Exam 2 Human Anatomy
epiphyseal cartilage
A cartilaginous joint made up of hyaline cartilage that is located in between the epiphysis and diaphysis. A joint that is not associated with movement.
Extensibility
Ability to stretch without damaging is called __________.
Active, Passive
Contraction phase is _____ while resting phase is ______.
Sarcomeres
Filaments are arranged in compartments called ________.
lateral tibial condyle
The lateral condyle of the femur articulates with the ____________.
8; 7
There are ___ (number) carpals and__ (number) tarsals in one side of the body.
Effort (causes movement) and Load (opposes movement or resistance)
What are the two different forces that the lever performs at two different points?
triquetrum
Which wrist bones does the ulna articulate with?
Fixators
when agonist and antagonist contract at the same time to stabilize a joint
Symphases
A cartilaginous joint made up of hyaline cartilage that is present at the end of articulating bones and is also composed of a flat disc of fibrocartilage.
M line
A region in the center of the H zone that contains proteins that hold thick filaments together at center of sarcomere.
biaxial
A saddle joint movement can be classified as _______.
Second-class levers
Always produce mechanical advantage because L is always closer to F than E. L between F and E.
Z disc
Narrow, plate-shaped regions of dense protein material that separate one sarcomere from the next.
Masseter
Pulls mandible up and is responsible for mastication
Zygomaticus Major
Pulls the lip laterally
Endomysium
Surrounds a group of myofibrils forming a muscle fiber.
intrinsic
Sutures are a type of _________ binding structures, holding the bones together.
flexion
The act of bending the wrist so that the palmar portion of the hand is moved closer to the forearm involves what movement?
calcaneous; navicular
The ligament on the plantar portion of the foot that puts an extra "spring" in your step connects what two tarsal bones together?
2; 1
The pectoral girdle is formed by ____ bone(s). The pelvic girdle is formed by ____bone(s).
distal; radius; head of the ulna
The ulnar notch is on the _________ (distal/proximal) portion of the ____ (bone) and articulates with the ______ (bone feature).
anterior tibial margin
This bone feature on the tibia is a sharp ridge that is responsible for causing pain when shin is hit.
sacroiliac joint
This joint is where the axial and appendicular skeletons meet in the lower limb and serves to transmit the weight of the torso onto the pelvis and lower limb.
1 Arrival of nerve impulse at synaptic end bulb 2 Voltage-gated calcium channels 3 Calcium stimulates synaptic vesicles 4 Release of ACh through exocytosis 5 Activation of ACh receptors 6 Production of muscle action potential 7 Termination of ACh acitiviy
What are the steps of a nerve impulse?
synchondroses, symphyses and epiphyseal cartilage
What are the three types of cartilaginous joints?
Contractile proteins Regulatory proteins Structural proteins ALL PROTEINS: Give myofibrils elasticity and extensibility Link myofibrils to sarcolemma and extracellular matrix
What are the three types of proteins that make up myofibrils?
os coxa
What bone forms the pelvic girdle?
The pattern of overlap of thick and thin filaments consists of zones and bands, which cause the striated appearance of skeletal muscle.
What causes the striated appearance of skeletal muscle?
serves as muscle attachment for the deltoid muscle
What does the feature of the deltoid tuberosity of the humerus serve as?
carpals
What is the anatomical name for the bones that make up the distal portion of the wrist joint?
Belly
What is the portion of muscle between tendons called?
metatarso-phalangeal joints
What joint is considered biaxial? A. interphalangeal joints B. metatarso-phalangeal joints C. hip D. shoulder E.knee
Diaphragm
Which muscle separates the thoracic and abdominal cavities?
Antagonist
opposes the action of the agonist
Muscles of the head
originates from the fascia or bones of the skull and inserts into the skin and these muscles do not cross a joint!
Prime movers (agonist) Antagonist Synergists Fixators
What are the four types of primary actions muscles can perform?
Eccentric Contraction
Muscle lengthens as the resistance becomes greater than the force the muscle is producing, therefore extending.
