Exam 2 Human Anatomy

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epiphyseal cartilage

A cartilaginous joint made up of hyaline cartilage that is located in between the epiphysis and diaphysis. A joint that is not associated with movement.

Extensibility

Ability to stretch without damaging is called __________.

Active, Passive

Contraction phase is _____ while resting phase is ______.

Sarcomeres

Filaments are arranged in compartments called ________.

lateral tibial condyle

The lateral condyle of the femur articulates with the ____________.

8; 7

There are ___ (number) carpals and__ (number) tarsals in one side of the body.

Effort (causes movement) and Load (opposes movement or resistance)

What are the two different forces that the lever performs at two different points?

triquetrum

Which wrist bones does the ulna articulate with?

Fixators

when agonist and antagonist contract at the same time to stabilize a joint

Symphases

A cartilaginous joint made up of hyaline cartilage that is present at the end of articulating bones and is also composed of a flat disc of fibrocartilage.

M line

A region in the center of the H zone that contains proteins that hold thick filaments together at center of sarcomere.

biaxial

A saddle joint movement can be classified as _______.

Second-class levers

Always produce mechanical advantage because L is always closer to F than E. L between F and E.

Z disc

Narrow, plate-shaped regions of dense protein material that separate one sarcomere from the next.

Masseter

Pulls mandible up and is responsible for mastication

Zygomaticus Major

Pulls the lip laterally

Endomysium

Surrounds a group of myofibrils forming a muscle fiber.

intrinsic

Sutures are a type of _________ binding structures, holding the bones together.

flexion

The act of bending the wrist so that the palmar portion of the hand is moved closer to the forearm involves what movement?

calcaneous; navicular

The ligament on the plantar portion of the foot that puts an extra "spring" in your step connects what two tarsal bones together?

2; 1

The pectoral girdle is formed by ____ bone(s). The pelvic girdle is formed by ____bone(s).

distal; radius; head of the ulna

The ulnar notch is on the _________ (distal/proximal) portion of the ____ (bone) and articulates with the ______ (bone feature).

anterior tibial margin

This bone feature on the tibia is a sharp ridge that is responsible for causing pain when shin is hit.

sacroiliac joint

This joint is where the axial and appendicular skeletons meet in the lower limb and serves to transmit the weight of the torso onto the pelvis and lower limb.

1 Arrival of nerve impulse at synaptic end bulb 2 Voltage-gated calcium channels 3 Calcium stimulates synaptic vesicles 4 Release of ACh through exocytosis 5 Activation of ACh receptors 6 Production of muscle action potential 7 Termination of ACh acitiviy

What are the steps of a nerve impulse?

synchondroses, symphyses and epiphyseal cartilage

What are the three types of cartilaginous joints?

Contractile proteins Regulatory proteins Structural proteins ALL PROTEINS: Give myofibrils elasticity and extensibility Link myofibrils to sarcolemma and extracellular matrix

What are the three types of proteins that make up myofibrils?

os coxa

What bone forms the pelvic girdle?

The pattern of overlap of thick and thin filaments consists of zones and bands, which cause the striated appearance of skeletal muscle.

What causes the striated appearance of skeletal muscle?

serves as muscle attachment for the deltoid muscle

What does the feature of the deltoid tuberosity of the humerus serve as?

carpals

What is the anatomical name for the bones that make up the distal portion of the wrist joint?

Belly

What is the portion of muscle between tendons called?

metatarso-phalangeal joints

What joint is considered biaxial? A. interphalangeal joints B. metatarso-phalangeal joints C. hip D. shoulder E.knee

Diaphragm

Which muscle separates the thoracic and abdominal cavities?

Antagonist

opposes the action of the agonist

Muscles of the head

originates from the fascia or bones of the skull and inserts into the skin and these muscles do not cross a joint!

Prime movers (agonist) Antagonist Synergists Fixators

What are the four types of primary actions muscles can perform?

Eccentric Contraction

Muscle lengthens as the resistance becomes greater than the force the muscle is producing, therefore extending.

