Exam 2 Kinesiology

Which of the following actions is performed by the levator scapulae muscle? A) Elevation B) Downward rotation C) Upward rotation D) Depression

A) Elevation

Wrist and Hand: Abduction

Abduction flexor carpi radialis, flexor pollicis longus, extensor carpi radialis brevis, extensor carpi radialis longus, extensor pollicis longus, extensor pollicis brevis, abductor pollicis longus

Choose two movements of the glenohumeral joint and list the corresponding movement of the scapula/shoulder girdle during that glenohumeral movement. (4 points)

Abduction = Upward rotation/Elevation Adduction = Downward Rotation

Which of the following bony landmarks is located on the anterior surface of the scapula? A) Infraspinous fossa B) Subscapular fossa C) Glenoid fossa D) Supraspinous fossa

B) Subscapular Fossa

10) Which of the following muscles performs flexion of the thumb? A) The extensor carpi radialis longus muscle B) The flexor pollicis longus muscle C) The flexor carpi ulnaris muscle D) The palmaris longus muscle

B) The flexor pollicis longus muscle

6) Which of the following is not considered to be a muscle in the rotator cuff group? A) The teres minor muscle B) The teres major muscle C) The subscapularis muscle D) The infraspinatus muscle

B) The teres major muscle

5) The ________ muscle does not perform flexion of the elbow. A) biceps brachii B) pronator quadratus C) brachialis D) brachioradialis

B) pronator quadratus

Which muscles are agonists in elbow flexion? What plane/axis does this motion occur?

Biceps brachii Brachioradialis Brachialis Sagittal plane/frontal axis

What are the agonist muscles in radioulnar supination? What plane/axis does this motion occur?

Biceps brachii Brachioradialis Supinator Transverse plane/vertical axis

Elbow and Radioulnar Joint: Pronation

Brachioradialis, Pronator Teres, Pronator Quadratus

8) Which of the following is the primary function of the extensor digiti minimi muscle? A) Extension of the index finger at the metacarpophalangeal joint B) Flexion of the index finger C) Extension of the little finger at the metacarpophalangeal joint D) Flexion of the thumb

C) Extension of the little finger at the metacarpophalangeal joint

Which of the following is a key application of the serratus anterior muscle? A) It is used strongly in pulling the clavicle anteriorly and inferiorly toward the sternum. B) It is used in rotating the medial border of the scapula down and back toward the spinal column. C) It is used strongly in doing push-ups, especially in the last 5 to 10 degrees of motion. D) It is used strenuously when lifting with the hands, as in picking up a heavy wheelbarrow.

C) It is used strongly in doing push-ups, especially in the last 5 to 10 degrees of motion.

The latissimus dorsi muscle inserts on the: A) back of the sacrum. B) spinous processes of the lumbar and lower six thoracic vertebrae. C) medial lip of the intertubercular groove of the humerus. D) posterior crest of the ilium.

C) medial lip of the intertubercular groove of the humerus.

Discuss the difference between chinning with the palms toward the face and chinning with the palms away from the face. Consider this muscularly and anatomically.

Chins with the palms away from the face (pronation), are more difficult because the biceps brachii is at a mechanical disadvantage and can not contribute as much toward flexing the elbow as it can when the forearm is in supination.

9) Which of the following is the origin of the palmaris longus muscle? A) Proximal three-fourths of the anterior and medial ulna B) Posterior aspect of the proximal ulna C) Middle anterior surface of the radius D) Medial epicondyle of the humerus

D) Medial epicondyle of the humerus

7) Radioulnar pronation is performed by all of the following muscles except the: A) brachioradialis muscle. B) pronator teres muscle. C) pronator quadratus muscle. D) brachialis muscle.

D) brachialis muscle.

What are the agonist muscles in glenohumeral abduction? What plane/axis does this motion occur?

Deltoid (anterior, middle, posterior) Supraspinatus Upper pectoralis major Frontal plane/sagittal axis

Shoulder Joint: Horizontal Abduction

Deltoid middle & posterior, infraspinatus, teres minor

Shoulder Joint: Diagonal Abduction (overhead activities)

Deltoid posterior, infraspinatus, teres minor, (triceps brachii - long head)

Why is it essential that both anterior and posterior muscles of the shoulder joint be properly developed? What are some activities or sports that would cause unequal development? equal development?

Due to the wide range of motion possible at the shoulder joint it is quite lax ligamentously and requires significant dynamic stability in all planes to prevent instability problems and injury. Properly developed muscles anteriorly and posteriorly increase stability of the joint. Any exercise that you do repeatedly may lead to an imbalance. Examples are throwing, bench press, push-ups. To prevent an imbalance, it is essential to work on different exercises to adequately address both the anterior and posterior muscles such as bench presses/prone rows, internal rotation exercises/external rotation exercises.

What type of joint is the elbow joint? The Radioulnar joint?

Elbow - ginglymus/hinge Radioulnar - trochoid/pivot

What motions do the teres major contribute to in the glenohumeral joint?

Extension Adduction Internal Rotation

What actions does the brachioradialis contribute to in the elbow and radioulnar joints?

Flexion Supination (from pronated position to neutral) Pronation (from supinated position to neutral)

What muscles contribute to wrist abduction? What plane/axis does this motion occur?

