Exam 2

In the context of leadership functions from a functionalist perspective, expressive leadership is task oriented, whereas instrumental leadership provides emotional support for members.

False

Occupational crime comprises illegal activities committed by corporate employees on behalf of the corporation, whereas organized crime comprises illegal activities committed by people in the course of their employment

False

Unlike secondary groups, primary groups are large groups in which members engage in goal-oriented relationships for a limited period of time.

False

In the context of conflict perspectives on deviance, which of the following statements is true about the critical approach?

It is based on the assumption that the criminal justice system protects the power and privilege of the capitalist class.

Which of the following statements is true about rational choice theory?

It suggests that most people who commit crimes make careful decisions based on weighing the available information regarding situational and personal factors

Which of the following terms refers to the systematic practices that social groups develop in order to encourage conformity to norms, rules, and laws and to discourage deviance?

Social control

Denver is a lawyer, a son, a husband, a part-time writer, and a citizen of the United States. All these positions make up his status set.

True

Fiona is a 6-year-old girl who attends school. Her network will consist of her friends and her family, her teachers, her peers, everyone she knows of, and everyone who knows of her.

True

Foucault's research on deviance and social control indicates that power, knowledge, and social control are intertwined

True

Mikayla is told repeatedly that she is not a very good student. Eventually, she comes to believe it, puts in little effort in class, and receives a poor grade. This scenario illustrates the concept of__________.

a self-fulfilling prophecy

Students walking to class, shoppers in a department store, and people lined up to buy tickets are examples of __________.

aggregates

Total institutions, such as boot camps, prisons, and some mental hospitals, are examples of __________.

coercive organizations

Which of the following terms refers to a set of behavioral expectations associated with a given status?

role

Ali is pursuing a medical degree at one of the best universities in the United States. He wants to become a successful surgeon and works hard to excel at what he does. In the context of Merton's types of social adaptation, Ali most likely subscribes to __________.

conformity

Both Emile Durkheim and Ferdinand Tӧnnies __________.

developed typologies to explain changes in the social structure of societies

Criminologist Ronald Akers's theory on deviance that suggests that both deviant behavior and conventional behavior are learned through the same social processes is called __________ theory.

differential reinforcement

According to Erving Goffman, social interaction can be compared to a theatrical presentation in that an individual is an actor, observers are audiences, and interactions are guided by social scripts. The study of social interaction in this context is referred to as __________.

dramaturgical analysis

According to differential association theory, criminal behavior is innate and cannot be learned.

false

Hunting and Gathering societies are based on technology that supports the large-scale agriculture

false

Large groups typically have more social solidarity than small groups.

false

A highly structured secondary group formed for the purpose of achieving specific goals in the most efficient manner is called a(n) __________.

formal organization

The leader of a work group has proposed a solution to a problem. Some group members believe that the solution will lead to negative results. However, instead of discussing their concerns, they decide not to challenge the leader's authority. The result is an unwise decision. This scenario exemplifies __________.

group think

In his study of bureaucracies, Weber relied on an abstract model that describes the recurring characteristics of some phenomenon (such as bureaucracy). This model is called a(n) __________.

ideal type

Sean is a member of The Artists, a theater club in his college. Despite performing well, his club has lost many theater competitions to Rendezvous, a rival theater club. As a result, Sean feels hostile toward the members of Rendezvous. In this context, Rendezvous is an example of a(n) __________.

outgroup

Which of the following terms refers to a society in which technology supports a service- and information-based economy?

postindustrial society

George and Finn have been friends for the past 12 years. They met in college and now live in the same neighborhood. Both regularly share their problems with and seek advice from each other. Both have toddlers and often share their experiences of fatherhood as well. In this scenario, George and Finn form a(n) __________.

primary group

A person may shoplift an item of clothing from a department store and be apprehended and labeled as a "thief," subsequently accept that label, and then go on to shoplift more in the future. This future behavior is an example of __________ deviance.

secondary

Sociologist Charles H. Cooley referred to a large, specialized group in which members engage in impersonal, goal-oriented relationships for a limited period of time as a(n) __________.

secondary group

Amber is a first-grade teacher, a daughter, a wife, a mother, a Presbyterian, a soccer coach, and a Kansas resident. Taken together, all of these socially defined positions constitute her status __________.

set

A collection of two or more people who interact frequently with one another, share a sense of belonging, and have a feeling of interdependence is called a(n) __________.

social group

The family, religion, education, the economy, the government (politics), mass media, sports, science and medicine, and the military are examples of __________.

social institutions

Which of the following terms refers to the state of being part insider and part outsider in the social structure, such as that of immigrants who simultaneously share the life and traditions of two distinct groups?

social marginality

Teacher, student, professional athlete, rock musician, and homeless person are socially defined positions characterized by certain expectations. These positions are examples of __________.

statuses

Dyads are different from triads because

the active participation of both members is crucial to the survival of dyads.

According to ethnomethodologists, interaction is based on assumptions of shared expectancies.

true

External social control involves the use of negative sanctions that proscribe certain behaviors and set forth the punishments for rule breakers and nonconformists.

true

It is possible for a secondary group or an aggregate to become a primary group.

true

Milgram's study provides evidence that obedience to authority may be more common than most of us would like to believe.

true

Roles are relational and are defined in the context of roles performed by others. For example, for an individual to perform the role of a mother, she must have one or more children.

true

Wanda is a student who works as a part-time waitress at a local restaurant. She is embarrassed about having to wait tables, so she tries to make it clear to the customers that she is not interested in the job and is working at the restaurant merely to make some money until she graduates. In this case, Wanda is engaging in role distancing

true