Exam 2
Polyunsaturated
Fatty acids with two or more double bonds
Trans
Across, Different sides
Branched-chain alkanes
Alkanes that do not have their carbon atoms connected in a single continuous chain are called this
Unsaturated
Alkenes are considered ______ hydrocarbons because they have more than one bond between two carbon atoms
Free Energy
Also called Gibbs free energy, is the amount of energy present in molecules available to do work
Organic Compound
Are composed primarily of carbon and hydrogen, but may also include oxygen, nitrogen, sulfur, phosphorus, and a few other elements (halogens (metals are not organic)
Inorganic Compounds
Are compounds that do not contain carbon and hydrogen (has metals)
Unsaturated Fatty Acids
Are fatty acids that contain less than the maximum number of hydrogen atoms per carbon atom
Straight-chain Alkanes
Are made up of carbon atoms joined to one another to form continuous, unbranched chains of varying length
Biomolecules
Are proteins, carbohydrates, lipids, and DNA, and belong to a class of organic compounds
Cycloalkanes
Are ring-form alkanes
Alkanes
Are structurally simple organic compounds made up soley of carbon and hydrogen Are typically referred to as Saturated Hydrocarbon
Reduction
Atoms that gain electrons during a chemical reaction are said to undergo
Enantiomers
Compounds that are nonsuperimposable mirror images of each other are _____
Alkyne
Compounds that contain one or more carbon-carbon triple bonds are members of the ____ family
Nonspontaneous Processes
Do not occur naturally and require energy input
Heteroatoms
Elements other than carbon and hydrogen that are present in an organic compound are called this
Monounsaturated
Fatty acids with one double bond
Must
If on e of the alkene carbons has two identical groups bonded to it, the compound cannot exist as a cis-trans stereoisomers. The group _____ be different
Hydrolysis
In a ________ reaction water is consumed as a reactant and the reactant molecule is split into two smaller molecules
Condensation
In a ________ reaction, water is produced as two organic molecules are joined
Addition Reaction
In an _______ ________ to an alkene, an atom or group of atoms is added to a double bond in an organic molecule
Positive
In an endothermic reaction the free energy of the products is higher than that of the reactants. Energy is absorbed and the value of the Free Energy Change is _________
The Rate of chemical reactions
Increases with the amount of reactants
Increases
Increasing temperature _______ the kinetic energy
Saturated
Indicates that these compounds contain only single bonds
Carboxylation Reaction
Invoves the addtition of carboxyl, or caroxylic acid, group
Reduced Species
Is know as the Oxidation Agent
Oxidized Species
Is known as Reducing Agent
The Free Energy Change
Is the energy difference between the free energy present in the product and reactant molecules
Isomers
Molecules with the same molecular formula but different connectivity or arrangemenst of the atoms are called ____
Resonance Hybrid
The electrons in the double bonds are shared evenly by all six carbons in a _______
Activation Energy
The energy necessary to align the reactant molecules and to cause them to collide with enough energy to form products is the _______
Cellular Respiration
The series of reactions through which glucose is combusted
Rate of Reaction
We can measure the _______ by determining the amount of product formed (or reactant used up) in a certain period of time
Nonmetals
generally gain electrons
Metals
generally lose electrons
Hydrocarbon
indicates that alkanes are made up entirely of hydrogen and carbon
Essential
the polyunsaturated fatty acids linoleic and (Alpha symbol)-linolenic are considered ______ fatty acids
Rest
to keep the focus on the functional group, an R is often used to represent the ___ of the molecule (only carbons)
Combustion
when oxygen reacts with molecules producing carbon dioxide, water and energy
Exothermic Reaction
A reaction that gives off heat
Endothermic Reaction
A reaction that requires heat
Oxidation
Atoms that lose electrons during a chemical reaction are said to undergo
Decompostition Reactions
Break apart larger molecules into smaller molecules
Cis
same side
Functional Group
A group of atoms bonded in aparticular way is called a ______ group
Calorimeter
A ______ merasures the amount of energy in food by burning the food in the presence of oxygen
Catalyst
A ______ speeds up a reaction by lowering the activation energy
Alkene/ Alkenes
A carbon-carbon double bond is an unsaturated hydrocarbonfunctional group in the ______ family Are alson found in Terpenes
Shorter and Stronger
A double bond is ______ and _______ than a single bond And a triple bond is _____ and ____ than a double bond
Energy/Orientation
For a chemical reaction to occur, the molecules of the reactants must collide with each other with enought ______ and the proper ______
Negative
For an exothemic reaction the free energy of the reactants is greater than the free energy of the products and free energy change is ______
Alkyl Halides
Halogens Are common substituents on alkane chains these are called _____
Aromatic Compounds
Have a cyclic structure like benzene
Restricted Rotation
Organic Chemists say that the carbon-carbon double bond is rgid or has _______
Similarly
Organic compounds that contain the same functional group behave ______
Condensation/ Hydrolysis
Reactions are the reverse of each other
Dash Bonds
Represents atoms that project away from the viewer
Wedge Bonds
Represents atoms that project out towards the viewer
Lipids
Saturated fatty acids belong to a class of biomolecules
Thermodynamics
Study of heat or energy exchange in a chemical reaction
Carbonly
The C=O group found in several families is called a ______
Hydrogenation Reaction
Two hydrogen atoms are added, coverting an alkene double bond to an alkane single bond
Stereoisomers
When two molecules have the same molecular formula and the same attachments to the carbon skeleton but a different spatial arrangement, they are ______
Spontaneous Processes
Will continue to occur once stated and do not require energy from the surroundings