____.

Lewis Terman

The Educational Testing Service conducted a study of 23,000 students who took the SAT and then, four years later, took the GRE. The correlation between their SAT verbal scores and GRE verbal scores was _____, indicating a remarkably stable aptitude for test-tasking.

+.86

By about the age of _____ months, a trained ear can identify the language of the household in a child's babbling.

10

By the age of _____, an infant's typical babbling has changed so that a trained ear can identify the language of the household.

10 months

Identical twins Zack and Andy live with their biological parents. Zack took an intelligence test when he was 9 years old and got a score of 100. Andy took the same test. You would you predict Andy's score to be very close to _____.

100

On the original Stanford-Binet test, an 8 year old who responds with the proficiency of an average 10-year-old would have an IQ of _____.

125

A performance score on the Wechsler Adult Intelligence Scale (WAIS) that is higher than all but 2 percent of all scores earns an intelligence score of _____.

130

Infants by age _____ months will imitate acts modeled on television.

14

David Mitchell (2006) found that people who were shown a picture of an elephant for a couple of seconds _____ years earlier displayed a better ability for identification than a control group.

17

There are _____ morphemes in the word dogs.

2

The English language has about _____ phonemes. Researchers have identified about _____ different phonemes in human speech.

40; 869

The difference threshold is the minimum difference that a person can detect between any two stimuli:

50 percent of the time.

Stephen Ceci's and Maggie Bruck's study of children's memories showed that _____ percent of the children who had not received genital examinations from a pediatrician still pointed to either genital or anal areas when asked where the physician touched them.

55

The average person knows about _____ words by the time of his or her high school graduation.

60,000

Intellectual disability refers to a condition of limited mental ability, which is indicated by an intelligence test score at or below _____, as well as difficulty adapting to the normal demands of independent living.

70

In a study by Bob Garrett, memory construction helped explain why _____ percent of 200 convicts were exonerated by later DNA testing that showed they were misjudged based on faulty eyewitness identification.

79

Adeline is worried because she knows that her work environment is very loud and that prolonged exposure to sounds above _____ decibels can produce hearing loss.

85

A 6 year old who responds to the original Stanford-Binet test with the proficiency typical of an average 9 year old is said to have a mental age of _____ years.

9

It is not unreasonable to predict that when today's U.S. teenagers are in their mid-70s, they will have watched TV for the equivalent of about _____ years.

9

Imagine a study in which participants are shown 2,000 slides of houses and storefronts, each for only 10 seconds. Later, these same participants are shown 300 of the original slides paired with slides they have not seen before. According to research, these participants would be able to recognize _____ percent of the slides they had seen before.

90

Participants in a study conducted by Ralph Haber were shown more than 2,500 slides of faces and places for only 10 seconds each. Later, they were shown 280 of these slides, paired with an unseen slide. The participants were able to recognize _____ percent of the slides they had seen before.

90

_____ is a pioneering learning researcher who highlighted the antisocial effects of aggressive models on children's behavior.

Albert Bandura

The famous Bobo doll research was conducted by _____ and showed the power of _____.

Albert Bandura; observational learning

Dr. Tan is interested in studying primate behavior as related to primate thought. If she wants to study behavior that other animal researchers have already found in primates, which of the following topics should she choose?

All of these behaviors have been found in primates.

In terms of gender differences in intellectual abilities, boys:

All of these differences in intellectual ability can be attributed to males.

Intelligence can be defined as a mental quality that consists of:

All of these mental qualities define intelligence.

Susan was born deaf to hearing-impaired parents. She is fluent in sign language and successful in school. How will she perform on a standard intelligence test compared to hearing children her age?

Because the intelligence test is in the culture's dominant language, a language she cannot hear, she will not perform as well.

The Hopi do not have a past tense for their verbs. According to _____, this suggests that they cannot readily think about the past, because language imposes conceptions of reality.

Benjamin Whorf

University students who focus on the interest and challenge of their schoolwork, rather than on simply meeting deadlines and securing good grades, are especially likely to demonstrate _____.

Creativity

Most college students think that they are reasonably intelligent, at least academically. How might they test this, if they cannot take an IQ test?

Evaluate a stimulant

Some researchers are reporting that _____ are associated with higher intelligence test scores.

FASTER neurological speed and FASTER perceptual speed

Because of the _____ effect, people of same ability may be classified differently depending on when they were tested.

Flynn

Tyler has just been released from a drug rehabilitation center where he was treated for heroin addiction. His therapist recommended that he stay away from old drug-related associates and places where he used the drug. Studies show this is a wise recommendation. Why?

