Exam 2

According to Albert Cohen, people form delinquent subcultures because they __________. A) are cut off from legitimate opportunity to gain success. B) want to show their anger toward parents C) have rejected conformist behavior. D) are frustrated with society.

A

According to __________, the widespread belief that norms and laws are natural and good masks their political character. A) the social-conflict approach B) the structural-functional approach C) labeling theory D) Karl Marx

A

According to social-conflict analysis, the people we tend to label as deviant are typically those who are __________. A) relatively powerless in society B) biologically abnormal C) discouraged by peers from conforming D) the most harmful to society

A

Ali is sent to prison for car-jacking and released two years later. Is he likely to repeat his crime? A) Yes; recidivism rates are 40 percent of higher in the United States. B) No; the United States has one of the lowest recidivism rates in the world, at a mere 7 percent. C) No; only major crimes such as first-degree murder are likely to be repeated.. D) No; minor crimes such as auto theft are not repeated very often..

A

Armed robbery is an example of a _____ crime. A) violent B) hate C) property D) victimless

A

Back in the 1950s, the label "Made in Japan" was generally found on products in the United States that were ____. A) cheap and poorly made B) expensive C) highly reliable D) inexpensive, but of high quality

A

Community service clubs, political parties, and religious congregations are all examples of _______. A) normative organizations B) utilitarian organizations C) informal organizations D) coercive organizations

A

Due to _______, members of bureaucratic organizations may sometimes try to look busy when they do not really have much work to do. A) bureaucratic inertia B) oligarchy C) bureaucratic ritualism D) "flattening"

A

Hirschi's control theory states that social control depends on __________. A) people anticipating and caring about the consequences of their behavior B) differential association, or peer group pressure C) strong enforcement of laws D) individuals' desires to conform

A

How does the phrase "I owe you one" relate to secondary groups? A) People in secondary groups tend to "keep score" regarding what they do for each other. B) People in secondary groups often borrow money from each other. C) People in secondary groups tend to make promises they cannot keep. D) People in secondary groups tease each other extensively.

A

In the United States, the postindustrial economy emerged around _______. A) 1950, during the post-World War II economic expansion B) 2000, at the beginning of the new century C) 1980, when Ronald Reagan was elected President D) 1940, before the United States entered World War II

A

Kristina sees her friends Amanda and Gabrielle in the hallways before class. Kristina likes their hair and asks them where they had it done. Amanda replies that they went to the local salon, where the hairdresser explained that she often modeled hairstyles after those of celebrities she sees in magazines. Kristina decides that she, too, would like to get his haircut. A) Amanda and Gabrielle B) her class at school C) a celebrity in a magazine D) the hairdresser

A

Monique and Kevin worked at the same company for 5 years without knowing much about each other. One day at a company party they began talking and hit it off. They dated for a year before breaking up. Kevin left his job, and the two have not spoken since, although they both enjoy going on their own to see their city's hockey team play. How did Kevin and Monique's relationship transform over time? A) They began as members of a secondary group, developed into a primary group, and eventually became just faces in a crowd. B) They began as a secondary group and developed into members of a crowd. C) They began as members of a category and became members of a small primary group. D) They began as members of a primary group, developed into a secondary group, and later became part of a category.

A

Our society is becoming "McDonaldized," meaning that our culture __________. A) has adopted many procedures similar to those of McDonald's restaurants B) is overly fond of fast food C) allows for the expansion of McDonald's more so than other restaurant chains D) embraces open, flexible organizations

A

People typically form a subjective sense of their well-being by looking at themselves relative to specific reference groups. A) True B) False

A

Primary and secondary social groups differ according to _____. A) their members' degree of personal concern for one another B) the geographic area they cover C) the overall diversity of the group. D) the size of their membership

A

Robert Merton asserts that the type of deviance people engage in depends upon __________. A) whether society provides them with the means to achieve cultural goals B) the perceived role of conflict, or strains, in their life C) their exposure to stressful life conditions D) their upbringing and family structure

A

Robert Michels believed that hierarchy weakens democracy because officials often use their access to information and other resources to promote their own personal interests. What did Michels call this assertion? A) the iron law of oligarchy B) the McDonaldization of society C) the Thomas theorem D) the law of organizational environment

A

The "McDonaldization" of society rests on the principles of efficiency, predictability, uniformity, and control. A) True B) False

A

The idea that deviance and conformity result not so much from what people do as from how others respond to those actions is the basis of __________. A) labeling theory B) peer reaction analysis C) conformity theory D) social-conflict analysis

A

The more socially diverse a group is, the more likely its members are to ________. A) interact with people who are different from themselves B) interact only among people like themselves C) encourage conformity D) limit group membership

A

Which of the following actions is an example of expressive leadership? A) The department manager notices that Joe is looking a little down and asks him if everything is all right. B) The boss tells Sara she can take Tuesday morning off as long as she finishes her project on Monday. C) The team leader asks Lakeisha how much of the new project she will be able to finish by herself in a week. D) The foreman asks Chas to help Peter with his work so that it will be finished on time.