Orbicularis oculi

Muscle that goes around the eyes. It closes the eyes. Functions like a sphincter when closing and functions like a dilator when opening.

Inferior rectus

Originates on the bottom part of the common tendinous ring. Inserts on the inferior anterior part of the sclera. When it contracts it mainly performs depression and can also perform abduction and lateral rotation.

Platisma

Originates on the chest. Part of it originates on the pectoralis major and inserts on the mandible. Therefore when contracted will pull jaw down.

External intercostal muscles

Originates on the inferior border of the rib thats superior and inserts at the superior border of the rib that is inferior. Muscle fibers move towards the midline and elevates the ribs.

Superior oblique

Originates on the sphenoid bone. Tendon will pass through the trochlea and inserts on the sclera of the eye, posterior to the superior rectus. It can depress, abduct and medially rotate the eyeball.

Internal intercostal muscles

Originates on the superior border of the rib that inferior and inserts at the inferior border of the rib that in superior. Muscle fibers move away from the midline and depresses the ribs.

Superior rectus

Originates on the superior part of the common tendinous ring. Inserts on the superior anterior part of the sclera. When contracted it will mostly perform elevation, can also perform abduction and medial rotation.

First-class levers

Produces either mechanical advantage or disadvantage. F between E and L.

Electrical excitability

Production of action potential by chemical or electrical stimuli is called _________.

Rectus abdominis

Protects the viscera that are located in the abdominal cavity. Helps move vertebral column as well.

Lever

Rigid structure that can move around a fixed point, which is the fulcrum.

I band

The lighter, less dense area of sarcomere that contains remainder of thin filaments but no thick filaments.

Periosteum

Tendons are connected specifically to the __________ of the bone.

medial collateral ligament

The "unhappy triad" injury involves injury to the ________.

right and left pubis

The Pubic Symphasis unites which two bones?

shoulder; hip

The _____ joint in the upper limb is more mobile than the _____ joint in the lower limb.

posterior proximal part of the tibia

The head of the fibula articulates with the __________.

ulna=distal, radius=proximal

The head of the ulna and radius is located proximal or distal?

common tendinous ring

The muscles of the eyeballs originate on a fibrous ring that surrounds the optic canal called _____________.

head of the femur

The neck of the femur is lateral to the ___________.

flat bone

The scapula is classified as a _________.

A band

The size and width of the _______ band does not change.

radius, head of the ulna

The ulnar notch is located in the ________ (bone) and articulates with the _________.

Myosin

Thick filament is made up of ________ protein.

true

TorF/The lateral malleolus of the fibula does not articulate with the talus.

Myosin and Actin

What are some examples of contractile proteins?

Parallel Parallel w/ tendinous bands Wrapping Convergent Unipennate Bipennate Multipennate Circular

What are the different types of skeletal muscle shapes?

Producing body movements Stabilizing body positions Storing and moving substances Producing heat

What are the four key functions of muscular tissue?

girdles

What attaches the free limbs to the axial skeleton?

pubis, ilium, ischium

What bones fuse to form the os coxa?

To hold muscle fibers together.

What is the function of a dense body?

quadriceps femoris tendon

What structure is the patella encased in and formed inside of?

acetabulum of the coxal bone and tibia

Which bones articulate with the femur?

synovial joint

Which joint is connected by both cartilage and fibrous connective tissue?

Sternocleidomastoid and scalenes

Which muscles are responsible for flexion at the neck?

Semispinalis capitis Spinalis capitis Splenius capitis

Which muscles are responsible for the extension of the neck?

H zone

A narrow region in center of each A band that contains thick filaments but no thin filaments.

Gomphosis

A type of fibrous joint such as a tooth into the alveolus

at the sternoclavicular joint which articulates the clavicle and the sternum specifically

At what location does the pectoral girdle articulate with the axial skeleton?

sacroiliac joint

At which location (joint) does the axial skeleton and LOWER appendicular skeleton meet?