He will experience the craving for drugs when in these situations due to classical conditioning.

At age 53, Ralph underwent radical eye surgery and had to wear an eye patch for four months. How will this sensory restriction affect his vision?

His vision will be unaffected by this sensory restriction.

_____ reared together have intelligence test scores that are virtually as similar as those of a single person taking the same test twice.

Identical twins

Perceptual _____ are to real perceptions as false memories are to real memories.

Illusions

Marcia is in therapy to obtain help in her efforts stop smoking. Her therapist made a series of suggestions to help reduce her cravings. Which of the following suggestions are based on Pavlov's research on classical conditioning?

In order to reduce her cravings, she should avoid places where she usually smoked.

Zelda was adopted when she was an infant. Her adoptive parents' intelligence test scores are in the average range. Her biological parents, on the other hand, have test scores that are well above average. When Zelda is 30, what can we predict about her performance on an intelligence test?

It will be more similar to her biological parents' test scores.

"Give me a dozen healthy infants, well formed, and my own specified world to bring them up in and I'll guarantee to take any one at random and train him to become any type of specialist I might select—doctor, lawyer, artist, merchant-chief, and, yes, even beggar-man and thief, regardless of his talents, penchants, tendencies, abilities, vocations, and race of his ancestors." Which of the following psychologists made this statement?

John B. Watson

Which psychologist studied the development of taste aversions and how they could not be explained by the basic principles of classical conditioning?

John Garcia

Sue Savage-Rumbaugh is associated with the position that language is not confined to humans and can be learned by other ape species. She has tried to demonstrate this in her work with a pygmy chimpanzee named _____.

Kanzi

Infant rats deprived of their mothers' grooming touch produce:

LESS growth hormone and have a LOWER metabolic rate.

_____ processing speed has been correlated with intelligence test scores.

Neural

_____ memories are weak; they need to be exercised if one wants to remember them.

New

Sarah comes from a loving but poor family. Her family wants her to do well in school, and she is in this type of program to boost her cognitive and social skills.

Project Head Start

Jasmine was in a serious car accident. She suffered damage to her temporal lobe, just behind her right ear. What kind of problems might this cause for her?

She might have trouble recognizing familiar faces.

Huma's 2-year-old son was just administered an intelligence test. Huma is very worried because his score was 100, which she was told is the average score for toddlers. Should Huma worry about her son's chance of going to an elite college?

She should NOT worry because intelligence tests administered before age 3 only minimally predict future aptitude.

Erica is a figure skater preparing for the upcoming national championships. Her coach has suggested she practice mentally for the competition. Which of the following would you recommend she imagine?

She should imagine her jumps and spins while listening to her skating music.

_____ skills refer to one of the secondary criteria for intellectual disability. It includes interpersonal skills, social responsibility, and the ability to follow basic rules and laws and avoid being victimized.

Social

_____ is a self-confirming concern that you will be evaluated based on a negative stereotype.

Stereotype threat

Four-month-old Shayna is starting to say things like "ah-goo" and "da-da-da-da." Shayna is in the:

babbling stage

Your brother is considering adopting an infant from an orphanage that has a reputation for minimal child-caregiver interaction. A 1-year-old boy is available for adoption, but he is passive and not speaking yet. What advice would you give your brother?

The chances are good that the boy will learn to talk if he is provided with responsive caregiving

Leonard is a heroin addict. He is very careful about overdosing. He typically shoots up in his basement apartment, but is now at a friend's house and needs a fix really badly. He's never done drugs at his friend's house before, but he's desperate. He injects his normal "safe" dosage of heroin but almost dies of an overdose. According to the principles of classical conditioning, what happened?

The effect of the heroin was increased because Leonard injected it in a strange environment and his body could not use the stimuli in his basement to prepare for it.

Which of the following would best explain why psychics are sometimes able to make accurate predictions?

They make lots of guesses.

The law of effect states that rewarded behavior is likely to recur; it is this psychologist's principle.

Thorndike

Jennifer experienced a traumatic head injury after she ran into a tree while downhill skiing. During recovery, her doctors noticed that she has a difficult time understanding what others are saying to her. Jennifer probably experienced damage to:

Wernicke's area

This area controls language reception and is involved in language comprehension and expression.

Wernicke's area

Given what we know about the relationship between distraction and pain, if you are trying to pick the BEST hospital room for a loved one who is in a great deal of pain, you should pick:

a shared room with a TV that is near a window.