Orbicularis oculi
Muscle that goes around the eyes. It closes the eyes. Functions like a sphincter when closing and functions like a dilator when opening.
Inferior rectus
Originates on the bottom part of the common tendinous ring. Inserts on the inferior anterior part of the sclera. When it contracts it mainly performs depression and can also perform abduction and lateral rotation.
Platisma
Originates on the chest. Part of it originates on the pectoralis major and inserts on the mandible. Therefore when contracted will pull jaw down.
External intercostal muscles
Originates on the inferior border of the rib thats superior and inserts at the superior border of the rib that is inferior. Muscle fibers move towards the midline and elevates the ribs.
Superior oblique
Originates on the sphenoid bone. Tendon will pass through the trochlea and inserts on the sclera of the eye, posterior to the superior rectus. It can depress, abduct and medially rotate the eyeball.
Internal intercostal muscles
Originates on the superior border of the rib that inferior and inserts at the inferior border of the rib that in superior. Muscle fibers move away from the midline and depresses the ribs.
Superior rectus
Originates on the superior part of the common tendinous ring. Inserts on the superior anterior part of the sclera. When contracted it will mostly perform elevation, can also perform abduction and medial rotation.
First-class levers
Produces either mechanical advantage or disadvantage. F between E and L.
Electrical excitability
Production of action potential by chemical or electrical stimuli is called _________.
Rectus abdominis
Protects the viscera that are located in the abdominal cavity. Helps move vertebral column as well.
Lever
Rigid structure that can move around a fixed point, which is the fulcrum.
I band
The lighter, less dense area of sarcomere that contains remainder of thin filaments but no thick filaments.
Periosteum
Tendons are connected specifically to the __________ of the bone.
medial collateral ligament
The "unhappy triad" injury involves injury to the ________.
right and left pubis
The Pubic Symphasis unites which two bones?
shoulder; hip
The _____ joint in the upper limb is more mobile than the _____ joint in the lower limb.
posterior proximal part of the tibia
The head of the fibula articulates with the __________.
ulna=distal, radius=proximal
The head of the ulna and radius is located proximal or distal?
common tendinous ring
The muscles of the eyeballs originate on a fibrous ring that surrounds the optic canal called _____________.
head of the femur
The neck of the femur is lateral to the ___________.
flat bone
The scapula is classified as a _________.
A band
The size and width of the _______ band does not change.
radius, head of the ulna
The ulnar notch is located in the ________ (bone) and articulates with the _________.
Myosin
Thick filament is made up of ________ protein.
true
TorF/The lateral malleolus of the fibula does not articulate with the talus.
Myosin and Actin
What are some examples of contractile proteins?
Parallel Parallel w/ tendinous bands Wrapping Convergent Unipennate Bipennate Multipennate Circular
What are the different types of skeletal muscle shapes?
Producing body movements Stabilizing body positions Storing and moving substances Producing heat
What are the four key functions of muscular tissue?
girdles
What attaches the free limbs to the axial skeleton?
pubis, ilium, ischium
What bones fuse to form the os coxa?
To hold muscle fibers together.
What is the function of a dense body?
quadriceps femoris tendon
What structure is the patella encased in and formed inside of?
acetabulum of the coxal bone and tibia
Which bones articulate with the femur?
synovial joint
Which joint is connected by both cartilage and fibrous connective tissue?
Sternocleidomastoid and scalenes
Which muscles are responsible for flexion at the neck?
Semispinalis capitis Spinalis capitis Splenius capitis
Which muscles are responsible for the extension of the neck?
H zone
A narrow region in center of each A band that contains thick filaments but no thin filaments.
Gomphosis
A type of fibrous joint such as a tooth into the alveolus
at the sternoclavicular joint which articulates the clavicle and the sternum specifically
At what location does the pectoral girdle articulate with the axial skeleton?
sacroiliac joint
At which location (joint) does the axial skeleton and LOWER appendicular skeleton meet?