A

Which of the following is an example of informal social control? A) teasing a friend because he listens to Justin Bieber's music B) arresting a woman for driving under the influence C) sentencing an innocent man to 10 years in prison D) giving a driver a ticket for speeding

A

Which of the following theoretical approaches takes a micro-level view of the issues of deviance? A) symbolic interaction B) structural-functional C) social conflict D) feminist

A

Which sociologist argued that deviance performs essential social functions, such as clarifying boundaries and encouraging social change? A) Emile Durkheim B) Karl Marx C) Jean Piaget D) Max Weber

A

________ is a legal negotiation where a defendant receives a lesser charge in exchange for admitting guilt. A) Plea bargaining B) Deterrence C) Retribution D) Shock probation

A

A ____is an example of a primary group. A) large bowling league B) family residing together C) high school senior class D) student body at a college

B

According to Max Weber, a key element of bureaucracies is their adherence to the tradition of favoring relatives over strangers. A) True B) False

B

According to Steven Spitzer, which of the following would most likely be considered deviant in our society? A) a landlord charging high rents to poor tenants B) a labor organizer opposing efforts to weaken unions C) a corrupt politician D) a corrupt businessman

B

An authoritarian leader typically _________. A) invites opinions and discussion B) takes personal charge of decision making C) allows the group to function on its own D) includes everyone in the decision-making process

B

In what way does feminist theory help us see how gender influences the way we define deviance? A) We use similar standards to judge the behavior of males and females. B) We use different standards to judge the behavior of males and females. C) We see women as less deviant. D) We see women in a more powerful role.

B

Instruments used by researchers to collect information about people's experiences with crime are called __________. A) FBI crime statistics B) victimization surveys C) open-access online surveys D) police reports

B

Most research supports the conclusion that bureaucracy rarely leads to efficiency. A) True B) False

B

Once a week, Jenna sits down with her employees to see how things are going. She encourages them to voice their concerns, and together they brainstorm ways to overcome any challenges. Jenna also uses these sessions to resolve any disputes between coworkers or lend a sympathetic ear to an employee. Jenna's leadership style is best described as __________. A) authoritarian B) expressive C) instrumental D) laissez-faire

B

Today's post-industrial economy has created highly skilled, creative work as well as __________. A) more and more highly-skilled industrial jobs. B) service work that requires far less skill C) more and more independent, highly-paid professionals. D) routine jobs that require little skill but offer very high pay.

B

What was Karl Marx's characterization of the law? A) Law is used to ensure justice. B) Law exists to protect the interests of powerful people. C) Law is used to give men greater power than women. D) Law exists to establish norms.

B

Which of the following situations is an example of secondary deviance? A) Sanjay was arrested for child molestation and spent 10 years in prison. Now that he is free, he has to register as a sex offender wherever he lives. B) Elliot takes recreational drugs occasionally with his friends. After he is caught by his father, he angers many of his friends, begins to take drugs every day, and becomes hostile toward members of his family. C) Jake sees his high school friends drinking at a party and joins in. Driving home, he crashes his car into a tree and vows never to drink again. D) Carol is 15, and most of her friends have children. She wants a child of her own and begins having unprotected sex with her boyfriend.

B

Why can groupthink be a problem within a business? A) Brainstorming is usually a time-consuming, ineffective activity. B) What starts out as the most popular solution might not turn out to be the best solution. C) Businesses benefit most when only the most experienced people in the group talk. D) Managers are often upset when employees disagree with them.

B

Within formal organizations, people are most likely to share primary relationships. A) True B) False

B

A 2003 study at the University of Wisconsin concluded that _______ are strong predictors of adult crime and violence. A) personality and socialization factors B) especially large body types with prominent facial features C) genetic and environmental factors working together D) physical features

C

A social group is defined as ____________. A) people who have known each other but interact little, if at all B) people whose social interaction occurs outside of the workplace C) two or more people who identify with and interact with one another D) a collection of people with the same social traits

C

A work picnic is different from a family picnic in that the work picnic's attendees form a _______. A) utilitarian group B) primary group C) secondary group D) network

C

According to Erving Goffman, people acquire __________ as they develop a deviant career involving stronger commitment to deviant behavior. A) differential associations B) social control C) a stigma D) primary deviance

C

Attachment, commitment, involvement, and belief are the four different types of __________. A) labeling advocated by Szasz B) social control to which Sutherland links differential association C) social control to which Hirschi links conformity D) advantages offered by medicalization theory