George Miller's research on short-term memory capacity indicated that we can only store _____ in our short-term memory.

about seven bits of information

Though he is relatively short and thin, Miguel has a huge head and a very large brain. Based on the relationship between brain size and intelligence test scores, you might assume that Miguel has:

above average intelligence test scores.

Studying the impact of boredom and fatigue on people's _____ thresholds would involve research based on signal detection theory.

absolute

The ability to create ideas that are both different and useful is linked to:

academic intelligence.

A test on Chapter 10 of the psychology text would be an example of a(n):

achievement test.

_____ is the ability to learn new behaviors that help us cope with new or changing circumstances.

adaptability

After some practice, Carol was able to read books while holding them upside down. This best illustrates perceptual _____.

adaptation

Sensory _____ allows people to be aware of things that change.

adaptation

Visual information is processed by ganglion cells _____ it is processed by rods and cones and after it is processed by bipolar cells.

after

Sally could not find the artichokes in the supermarket. As a result, she went up and down every row and examined every product in order to find them. This is an example of a problem-solving tool known as a(n) _____.

algorithm

Superior performance on the WAIS is most likely to be indicative of Robert Sternberg's concept of _____ intelligence.

analytical

Both Jennifer and Tony experienced traumatic head injuries. While Jennifer finds it difficult understand others, Tony is able to understand what others are saying, but finds it difficult to speak even though there is nothing wrong with the muscles that control his speech. Both Jennifer and Tony are suffering from _____.

aphasia

A(n) _____ test measures a person's capacity to learn, whereas an achievement test measures what a person has already learned.

aptitude

The SAT is an example of a(n):

aptitude test.

Damage to the basilar membrane is most likely to affect one's:

audition

Strange as it may seem, you have run into the same co-worker four times today, in four different locations. You get a little nervous, wondering if she is following you. Your ability to unconsciously keep track of the number of times you've run into the co-worker is known as:

automatic processing.

A few days before flying to San Francisco, Jim watched a documentary about the 1906 earthquake that devastated the city. Even though the chance of getting caught in an earthquake while in San Francisco was relatively minor, Jim decided to cancel his trip. This best illustrates the _____.

availability heuristic

Though he is relatively large and heavy, Miguel has a very small head and brain. Based on the relationship between brain size and intelligence test scores, you might assume that Miguel has:

below average intelligence test scores.

Biological evidence for the existence of emotional intelligence includes _____.

brain damage

Group differences and the stereotype threat can partially be countered by having students focus on the idea that intelligence is:

changeable

Taste is a(n) _____ sense.

chemical

Jane had leukemia as a child and had to undergo numerous bouts of chemotherapy. The chemotherapy always made her nauseous. As she underwent a year of treatment, the waiting room started to make her nauseous. The _____ is the unconditioned stimulus.

chemotherapy

IQ is simply a person's mental age divided by his or her _____ and multiplied by 100 to eliminate the decimal point.

chronological age

Dora found the serial number of the used car she wanted to purchase online. To remember the eleven-digit number, 19801776317, she thought of the number as the year she was born (1980), the date of the Declaration of Independence (1776), and the area code of her home phone (317). Dora was using the strategy of _____ to help her remember the car's serial number.

chunking

Five-year-old Destiny is frightened by the noise thunder makes. Destiny associates lightning with thunder because lightning regularly precedes thunder. Thus, when Destiny sees lightning, she often cries in anticipation that she will hear thunder soon afterward. This is an example of _____ conditioning.

classical

People have been observed to form negative attitudes toward Pokémon characters that were repeatedly shown with negative words and images next to them. This best illustrates the impact of:

classical conditioning.

When Juan was a child he was attacked by a swarm of hornets in his back yard. Now every time he hears the sound of hornets he immediately becomes frightened. This is an example of:

classical conditioning.