Epimysium
Binds fascicles together forming muscle belly or muscle tissue.
Contractility
Contract forcefully when stimulated by action potential is called __________.
Myofibrils
Contractile elements of skeletal muscles, extends the entire length of the muscle fiber and has prominent striations.
Stylohyoid
Elevate and draws hyoid bone posteriorly, this elongating the floor of oral cavity. Is a suprahyoid muscle.
Mylohyoid
Elevates hyoid bone helps elevate tongue during deglutition. Is a suprahyoid muscle.
Occipitofrontalis
Has two bellies (frontal and posterior) and pulls towards the origin which is the occipital bone. Is covered by the epicranial aponeurosis which is a sheet of tendon that holds the muscle togehter.
Intercalated Discs
Have projections that increase the surface area to keep cells close together are ________.
14
How many phalanges are there total in one hand?
Zygomaticus Minor
Raises the upper lip
Perimysium
Surrounds bundles of muscle fibers forming a fascicle.
triaxial
A ball-and-socket joint movement can be classified as _______.
monoaxial
A pivot and hinge joint movement can be classified as _______.
Transverse tubules
Invagination of sarcolemma and is filled with interstitial fluid.
intrinsic; extrinsic
Ligaments can serve as _______ binding structures or _______ supporting bands.
Third-class levers
Always produce mechanical disadvantage because the E is always closer to the F than the L. Most common.
joint that allows some motion
An amphiarthrosis is defined as a ___________.
Sternohyoid
Depresses hyoid bone and thyroid cartilage. Is a Infrahyoid muscle.
Digastric
Elevate the hyoid bone and larynx, depresses mandible. Is a suprahyoid muscle.
interosseous membrane
In both the upper and lower limb, there is a joint between the two bones of the forearm and leg formed by a sheet of fibrous connective tissue. What is this tissue called?
Inferior oblique
Originates on the medial side of the orbit. Inserts posteriorly to the lateral rectus. Can elevate, abduct and laterally rotate the eyeball.
Insertion
Point of muscle attachment that is movable.
Synergists
assist the prime movers in performing an action
Prime movers (agonist)
responsible for producing a particular movement
Omohyoid
Depresses hyoid bone. Is a Infrahyoid muscle.
Actin
Thin filament is made up of ________ protein.
Dense Bodies
Thin filaments are attached to the __________ of smooth muscles.
medial malleolus
This bone feature is located on the distal portion of the tibia and articulates with the talus to form part of the ankle joint.
diarthrosis
What term is classified as a moveable joint?
ischium, ilium, pubis
Which three bones form the coxal bone?
Sarcoplasmic Reticulum
Membranous sacs filled with fluid, encircles each myofibril, forms terminal cisterns on ends of T-tubules and stores calcium until needed.
Buccinator
Originates on the maxilla and mandible. Inserts on the orbicularis oris. When pulled it will press the cheeks against the teeth and lips.
Buccinator
Press cheeks against the teeth and lips. Responsible for mastication.
long bone (s-shaped), has concave curvature
The clavicle is classified as a __________.
Synovial
This joint has a characteristic that distinguishes it from other types of joints is the presence of a space called a joint cavity. This space allows for the joint to be moveable.
Concentric Contraction
Type of muscle activation that causes tension on your muscle as it shortens. Generates enough force to move an object.
Visceral Smooth Muscle Tissue Multiunit Smooth Muscle Tissue
WHat are the two types of smooth muscle?
helps hold adjacent long bones together, plays an important role in defining range of motion and increases the attachment surface for muscles.
What are important functions of interosseous membranes?
important for growth and shock absorption in the skull
What are important functions of sutures?
Tropomyosin and Troponin
What are some examples of regulatory proteins?
Titin, myomesin, nebulin and dystrophin
What are some examples of structural proteins?
The transverse and longitudinal arch
What are the two arches that supply spring and leverage to the foot when walking and support body weight?
acromial end of the clavicle
What bone articulates with the acromion of the scapula?
coronoid fossa of the humerus
When the elbow is flexed the coronoid process articulates with the _________.
scapula and clavicle
Which bones form the pectoral girdle?