Epimysium

Binds fascicles together forming muscle belly or muscle tissue.

Contractility

Contract forcefully when stimulated by action potential is called __________.

Myofibrils

Contractile elements of skeletal muscles, extends the entire length of the muscle fiber and has prominent striations.

Stylohyoid

Elevate and draws hyoid bone posteriorly, this elongating the floor of oral cavity. Is a suprahyoid muscle.

Mylohyoid

Elevates hyoid bone helps elevate tongue during deglutition. Is a suprahyoid muscle.

Occipitofrontalis

Has two bellies (frontal and posterior) and pulls towards the origin which is the occipital bone. Is covered by the epicranial aponeurosis which is a sheet of tendon that holds the muscle togehter.

Intercalated Discs

Have projections that increase the surface area to keep cells close together are ________.

14

How many phalanges are there total in one hand?

Zygomaticus Minor

Raises the upper lip

Perimysium

Surrounds bundles of muscle fibers forming a fascicle.

triaxial

A ball-and-socket joint movement can be classified as _______.

monoaxial

A pivot and hinge joint movement can be classified as _______.

Transverse tubules

Invagination of sarcolemma and is filled with interstitial fluid.

intrinsic; extrinsic

Ligaments can serve as _______ binding structures or _______ supporting bands.

Third-class levers

Always produce mechanical disadvantage because the E is always closer to the F than the L. Most common.

joint that allows some motion

An amphiarthrosis is defined as a ___________.

Sternohyoid

Depresses hyoid bone and thyroid cartilage. Is a Infrahyoid muscle.

Digastric

Elevate the hyoid bone and larynx, depresses mandible. Is a suprahyoid muscle.

interosseous membrane

In both the upper and lower limb, there is a joint between the two bones of the forearm and leg formed by a sheet of fibrous connective tissue. What is this tissue called?

Inferior oblique

Originates on the medial side of the orbit. Inserts posteriorly to the lateral rectus. Can elevate, abduct and laterally rotate the eyeball.

Insertion

Point of muscle attachment that is movable.

Synergists

assist the prime movers in performing an action

Prime movers (agonist)

responsible for producing a particular movement

Omohyoid

Depresses hyoid bone. Is a Infrahyoid muscle.

Actin

Thin filament is made up of ________ protein.

Dense Bodies

Thin filaments are attached to the __________ of smooth muscles.

medial malleolus

This bone feature is located on the distal portion of the tibia and articulates with the talus to form part of the ankle joint.

diarthrosis

What term is classified as a moveable joint?

ischium, ilium, pubis

Which three bones form the coxal bone?

Sarcoplasmic Reticulum

Membranous sacs filled with fluid, encircles each myofibril, forms terminal cisterns on ends of T-tubules and stores calcium until needed.

Buccinator

Originates on the maxilla and mandible. Inserts on the orbicularis oris. When pulled it will press the cheeks against the teeth and lips.

Buccinator

Press cheeks against the teeth and lips. Responsible for mastication.

long bone (s-shaped), has concave curvature

The clavicle is classified as a __________.

Synovial

This joint has a characteristic that distinguishes it from other types of joints is the presence of a space called a joint cavity. This space allows for the joint to be moveable.

Concentric Contraction

Type of muscle activation that causes tension on your muscle as it shortens. Generates enough force to move an object.

Visceral Smooth Muscle Tissue Multiunit Smooth Muscle Tissue

WHat are the two types of smooth muscle?

helps hold adjacent long bones together, plays an important role in defining range of motion and increases the attachment surface for muscles.

What are important functions of interosseous membranes?

important for growth and shock absorption in the skull

What are important functions of sutures?

Tropomyosin and Troponin

What are some examples of regulatory proteins?

Titin, myomesin, nebulin and dystrophin

What are some examples of structural proteins?

The transverse and longitudinal arch

What are the two arches that supply spring and leverage to the foot when walking and support body weight?

acromial end of the clavicle

What bone articulates with the acromion of the scapula?

coronoid fossa of the humerus

When the elbow is flexed the coronoid process articulates with the _________.

scapula and clavicle

Which bones form the pectoral girdle?