People and animals learn the association between two stimuli through _____. People and animals learn the association between a behavior and a consequence through _____.

classical conditioning; operant conditioning

Shawna is about to graduate with a Bachelor of Arts in Psychology and is planning to attend graduate school. Her primary interests are in how people are able to store new information into memory, problem solving, and how people communicate with others. She is mostly interested in mental activities known as:

cognition

The intervention of nutritional supplements is most likely to positively impact the _____ development of students from families who live in poverty.

cognitive

A(n) _____ is a mental representation of the layout of one's environment. For example, after exploring a maze, rats act as if they have learned this kind of mental representation.

cognitive map

If the onset of a light reliably signals the onset of food, a rat in a Skinner box will work to turn on the light. In this case, the light is a(n) _____ reinforcer.

conditioned

Ricardo has been suffering from a lengthy battle with the flu. His ears are painfully plugged with fluid. One morning his right ear "pops" from all of the pressure and fluid comes out. He screams in pain because the eardrum has punctured. This will result in _____ hearing loss.

conduction

The retina's central focal point is the fovea, which contains only _____, not rods.

cones

A factory foreman believes older workers are not as motivated to work as hard as younger workers. When he sees a younger employee slacking off, he usually assumes that she is taking a well-deserved break. His supervision strategy is an example of_____ bias.

confirmation

People have a tendency to search for information that supports their preconceptions. This is known as:

confirmation bias.

Which procedure is used to identify the different dimensions of performance that underlie people's intelligence scores?

factor analysis

Raoul decided to ask a hypnotherapist to help him deal with difficult childhood issues. However, if the hypnotherapist asks leading questions, "hypnotically refreshed" memories can be inaccurate because of memory _____.

construction

The extent to which a test samples the behavior that is of interest is known as:

content validity.

It has been demonstrated that professional psychologists who specialize in interviewing children :

could not tell real memories from fake, nor could the children.

Expertise, imagination, intrinsic motivation, a venturesome personality, and the proper environment may combine to make a person:

creative

The ability to produce ideas that are both useful and novel is called _____.

creativity

Childhood seems to represent a(n) _____ period for mastering certain aspects of language.

critical

Marshall takes his 1-year-old son, Marcus, out for a walk. Marcus reaches over to touch a red flower and is stung by a bumblebee sitting on the petals. The next day, Marcus's mother brings home some red flowers. She removes a flower from the arrangement and takes it over for her baby to smell. Marcus cries loudly as soon as he sees it. According to the principles of classical conditioning, the conditioned response is the _____.

crying

Researchers have found at least 39 local customs related to chimpanzee tool use, grooming, and courtship. These customs are transmitted to peers and offspring. Because these activities are learned rather than genetic, they are an example of animals that possess _____.

culture

At Cornell University, Gibson and Walk placed infants on the edge of a safe canyon to determine whether crawling infants and newborn animals can perceive _____. This famous experiment is known as the visual cliff.

depth

Railroad tracks appear to converge in the distance. This provides a cue for_____ perception known as linear perspective.

depth

Research implies that if a language has terms for differentiating between colors, then actual discrimination/perception of those colors will be affected. This seems to provide evidence for the linguistic _____ hypothesis.

determinism

Four-year-old Tommy developed a fear of going down steps after falling down the steps in his house several times. When he was at his grandmother's house he demonstrated no fear of climbing the steps to her front door. Unlike Little Albert's fear of white rats and other white items, Tommy was demonstrating _____.

discrimination

One important reason that sleep is so important in remembering what you have studied is because:

during sleep, the brain organizes and consolidates information for long-term memory.

While you probably wish that your study time was automatic, successful studying, unfortunately, requires the attention and conscious work known as _____ processing.

effortful

Studies using fMRI showed brain activity related to actual pain is mirrored in the brain of a subject observing a loved one's suffering. Empathy in the brain shows up in the _____ areas of the brain, but not in the somatosensory cortex, which receives the physical pain input.

emotional

Willis again picked the wrong day to ask his boss for a day off, especially with the multimillion-dollar project proposal due in a couple of days. This best illustrates a lack of:

emotional intelligence

The processing of information into the memory system is called:

encoding

Laurie, Jim's wife, complains that he never notices when she has made changes in her hair style. At her latest hair appointment, she had several inches cut from her hair. When Jim came home from work, he greeted her and did not notice or make a comment about her new hair style until Laurie pointed out his failure to notice. Jim may not have noticed the difference because of a(n):

encoding failure.