Desmosomes
________ help hold muscle cells together.
interosseous membrane
Substantial sheet of dense irregular connective tissue that binds neighboring long bones while also permitting slight movement.
3; 2
The elbow joint is formed by __ (number) bones; The knee is formed by __ (number) bones.
quadriceps femoris muscle
The patella develops in which muscle?
Sarcolemma
The plasma membrane of muscle fibers and propagates action potentials.
anatomical neck (proximal) and the surgical neck (distal)
What are the names of the two necks that are exhibited on the humerus?
1 ATP hydrolysis 2 Attachment of myosin to actin to form cross bridges 3 Power stroke 4 Detachment of myosin from actin
What are the steps of the contraction cycle?
does not articulate with anything
When the elbow is flexed the olecranon articulates with the _________.
capitulum and radial fossa of the humerus
When the elbow is flexed the radial head articulates with the _________.
trochlear notch of the ulna
When the elbow is flexed the trochlea articulates with the _________.
acetabulum
Which bone feature specifically articulates with the head of the femur?
scaphoid, lunate and triquetrum
Which carpal bones articulate with the forearm?
cartilaginous joint
Which joint is connected by cartilage?
fibrous joint
Which joint is connected by fibrous (dense irregular) connective tissue?
Gap Junctions
__________ are like canals that allow communication from one cell to the other.
biaxial; triaxial
A plane joint movement can be classified as ________ and _______.
hyaline cartilage; fibrocartilage
Cartilaginous joints are composed of _________ or __________.
Medial rectus
Originates on the medial part of the common tendinous ring. Will insert medially on the sclera and when it contracts it will perform adduction.
Chemical (release of neurotransmitters) and Electrical (auto-rhythmic signals that arise in the muscle tissue as we see in the heart's pacemaker).
Two main stimuli that trigger action potentials for muscle cells are _______ and _______.
esophageal hiatus
esophagus passes through this
biaxial
A condyloid joint movement can be classified as _______.
aortic hiatus
Allows for the aorta to pass from the thoracic to the abdominal cavity.
Zygomaticus Major and Minor
Both originate on the zygomatic bone. When contracted they pull towards the zygomatic bone and insert on the mouth.
amphiarthrosis
What term is classified as a somewhat moveable joint?
synarthrosis
What term is classified as an immovable joint?
navicular
Your friend falls and lands with all his weight on the medial aspect of his foot just distal to the heel bone and proximal to the metatarsals. Which tarsal is most likely broken?
Cartilaginous joints
Solid connective tissue that allows for little to no movement.
elevation & depression (shrugging shoulder), protraction & retraction (punching your shoulder), lateral & medial rotation (applies only to the inferior part of the scapula!)
What are the movements that the pectoral girdle performs?
Lateral rectus - cranial nerve #6 Superior oblique - trochlear nerve
What are the two muscles of the eyes that are not innervated by the ocular motive nerve (cranial nerve #3)?
Orbicularis oris
Surrounds the opening of the mouth. Inserts on the mouth. Acts as a sphincter. Closes mouth and protrudes lips.
Synarthrosis (immovable joint); amphiarthrosis (slightly moveable joint)
The movement of sutures is considered to be ______ in adults but ________ in children?
ampiarthrosis (slightly moveable)
The movement of syndesmoses are considered to be ______.
radial fossa
The radial head articulates with this depression on the humerus.
ulna, head of the radius
The radial notch is located in the ________ (bone) and articulates with the _________.
head of the humerus
What bone articulates with the glenoid fossa of the scapula?
Bundles of intermediate filaments
What connects the dense bodies on the sarcolemma?
serves as attachment for the tendon (long head) of the biceps brachii
What does the feature of the intertubercular groove serve as?
first rib with the manubrium of the sternum
What is an example of a synchondroses joint?