Desmosomes

________ help hold muscle cells together.

interosseous membrane

Substantial sheet of dense irregular connective tissue that binds neighboring long bones while also permitting slight movement.

3; 2

The elbow joint is formed by __ (number) bones; The knee is formed by __ (number) bones.

quadriceps femoris muscle

The patella develops in which muscle?

Sarcolemma

The plasma membrane of muscle fibers and propagates action potentials.

anatomical neck (proximal) and the surgical neck (distal)

What are the names of the two necks that are exhibited on the humerus?

1 ATP hydrolysis 2 Attachment of myosin to actin to form cross bridges 3 Power stroke 4 Detachment of myosin from actin

What are the steps of the contraction cycle?

does not articulate with anything

When the elbow is flexed the olecranon articulates with the _________.

capitulum and radial fossa of the humerus

When the elbow is flexed the radial head articulates with the _________.

trochlear notch of the ulna

When the elbow is flexed the trochlea articulates with the _________.

acetabulum

Which bone feature specifically articulates with the head of the femur?

scaphoid, lunate and triquetrum

Which carpal bones articulate with the forearm?

cartilaginous joint

Which joint is connected by cartilage?

fibrous joint

Which joint is connected by fibrous (dense irregular) connective tissue?

Gap Junctions

__________ are like canals that allow communication from one cell to the other.

biaxial; triaxial

A plane joint movement can be classified as ________ and _______.

hyaline cartilage; fibrocartilage

Cartilaginous joints are composed of _________ or __________.

Medial rectus

Originates on the medial part of the common tendinous ring. Will insert medially on the sclera and when it contracts it will perform adduction.

Chemical (release of neurotransmitters) and Electrical (auto-rhythmic signals that arise in the muscle tissue as we see in the heart's pacemaker).

Two main stimuli that trigger action potentials for muscle cells are _______ and _______.

esophageal hiatus

esophagus passes through this

biaxial

A condyloid joint movement can be classified as _______.

aortic hiatus

Allows for the aorta to pass from the thoracic to the abdominal cavity.

Zygomaticus Major and Minor

Both originate on the zygomatic bone. When contracted they pull towards the zygomatic bone and insert on the mouth.

amphiarthrosis

What term is classified as a somewhat moveable joint?

synarthrosis

What term is classified as an immovable joint?

navicular

Your friend falls and lands with all his weight on the medial aspect of his foot just distal to the heel bone and proximal to the metatarsals. Which tarsal is most likely broken?

Cartilaginous joints

Solid connective tissue that allows for little to no movement.

elevation & depression (shrugging shoulder), protraction & retraction (punching your shoulder), lateral & medial rotation (applies only to the inferior part of the scapula!)

What are the movements that the pectoral girdle performs?

Lateral rectus - cranial nerve #6 Superior oblique - trochlear nerve

What are the two muscles of the eyes that are not innervated by the ocular motive nerve (cranial nerve #3)?

Orbicularis oris

Surrounds the opening of the mouth. Inserts on the mouth. Acts as a sphincter. Closes mouth and protrudes lips.

Synarthrosis (immovable joint); amphiarthrosis (slightly moveable joint)

The movement of sutures is considered to be ______ in adults but ________ in children?

ampiarthrosis (slightly moveable)

The movement of syndesmoses are considered to be ______.

radial fossa

The radial head articulates with this depression on the humerus.

ulna, head of the radius

The radial notch is located in the ________ (bone) and articulates with the _________.

head of the humerus

What bone articulates with the glenoid fossa of the scapula?

Bundles of intermediate filaments

What connects the dense bodies on the sarcolemma?

serves as attachment for the tendon (long head) of the biceps brachii

What does the feature of the intertubercular groove serve as?

first rib with the manubrium of the sternum

What is an example of a synchondroses joint?