Several days ago, Ravi fell and hurt his ankle. Although it bothered him a little, he continued to walk on it. When he finally went to the doctor for x-rays, he found out he had a broken bone. It is likely that Ravi carries a gene that boosts the availability of _____.

endorphins

As people age, genetic factors seem to have increasing influence on intelligence scores, and the influence of _____ factors seem to diminish.

environmental

Kamea has always had a bad back. Lately she has been experiencing a great deal of pain in her lower back. Her experience of pain is in part the result of her _____ about pain.

expectations

During a typical morning, Colin will check the clock more frequently as the time for his regularly scheduled lunch break approaches. In this case, Colin's clock-checking behavior is reinforced on a(n) _____ schedule.

fixed-interval

You received a great money-saving credit card offer in the mail complete with a frequent-flyer reward program. You read on further to find that the one mile for every dollar spent may not be such a great offer after all because you get a $500 airline ticket only after you acquire 25,000 miles or spend $25,000. This is a _____ schedule.

fixed-ratio

Short-term memory is to _____ as long-term memory is to permanent.

fleeting

The sentence, "Man, like other mammals, nurses his young," sounds peculiar to many people because generic words such as he, his, and man are not truly _____.

gender-free

Charles Spearman expressed the belief that intelligence was best characterized as a(n) _____ ability.

general

In Laurie's psychology laboratory she and her lab partner conditioned a rat to press a lever for food when a red light was on, but discovered that the rat would also press the lever when a white light was on. Laurie and her partner reported that the rat had exhibited.

generalization

Marlee was raped at gunpoint in a parking garage. Her attacker was wearing strong cologne, and she refuses to go through the male fragrance department at the department store, will not be alone by herself or with any man, and will not park in any garages. This reaction best illustrates:

generalization

Environmental conditions can override _____ influences on cognitive development, especially among children raised in poverty.

genetic

Similar intelligence test scores for identical twins reared apart imply the importance of _____ influences on intelligence.

genetic

"When beginning a sentence with an introductory phrase or a dependent clause, include a comma." This is a rule of _____.

grammar

As an elementary school teacher, Lisa has many students for whom English is a second language. She notices that many of these students have more difficulty understanding new vocabulary terms than the rest of the class, and have a tendency to misplace adjectives in their writings. These students are experiencing difficulty with:

grammar

In looking at differences in intellectual ability between groups, researchers of genetics remind us the genetic difference between two Icelandic villagers is much _____than the group differences between Icelanders and Kenyans.

greater

John just started his vacation from work and scheduled a tee time with friends to play golf Monday morning. On Monday morning he started driving his car to work instead of the golf course. Driving his car to work instead of the golf course is an example of:

habitual behavior.

Professor Wallace studies memory in people who have had strokes. Professor Hansen studies people who claim to have clear memories of events that happened over three decades ago. Such research on the extremes of memory:

helps us to understand how memory works.

Henry decided to organize what he is studying by paying attention to chapter outlines, headings, objectives, learning outcomes, and test questions. This best illustrates the use of _____ organization.

hierarchical

Professor Canine classically conditioned a dog to salivate to a light. Later, he sounded a bell then presented the light followed by food, soon the dog salivated to the bell as well as to the light. This type of conditioning is called _____ conditioning

higher-order

Having read a story once, certain amnesia victims will read it faster the second time even though they can't recall having seen the story before. They have most likely suffered damage to the _____.

hippocampus

In terms of our sensory experience of light, wavelength is to _____ as wave intensity is to brightness.

hue

Six-year-old Fiona has no memory of a trip she took to the hospital when she was two years old, yet the rest of her family recalls what happened in vivid detail. Her inability to remember this event is known as:

infantile amnesia.

Scott is a young engineer who just started work at a company that has several seasoned engineers on staff. During a regular meeting several, of these seasoned engineers are discussing how to solve a problem. After about 15 minutes of listening to this, Scott jumps up and yells "Eureka, I've got it." This is an example of:

insight

While working on a problem, we often will think about it for a long time until all of a sudden the solution comes to us. This is an example of _____.

insight

Jane often studies Spanish and French back to back right after school. She might have trouble remembering the different vocabulary because she is not minimizing _____.

interference

Pedro recognized that his son was closer to him than his daughter because his son partially obstructed his view of his daughter. Pedro's perception was most clearly influenced by a depth cue known as _____.

interposition

An experimenter visits a pre-school with a big box of magic markers and paper. The children are told that they can draw as many pictures as they wanted. The children enjoyed the task very much. On another visit the children are told that for every picture they draw they would earn a prize. Two weeks later when the experimenter returned, he offered up the markers and papers for play but no prizes would be given. The children played very little with the markers because extrinsic rewards can undermine _____ motivation.

intrinsic

During a lecture, a professor says, "A child learns language as he interacts with his caregivers." This generic use of the pronoun "he" and "his" is more likely to trigger images of males than of females. This best illustrates the impact of:

language on thought.

Learning that is not immediately demonstrated in overt behavior is called:

latent learning.