Visceral has muscle fibers that are united while Multiunit has muscle fibers that are isolated.
What is the difference between Visceral and Multiunit Smooth Muscle Tissues?
interosseous membrane (syndesmoses joint)
What is the name of the connective tissue located between the ulna and radius? What type of joint is this?
does not articulate with anything
When the elbow is extended the coronoid process articulates with the _________.
capitulum of the humerus
When the elbow is extended the radial head articulates with the _________.
trochlear notch of the ulna
When the elbow is extended the trochlea articulates with the _________.
calcaneo-navicular ligament
Which ligament help maintain the medial longitudinal arch of the foot?
Acetylcholine
Which neurotransmitter is released by the somatic motor neuron that causes muscle contraction?
capitulum and the trochlea
Which two bone features compose the condyle of the humerus?
articular capsule
______________ is an envelope surrounding a synovial joint.
A band
dark, middle part of sarcomere that extends entire length of thick filaments and includes those parts of thin filaments that overlap thick filaments.
Ligaments
What are dense irregular or regular connective tissue that connects bone to bone?
Tendon
Is tough, lacks muscle cells, consists of collagen fibers and attaches muscles to bone.
Myology
Scientific study of the structure, function and diseases of skeletal, cardiac and smooth muscular tissues.
sternal end
The most medial portion of the clavicle is called the ___.
patellar surface
The patella articulates with which femoral bone feature?
humerus
What bone(s) can be located in the ARM?
olecranon fossa of the humerus
When the elbow is extended the olecranon articulates with the _________.
navicular
Which of the following bones/bone features DO NOT make up the ankle joint?
Elasticity
Ability to return to its original shape is called ___________.
Origin
Point of muscle attachment that remains stationary. Muscles pull towards this location.
One out of the two articulating bones move
Under muscle contraction, how many of the articulating bones move?
Isometric Contraction
Contraction that is not associated with any movement.
Sarcoplasm
Cytoplasm of muscle fiber and has glycogen and myoglobin.
ampiarthrosis (slightly moveable)
The movement of interosseous membranes are considered to be ______.
Synostosis
Epiphyseal cartilage eventually becomes a _____ (a boney joint).
trochlear notch; ulna
The humeral trochlea articulates with the ___ of the ___ bone.
monaxial
What is the term that permits the motion around a single axis?
synchondroses
A cartilaginous joint made up of hyaline cartilage and is slightly moveable to immovable?
sutures, syndesmoses, interosseous membranes
What are the three types of fibrous joints?
triaxial
What is the term that permits movement in three axes?
syndesmoses
A fibrous joint in which there is a greater distance between the articulating surfaces and more dense irregular connective tissue than in a suture.
Levator labii superioris
Originates on the maxilla and inserts on the orbicularis oris. When it contracts it raises the upper lip.
Triad
Is made up of two cisterns, one on each end of the T-tubules.
Lateral rectus
Originates on the lateral part of the common tendinous ring. It will insert laterally on the sclera and when it contracts it will perform abduction.
Depressor anguli oris
Originates on the mandible and inserts on the mouth. When contracted will depress the lower lip.
Titin
The third most abundant protein in the skeletal muscle that anchors thick filament to Z discs and M line which helps stabilize the protein of thick filament is _________.
deltoid tuberosity
This rough spot on the lateral side of the humerus is a muscle attachment for a major muscle in the shoulder.
biaxial
What is the term that permits movement in two axes?
Smooth Muscle
Which type of muscle is located in walls of hallowed internal organs and structures, regulated by neurons, is involuntary, non-striated, has a single nucleus and has a tapered cell shape?
Cardiac Muscle
Which type of muscle is only found in the heart, is involuntary, regulated by neurons, striated, single nucleus, branched, has intercalated discs, desmosomes and gap junctions?
Skeletal Muscle
Which type of muscle tissue is voluntarily controlled, attaches to bones or other skeletal muscles with striated and multi-nucleated characteristics?
scaphoid and lunate
Which wrist bones does the radius articulate with?
