Exam 2 Bio Drugs and society chapter 4
heroin was first developed to be a non-addictive medical alternative to morphine.
ture
Nociceptive means pain caused by
external stimuli of pain receptors.
The major receptor sites for opioids are the mu, delta, kappa, and nociceptin.
true
Using a needle continuously to inject drugs in the same blood vessels traumatizes them, causing them to become unusable for injection.
true
acute withdrawal from heroin is not as life threatening as acute withdrawal from alcohol or sedative-hypnotics.
true
benzodiazepine sedative-hypnotics generally have a higher margin of overdose safety than other drugs in this depressant category.
true
Death from depressants overdose usually involves severe respiratory depression
true, severe respiratory depression is the major cause of depressant drug overdose death.
Which of the following correctly lists the three major classes of depressants?
alcohol, opiates, sedative-hypnotics
Of the following semi-synthetic/synthetic opiate drugs, which is not a correct match with the trade pharmaceutical name listed after it?
diacetylmorphine | Suboxone. Subonone is a combination of burenophine and naloxone.
Benzodiazepines are used by sexual predators to increase sexual desires in their victims
false
Depressants affect the central nervous system by elevating the user's blood pressure, pulse, heart rate, and respiration.
false
Heroin and morphine are considered long-acting opioids.
false
The 'Stop' switch in the brain, which tells your mind and body that it has had enough and functions to turn off the brain's switch is located in the brain stem.
false
alcohol is a major stimulant
false
Hyperalgesia is a temporary increase in the sensitivity to ____________ that is experienced during the long term use of opiates/opioids used to treat pain.
painful stimuli
The synergistic effect of drugs refers to
the combination of two or more depressant drugs, which magnifies their effect on the CNS
The majority of heroin available in the united states comes from Afghanistan.
False
Why is it dangerous to combine an opioid with a downer like alcohol, barbiturates, or benzodiazepines?
because the combination of depressants increases the potential for respiratory depression, overdose, and death. combination use of downers results in additive and synergistic depressant effects.
The number of people in the United States who overdose on heroin is greater than the number who overdose on any other type of opioid, including hydrocodone, oxycodone, and methadone.
False
The primary illegitimate source for obtaining prescription drugs, such as Oxycontin, Vicodin, and Xanax, is over the internet.
False
Which of the following statements is true?
Most heroin abusers began by abusing prescription opioids.
Addiction to and withdrawal from benzodiazepines is not generally severe
false
An individual who is under the influence of heroin will have dilated pupils.
false
Needing a dose of a drug just to feel 'normal' is a sign of tolerance.
false
opioids, particularly heroin, affect only a select ew of the body's organs, mainly the heart, liver and kidneys
false
Of 1033 new drugs approved by the FDA between 1989 and 2000, what percentage showed no significant clinical improvement over older and cheaper drugs already in use?
more than 50%
Which of the following drugs is an opioid antagonist that may be used to prevent an opioid overdose?
naloxone
Drug tolerance to benzodiazepines develops in part due to the increased efficiency of the liver in processing (metabolizing) a drug that is used regularly
true
Human beings have naturally occurring (endogenous) opioids, which cause many of the same effects as those caused by taking opioid drugs (exogenous opioids).
true
One of the symptoms of chronic opiate use is itchy skin
true
Tolerance to one type of depressant, such as alcohol, can lead to the development of cross tolerance for another depressant, such as benzodiazepines.
true
Treatment for addiction to opiates requires a physiological and psychological process.
true
Which of the following statements best describes the effects that depressants have on the body due to its effects on the central nervous system?
Depressants decrease rate of breathing and heart rate.
which of the following statements about opioids is true?
There is almost no limit to the level of opioid tolerance a human can develop. Tolerance to opiates/opioids develops rapidly, with users being able to tolerate great amounts within just a few days.
Opioids, such as hydrocodone (Vicodin), usually suppress nausea and vomiting.
false
sedatives are medications used to induce sleep.
false
z-hypnotics like sonata, Ambien, and imovane, are short-acting, but they are thought to have a higher risk of addiction than most benzodiazepines.
false
Most sedative hypnotics are from natural sources
false, all modern prescription sedative hypnotics are synthetic.
Opiate addiction was first documented about 100 years ago.
false, it was first documented about 2,500 years ago.
How long can withdrawal symptoms following detoxification and abstinence from long- acting opioids such as methadone persist?
for 14 days or more after detoxifications
Which of the following is true about the purity of heroin at the retail level?
it varies from 10-70. The DEA estimates heroin purity at from 10-70.
Historically, most drug laws were made for political rather than medical considerations.
true
Overdose deaths involving opioids most commonly include their combined use with other legal or licit substances like alcohol, benzodiazepines, or antidepressants.
true
opiates limit the release of and block receptors for substance P, which is the name of the neurotransmitter that transmits pain messages from nerve cell to nerve cell.
true.
Allodynia is a painful response to a normally pain free stimulus, often as a result of long term opiate/opioid use.
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