Sharon's car accident was both emotionally and physically traumatic. She developed aphasia, which left her without the ability to express herself linguistically, because of damage to her:

left frontal lobe

Wernicke's area and Broca's area are both located in the:

left hemisphere

Researchers have found that classical conditioning can be used to produce an immune response in patients. Of the following pairings, which would be the most likely to produce this response?

lemonade with the immune-enhancing drug

Ahote is a 25-year-old Hopi. The Hopi have no past tense for their verbs, and it is very difficult for Ahote to readily think about the past. Benjamin Whorf would suggest that this is caused by:

linguistic determinism

The Brazilian Piraha language has words for the numbers "1" and "2." Any numbers greater than "2" are referred to as "many." Shown seven nuts in a row, people who speak this language find it difficult to lay out the same number in their own pile. This suggests that their words influence the way they think and is evidence for:

linguistic determinism

revealed that the reports of flashbacks were extremely rare in those patients whose brains were electrically stimulated in different cortical regions. Moreover, the flashbacks appear to have been invented, not relived.

loftus

Some people express emotions when they should not. These people are not good at:

managing their emotions.

The amount remembered depends both on the time spent learning and on your making it _____.

meaningful

Smell is unique among the senses in that it will often trigger vivid _____.

memories

_____ before age 3 are often unreliable.

memories

The tendency to approach a problem in one particular way, often a way that has been successful in the past, is known as a(n) _____.

mental set

The hammer, anvil, and stirrup are three tiny bones that make up the:

middle ear

During their first 18 years, most children in developed countries spend more time watching TV than they spend in _____.

mirror

Four-year-old Mia watched her mother sing while she was brushing her hair. The next day Mia's mother saw Mia singing while brushing her dog. Mia was _____ her mother's behavior that she acquired through observational learning.

modeling

The _____ is the smallest unit of language that carries meaning.

morpheme

Five-year-old Debbie watched her mother sing while she was brushing her hair. The next day Debbie's mother saw Debbie singing while brushing her dog. Debbie was modeling her mother's behavior that she acquired through _____.

observational learning

One chimpanzee watches a second chimp solve a puzzle for a food reward. The first chimp then imitates how the second chimp solved the puzzle. This best illustrates _____.

observational learning

Learning by imitating the behavior of others is called _____ learning. The researcher best known for studying this type of learning is _____.

observational; Bandura

Jenny is starting to use nouns for the first time. She often will point to objects and call them out by name. Jenny is experiencing the:

one-word stage

Afterimages are best explained by _____ processing theory.

opponent

What theory is most useful for explaining the characteristics of afterimages?

opponent-process theory

In terms of gender differences in intellectual abilities, boys tend to _____ girls in special education classes.

outnumber

Jessica believes she can complete a term paper, start-to-finish, in two days and begins the paper two days before its due date. Unfortunately, once she begins, she realizes it will more likely take more than a week to complete. Her failure to accurately determine how long the assignment would take best illustrates:

overconfidence

Prompt and clear feedback regarding your performance on a psychology practice test is most likely to inhibit _____.

overconfidence

Even after we learn material, _____ increases retention.

overlearning

Nociceptors initiate the sensation of:

pain

To scare people, you should frame risks as numbers, not _____.

percentages

In terms of vision, _____ is the ability to adjust to an artificially displaced or inverted visual field.

perceptual adaptation

After hearing that Bryce had served a prison sentence, Janet began to perceive his genuinely friendly behavior as insincere and manipulative. This best illustrates the impact of:

perceptual set.

Lucy is convinced she smells rotten eggs, but no one in the house can smell the odor. Lucy's sensation is known as _____ smells.

phantom

What stimulus did B. F. Skinner believe was the best way to shape desirable behavior?

positive reinforcement

The ability to see future events before they happen is known as _____.

precognition

Andrea, a woman in her 20's, takes the WAIS. She scores highly on perceptional organization, working memory, and processing speed. However, she scores poorly on verbal comprehension. It can be safely assumed from the results that Andrea suffers from a(n) _____ disability.

reading

In language development, _____ is the ability to comprehend speech, whereas _____ is the ability to produce words.

receptive language; productive language

Imagine you have to pick the correct answer from a displayed list of options. This aspect of memory is known as _____.

recognition

Joe is happy to hear that the test will be all multiple-choice questions as he feels he has a better chance to pass by using _____.

recognition

According to Thomas Landauer, _____ and critical reflection of material is a type of active studying that will help in retention of newly learned material. content_hint: A key concept in the question is active studying.