C

Carrie is a member of a project team at work. Once a week, her team meets to discuss challenges and goals. Outside of the office, Carrie rarely sees her coworkers, and she does not mind when a few of them switch to a new project team. The team that Carrie is a part of can best be described as ___________. A) a crowd B) a primary group C) a secondary group D) a category

C

Gary is angry to find that a coworker took his food out of the office fridge. In retaliation, he takes the coworker's lunch. Gary's behavior is a form of __________. A) rehabilitation B) societal protection C) retribution D) deterrence

C

Kyle, who is a member of a street gang, has had frequent conflicts with teachers and the police. This case is one example of Walter Miller's delinquent subculture characteristic of __________. A) toughness B) a desire for freedom C) trouble D) a belief in fate

C

Scientific management was developed to ____. A) research business operations B) apply new technological advances to business C) increase the efficiency of businesses D) test new inventions

C

The biological and psychological approaches have limited value in explaining deviance because __________. A) biological factors are difficult to measure B) wrongdoing results from individual moral failing C) wrongdoing has more to do with the organization of society D) psychological factors are hard to define

C

The violation of a society's formally enacted law is called __________. A) social control. B) deviance C) crime. D) retreatism.

C

What is one important reason that crime rates have fallen in the United States since the 1980s? A) The practice of community policing faded out in the 1990s. B) The popularity of street drugs such as crack cocaine has increased. C) More criminals have been sent to prison in the last 30 years than ever before. D) The younger population has increased in size since 1985.

C

Which of the following approaches states that even when the powerful engage in deviant activities, they still have the resources to resist deviant labels? A) symbolic-interaction B) feminist C) social-conflict D) structural-functional

C

Which of the following situations is an example of deterrence? A) Amelia backs into her neighbor's car and offers to pay him the cost of the damage. B) Sandy is arrested for DUI but goes to court and is acquitted of the charge. C) Colin disrupts his high school class and is assigned detention. D) Andy is shoplifting but is not caught.

C

White-collar crime is best represented by which of the following? A) breaking and entering B) armed robbery C) securities fraud D) selling drugs

C

Why is a collection of people in an airport a crowd instead of a group? A) They are a crowd because they do not plan to remain in the same location for a long length of time. B) They are a crowd because they identify and interact with each other. C) They are a crowd because they are a loosely formed collection of people with very little interaction. D) They are a crowd because they will maintain long-term relationships.

C

Why would Frederick Taylor's concept of scientific management not work well now in many businesses, even though it was successful in the early 1900s? A) The jobs of the early 1900s did not have much routine in them, so scientific management worked well. B) In the early 1900s, there were fewer employees and not much of a need for management; therefore, it was easy to manage employees. C) Many jobs in today's postindustrial period require more creativity and flexibility than those of the early 1900s. D) Employees in the early 1900s had so much freedom that it was easy to apply scientific management to their work.

C

_________ is a form of punishment that renders an offender incapable of further offenses through imprisonment or execution. A) Retribution B) Deterrence C) Societal protection D) Rehabilitation

C

is a tactic used by a judge to show a convicted offender the seriousness of his or her crime by initially imprisoning the offender but soon after issuing probation. A) Recidivism B) Capital punishment C) Shock probation D) Parole

C

"Quality circles" in Japanese work organizations serve to ________. A) circulate high-quality products in distribution networks B) coordinate employee benefits such as home mortgages and recreational activities C) absolve corporate leaders of decision-making responsibility D) involve workers in discussing decisions that affect them

D

A problem with groupthink is that it results in _________. A) losing focus on the problem at hand B) making decisions by overthinking an issue C) approaching an issue in opposing ways D) conforming, leading to a narrow view of an issue

D

According to Irving Janis, people participating in groupthink limit________, resulting in a narrow view of the issue. A) unaffordable choices B) inappropriate comments C) unrealistic options D) additional points of view

D

According to Merton's strain theory, an alcoholic who lives by himself, quits his job, and stops talking to his friends would fall into which category of deviance? A) innovation B) ritualism C) rebellion D) retreatism

D

According to the symbolic-interaction approach, the definitions of deviance and conformity are both __________. A) rigid B) one and the same C) based on conformity D) variable

D

Although the postindustrial economy has created many highly skilled jobs, it has created even more ___ jobs. A) educational B) health care C) technical D) routine service

D

As odd as it seems, snowball fights are legally banned in Topeka, Kansas. This is an example of __________. A) powerful members of the community setting the standards for society B) cultural norms that shape societal inequality C) universal moral boundaries that affect definitions of deviance D) variations of deviance based on variation in cultural norms