Visceral has muscle fibers that are united while Multiunit has muscle fibers that are isolated.

What is the difference between Visceral and Multiunit Smooth Muscle Tissues?

interosseous membrane (syndesmoses joint)

What is the name of the connective tissue located between the ulna and radius? What type of joint is this?

does not articulate with anything

When the elbow is extended the coronoid process articulates with the _________.

capitulum of the humerus

When the elbow is extended the radial head articulates with the _________.

trochlear notch of the ulna

When the elbow is extended the trochlea articulates with the _________.

calcaneo-navicular ligament

Which ligament help maintain the medial longitudinal arch of the foot?

Acetylcholine

Which neurotransmitter is released by the somatic motor neuron that causes muscle contraction?

capitulum and the trochlea

Which two bone features compose the condyle of the humerus?

articular capsule

______________ is an envelope surrounding a synovial joint.

A band

dark, middle part of sarcomere that extends entire length of thick filaments and includes those parts of thin filaments that overlap thick filaments.

Ligaments

What are dense irregular or regular connective tissue that connects bone to bone?

Tendon

Is tough, lacks muscle cells, consists of collagen fibers and attaches muscles to bone.

Myology

Scientific study of the structure, function and diseases of skeletal, cardiac and smooth muscular tissues.

sternal end

The most medial portion of the clavicle is called the ___.

patellar surface

The patella articulates with which femoral bone feature?

humerus

What bone(s) can be located in the ARM?

olecranon fossa of the humerus

When the elbow is extended the olecranon articulates with the _________.

navicular

Which of the following bones/bone features DO NOT make up the ankle joint?

Elasticity

Ability to return to its original shape is called ___________.

Origin

Point of muscle attachment that remains stationary. Muscles pull towards this location.

One out of the two articulating bones move

Under muscle contraction, how many of the articulating bones move?

Isometric Contraction

Contraction that is not associated with any movement.

Sarcoplasm

Cytoplasm of muscle fiber and has glycogen and myoglobin.

ampiarthrosis (slightly moveable)

The movement of interosseous membranes are considered to be ______.

Synostosis

Epiphyseal cartilage eventually becomes a _____ (a boney joint).

trochlear notch; ulna

The humeral trochlea articulates with the ___ of the ___ bone.

monaxial

What is the term that permits the motion around a single axis?

synchondroses

A cartilaginous joint made up of hyaline cartilage and is slightly moveable to immovable?

sutures, syndesmoses, interosseous membranes

What are the three types of fibrous joints?

triaxial

What is the term that permits movement in three axes?

syndesmoses

A fibrous joint in which there is a greater distance between the articulating surfaces and more dense irregular connective tissue than in a suture.

Levator labii superioris

Originates on the maxilla and inserts on the orbicularis oris. When it contracts it raises the upper lip.

Triad

Is made up of two cisterns, one on each end of the T-tubules.

Lateral rectus

Originates on the lateral part of the common tendinous ring. It will insert laterally on the sclera and when it contracts it will perform abduction.

Depressor anguli oris

Originates on the mandible and inserts on the mouth. When contracted will depress the lower lip.

Titin

The third most abundant protein in the skeletal muscle that anchors thick filament to Z discs and M line which helps stabilize the protein of thick filament is _________.

deltoid tuberosity

This rough spot on the lateral side of the humerus is a muscle attachment for a major muscle in the shoulder.

biaxial

What is the term that permits movement in two axes?

Smooth Muscle

Which type of muscle is located in walls of hallowed internal organs and structures, regulated by neurons, is involuntary, non-striated, has a single nucleus and has a tapered cell shape?

Cardiac Muscle

Which type of muscle is only found in the heart, is involuntary, regulated by neurons, striated, single nucleus, branched, has intercalated discs, desmosomes and gap junctions?

Skeletal Muscle

Which type of muscle tissue is voluntarily controlled, attaches to bones or other skeletal muscles with striated and multi-nucleated characteristics?

scaphoid and lunate

Which wrist bones does the radius articulate with?


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