rehearsal

Randy agreed to join a biology study group. When the study group leader gave him her phone number he had nothing in which to record the number. So Randy repeated the number to himself several times until he found a pen to write the number on his hand. The process Randy used to encode the number into memory is called _____.

rehearsal

At the zoo, a chimpanzee has figured out how to use the right kind of stones to crack open the nuts thrown to him by spectators. His problem solving has been shaped by:

reinforcement

Katrina studied the Russian language in high school. Although not fluent, she did accumulate a large vocabulary. Years later, she decided to go to Russia, so she wanted to brush up on her vocabulary. She picked up the vocabulary much more quickly because it is easier to _____; that is, to learn the material for a second time.

relearn

According to Ader and Cohen (1985) classical conditioning even works on the body's disease-fighting immune system. According to this research which of the following would be the most likely to produce this response?

repeated pairing of coffee with the immune enhancing drug

Watson and Rayner taught "Little Albert" to fear white rats by:

repeatedly pairing a loud noise with the presentation of a white rat.

In psychoanalytic theory, the basic defense mechanism that banishes from consciousness anxiety-arousing thoughts, feelings, and memories is called _____.

repression

The happier Judie feels, the more readily she recalls experiences with former teachers who were warm and generous. This best illustrates that emotional states can be:

retrieval cues.

When you encode a piece of target information, other bits of information become associated with it. The bits of information connected with the target information are known as:

retrieval cues.

Ivan recently suffered a severe stroke and is no longer able to remember events from his childhood.What are his memory problems related to?

retrieval failure

The concept of latent learning helps to demonstrate that:

rewards affect performance of what has been learned rather than the process of learning itself.

Jonny has suffered hippocampal damage from a near-fatal bus crash. He is able to remember verbal information, but has no ability to recall visual designs and locations. He has probably suffered damage to his:

right hippocampus

Although he is unable to speak coherently and has been diagnosed with autism spectrum disorder, 18-year-old Andrew can produce intricate and detailed drawings of scenes he has viewed only once. Andrew illustrates a condition known as _____ syndrome.

savant

Some people who score below average on intelligence tests have an "island of brilliance," which refers to some incredible ability, such as heightened musical memory. This condition is known as:

savant syndrome.

During their first 18 years, most children in developed countries spend more time watching TV than they spend in _____.

school

The study of _____ encompasses how meaning is constructed, paraphrased, interpreted, contradicted, obscured, illustrated, simplified, and negotiated.

semantics

_____ refers to the set of rules by which people derive meaning from sounds in a given language.

semantics

Kari is a fan of heavy metal music. Her mother is concerned because she knows that prolonged exposure to ear-splitting music can cause _____ hearing loss.

sensorineural

The minute you walk into your mother-in-law's house to visit, you are struck by the strong smell of her perfume. However, after about 10 minutes, you no longer notice the smell. This is probably the result of:

sensory adaptation.

Selecting just a few aspects of all the environmental information that is being very briefly registered is a process that initially occurs in:

sensory memory.

Our tendency to recall the last and first items in a list is known as the _____ position effect.

serial

When learning occurs in the Aplysia snail, the snail releases more of this neurotransmitter at certain synapses.

serotonin

Theo suffers from depression and is currently in treatment. His physician is using electroconvulsive therapy, which will affect his _____ memory.

short-term

Two TSA officers are scanning bags at the airport. One of the officers lets a bag go through, but the other officer yells, "Wait, didn't you see that?" Why one officer saw a weapon and the other did not is best explained by:

signal detection theory.

Drivers sometimes overestimate the distance between their own vehicles and pedestrians who are short, because they rely on the distance cue known as relative _____.

size

In some countries, such as Sweden and Iceland, there is no "math gap" between boys and girls. This is evidence for which explanation of the causes of gender differences?

social expectations

According to the text, females tend to outscore males on _____, emotion-detecting, and locating objects.

spelling

An experiment finds that men who take a spelling test have lower scores after they read an article about how women typically outscore men on this kind of test. This finding supports the concept of _____.

stereotype threat.

Women have been found to score lower on math tests when they are tested alongside men. This best illustrates the impact of:

stereotype threat.

Most college students think that they are reasonably intelligent, at least academically. They can test this by determining how long it takes to respond to a(n) _____.

stimulus

Sally was asked the question: "Did Uncle Al touch your private parts?" This later became a false memory and Uncle Al was wrongly prosecuted. The problem with the question was that it was _____.

suggestive

According to Darwin's principle of natural selection and Garcia's later work, taste aversions increase the likelihood of _____ in humans and other animals.

survival

Today, a man on television described his experience of _____, a condition in which the senses become joined. He explained that, when certain types of music are played, he often sees patterns of colors.

synaesthesia

Your sister's identical twin sons are participating in a research study that includes MRI scans. The MRI findings will most likely indicate that:

the areas in their brains associated with verbal intelligence are very similar.