D

Bob learns that his coworker was arrested for car theft. Now that he thinks about it, he swears he once saw his coworker eyeing his car in the parking lot and feels relieved that he always kept his car locked. Bob is engaging in __________. A) stigmatizing B) projective labeling C) prospective labeling D) retrospective labeling

D

Curtis attends a local college where he studies sociology. During the week, he works at the school library and attends classes. On the weekends, he enjoys hanging out with his close friends from high school and going out with them, sometimes meeting other people at clubs. Which of the following would be considered Curtis's primary social group? A) the students in his classes B) the people he meets at clubs C) his coworkers D) his friends

D

Factors that affect an organization's operation, such as declining regional population or a new state governor, are called the __________. A) corporate infrastructure B) corporate culture C) organizational trends D) organizational environment

D

For whom would a residential boarding school be most like a coercive organization? A) the janitors B) the head master C) the teachers D) the students

D

Research by Sally Helgesen indicates that female executives_________. A) behave the same way as male executives B) are not as communicative as male executives C) show gender-linked patterns that make companies more autocratic D) show gender-linked patterns that help make companies more flexible and democratic

D

"Young people are more likely to engage in behavior, including delinquency, if they believe their peers encourage it." The previous statement is an example of __________. A) Sutherland's differential association theory B) Goffman's concept of a deviant career C) projective labeling D) Hirschi's control theory

A

The Cedarville High baseball team is doing poorly. The team members do not get along, and it shows on the field. Their main pitcher recently experienced a death in the family and has not been able to get a strikeout in weeks, while their shortstop is currently out for the season after tearing a ligament in his leg. Between the constant bickering and personal problems, the team is last in the league. How would an instrumental leader go about pulling the team out of the gutter? A) He or she would sit down with them, discuss their problems, and work through the members' conflicts. B) He or she would allow the team to coach itself, in order for team members to learn to reach their goals without outside help. C) He or she would gather the team together for a group brainstorming session, including all of the players in the decision-making process. D) He or she would give players orders, plan specific plays, and reward or punish players depending on their efforts.

D

The Federal Emergency Mangement Agency's repsonse to Hurrican Katrina as described in the text is an example of__________________. A) A "flattened" organization B) bureaucratic informality C) bureaucratic efficiency D) bureaucratic inefficiency

D

The illegal distribution of alcohol during Prohibition was an example of __________. A) street crime B) a hate crime C) a victimless crime D) organized crime

D

The policies of Japanese organizations in the 1980s encouraged more _____than did those of organizations in the United States. A) individualism and creativity B) competition and efficiency C) efficiency and speed D) loyalty and cooperation

D

To avoid labeling people as mentally ill when they are simply engaging in behavior we don't agree with, the psychiatrist Thomas Szasz advocates __________. A) increasing the availability of psychoactive medications B) employing different methods for psychological analysis C) taking the time to do a lengthy psychiatric profile D) abandoning the idea of mental illness

D

What do all instances of deviance have in common? A) They involve action and choice. B) They involve a negative behavior. C) They involve a violation of society's laws. D) They are characterized by some norm violation that causes a person to be viewed as different and an outsider.

D

What is the basic circumstance under which any thought or action may become deviant? A) when the criminal justice system becomes involved B) when it is discovered by many people C) when it results in harmful consequences D) when it appears that someone has violated some social norm

D

What is the main benefit of open, flexible organization for a technology company? A) more day-to-day supervision B) more levels in the chain of command C) increased efficiency D) the ability to adapt quickly to changing conditions

D

What problem of bureaucracy does George Tooker emphasize in his painting Government Bureau (found on page 118)? A) Bureaucracies tend to be self-perpetuating, redefining their goals as they go. B) Bureaucracies run the risk of focusing on rules and regulations to the point of undermining the organization's initial goals. C) Bureaucracies are often affected by environmental factors beyond their control, such as economic trends, political concerns, and other organizations. D) Bureaucracies have the potential to dehumanize everyone, creating an alienating environment.

D

Which is better: instrumental leadership or expressive leadership? A) Instrumental leadership is better because it concentrates on task completion. B) Expressive leadership is better because it focuses on employee needs. C) Neither is better than the other because neither one results in effective leadership. D) Neither is better than the other overall; the situation often determines which type of leadership is needed.

D

Which of the following situations is an example of a hate crime? A) beating a spouse out of anger B) breaking a neighbor's mailbox C) embezzling money from clients D) drawing swastikas on Jewish gravestones

D

Why are Presbyterians considered a category and not a social group? A) Social groups must have shared interests and beliefs, and Presbyterians do not have these. B) Presbyterians are members of a formal organization, not a casual bunch of people. C) Social groups are made up of 2 to 10 people, and there are far more Presbyterians. D) Although they follow similar religious beliefs, most Presbyterians are strangers to each other.

D