When we estimate the likelihood of events based on the ease with which we retrieve them from memory, we presume such events are common. This is called:

the availability heuristic.

Susan asked her roommate to lower the radio as she was trying to study. Her roommate had turned the radio up originally from a volume level of 14 to 15, which was just enough for Susan to detect. She turned it back down to 14 after Susan asked her to lower it, which satisfied Susan. This is probably the result of:

the difference threshold.

Some people have been fearful that higher twentieth-century birth rates among those with lower intelligence scores would push human intelligence scores progressively downward. This fear has been most directly alleviated by the discovery of:

the flynn effect

In evaluating differences in intellectual ability between groups, geneticists remind us:

the genetic difference between two Icelandic villagers greatly exceeds the average group differences between Icelanders and Kenyans.

The FBI is considering a new identification method. Instead of using old-fashioned fingerprints, they have decided to scan which part of the eye to confirm people's identity?

the iris

You are conducting a research study with 24 men on the effects of movies and sexual violence. You will have the men watch three violent films over the next two days and then assess their attitudes toward women and violent sexual acts by reading actual cases of rape victims. You find that:

the men expressed less sympathy for the rape victims.

Seven-year-old Jarrod is in the second grade. He is quite bright and can do the work of a 9-year-old child in the fourth grade. If Jarrod was scored based on Alfred Binet's original scoring system, he would likely have:

the mental age of 9

Intellectual ability has been likened to athletic ability, in that:

there are many distinct athletic and intellectual abilities.

Malnutrition, sensory deprivation, and social isolation can retard normal brain development. However,:

there is no environmental recipe for turning a normal infant into a genius.

B.F. Skinner believed that external influences, not _____, shape animal and human behavior.

thoughts and feelings

It has been observed that you can't really tickle yourself. This is because:

tickling involves the brain, which is more sensitive to an unexpected tickle.

The fact that perceptions involve more than the sum of our sensations best illustrates the importance of:

top-down processing.

Jean, a 10 year old who consistently scores within the top 3 to 5 percent on any intelligence test, is being segregated from his peers in order for him to take special courses and receive other academic enrichments. This is an example of:

tracking

In classical conditioning, this is the unlearned, naturally occurring response to the unconditioned stimulus (US), such as salivation when food is in the mouth.

unconditioned response (UR)

Many psychologists are skeptical of claims that chimpanzees can acquire language because the chimpanzees have NOT shown the ability to:

use syntax in communicating

Your professor hands out an exam that is supposed to be on Chapters 11 and 12. You are shocked to see that the exam is covering Chapters 13 and 14 instead. The exam clearly lacks _____ in relation to Chapters 11 and 12.

validity

Gamblers and fishermen have a difficult time controlling their need to gamble and fish because of the _____ schedule of reinforcement.

variable ratio

Because she is responsible for overseeing the servicing and repair of her company's fleet of cars, Rhonda frequently calls the garage mechanic to inquire whether service on various cars has been completed. Because service completion times are unpredictable, she is likely to be reinforced with positive responses to her inquiries on a _____ schedule.

variable-interval

Jack finds it extremely difficult to pull himself away from the blackjack table. He keeps thinking he will break even as the next hand will be his winning one. This is a _____ schedule.

variable-ratio

Identical twins Skyler and Sloane live with their biological parents. Skyler took an intelligence test when she was 9 years old and got a score of 100. Sloane took the same test. What would you predict Sloane's score to be?

very close to 100

Bart was struck by a 2 x 4 to the back of his head. He is having severe difficulties with his _____ because the injury was sustained to his occipital lobe.

vision

The peg-word system relies heavily on the use of _____ imagery.

visual

The WAIS subtest that measures one's ability to name pictured objects is:

vocabulary

Jamaal has to make an important phone call. Unfortunately, his cell phone is not charged and he has to use his landline, which does not store phone numbers. To make the call, he has to get the number from his cell phone and remember it long enough to dial on his landline. For this task, which memory is MOST important?

working memory

You stayed up way too late last night and your eyes are tired. You close your eyes, and as you rub them you notice a white light. This is because:

your retinal cells are extremely responsive, and the pressure from your hand triggers them.