Flexor carpi radialis Extensor carpi radialis longus Extensor carpi radialis brevis Abductor pollicis longus Extensor pollicis longus Extensor pollicis brevis Frontal plane/sagittal axis

What 6 muscles move the wrist but do not move the fingers/thumb?

Flexor carpi radialis Flexor carpi ulnaris Palmaris longus Extensor carpi radialis longus Extensor carpi radialis brevis Extensor carpi ulnaris

What are the agonist muscles in phalangeal/finger flexion? What plane/axis do these motions occur?

Flexor digitorum superficialis Flexor digitorum profundus Flexor pollicis longus (thumb) Sagittal plane/frontal axis

Planes & Axis of Glenohumeral: Abduction/Adduction

Frontal Plane, Sagittal Axis

Planes & Axis of Wrist/Hand: Abduction and Adduction

Frontal Plane, Sagittal Axis

Shoulder Joint: External Rotation

Infraspinatus, teres minor

What are the agonist muscles in glenohumeral extension? What plane/axis does this motion occur?

Latissimus dorsi Teres major Lower pectoralis major Sagittal plane/frontal axis

What are the 5 primary muscles of the shoulder girdle?

Levator Scapulae, Trapezius, Rhomboids, Pectoralis Minor, Serratus Anterior

What are the agonist muscles in Scapular Elevation?

Levator Scapulae, Upper and Middle Trapezius, Rhomboids

What is the origin for the wrist flexors?

Medial epicondyle of humerus

What are the agonist muscles in protraction (abduction of the scapula)?

Pectoralis Minor & Serratus Anterior

Shoulder Joint: Adduction

Pectoralis major lower, latissimus dorsi, teres major

Shoulder Joint: Extension

Pectoralis major lower, latissimus dorsi, teres major, posterior deltoid

Shoulder Joint: Diagonal Adduction (overhand activities)

Pectoralis major upper and lower, coracobrachialis, deltoid anterior (biceps brachaii - short head)

Shoulder Joint: Abduction

Pectoralis major upper, deltoid, supraspinatus

Shoulder Joint: Horizontal Adduction

Pectoralis major, coracobrachialis, anterior deltoid

Shoulder Joint: Internal Rotation

Pectoralis major, subscapularis, latissimus dorsi, teres major

Shoulder Girdle: Downward Rotation

Pectoralis minor, rhomboids

Shoulder Girdle: Abduction

Pectoralis minor, serratus anterior

Shoulder Girdle: Depression

Pectoralis minor, trapezius lower

What is the glenoid labrum and what is the function?

Ring of cartilage surrounding the glenoid fossa where it articulates with the head of the humerus. It provides stability to the joint, deepens the glenoid fossa, and protects the bone.

Planes & Axis of Elbow/Radioulnar: Flexion and Extension

Sagittal Plane, Frontal Axis

Planes & Axis of Glenohumeral: Flexion/Extension

Sagittal Plane, Frontal Axis

Planes & Axis of Wrist/Hand: Flexion and Extension

Sagittal Plane, Frontal Axis

What carpal bone is the most injured and how can you palpate it?

Scaphoid Find the anatomical snuffbox - the scaphoid is the deep carpal bone located in that area.

What muscle is typically affected in scapular winging?

Serratus Anterior

Shoulder Girdle: Upward Rotation

Serratus anterior, trapezius middle & lower

What muscles make up the rotator cuff group and which of those is most frequently injured?

Supraspinatus Infraspinatus Teres Minor Subscapularis Most frequently injured: supraspinatus

List which muscles are involved with "tennis elbow" and describe specifically how you would encourage someone to work on both strength and flexibility of these muscles.

Tennis elbow usually involves tendinopathy of the extensor digitorum longus near its origin on the lateral epicondyle. This can be strengthened by doing wrist extensions or reverse wrist curls. To do these the forearm should be supported on a table with hand off edge; palm should face downward. Using a weight or hammer, lower the hand as far as possible then curl wrist up as high as possible. To increase flexibility, you would stretch the wrist extensors by straightening the elbow completely. With the palm facing down, grasp the back of the hand and pull wrist down as far as possible.

Lifting a television set as you help your roommate move in requires appropriate lifting techniques and an effective angle of pull. Describe the angle of pull chosen at the elbow joint and why it is chosen as opposed to other angles.

The optimum angle of pull is at approximately 90 degrees of elbow flexion as this allows the turning force of the biceps brachii to be primarily working toward maintaining flexion. Angles substantially greater or less than this result in less turning force at the elbow, thereby making the lift more difficult.

Explain how the triceps brachii muscle acts a neutralizer

The triceps brachii acts a neutralizer when the biceps brachii is to be used to supinate the radioulnar joint. Because the biceps brachii is a multiarticular muscle (crosses more than 2 joints) and has actions at the elbow and radioulnar joint, another muscle must cancel out an unwanted or undesired movement. When the biceps brachii supinates, the triceps brachii neutralizes the action of elbow flexion because it is the antagonist muscle of the biceps brachii during elbow flexion.

Planes & Axis of Elbow/Radioulnar: Pronation and Supination

Transverse Plane, Vertical Axis

Planes & Axis of Glenohumeral: External/Internal Rotation

Transverse Plane, Vertical Axis

Planes & Axis of Glenohumeral: Horizontal Adduction/Abduction

Transverse Plane, Vertical Axis

Shoulder Girdle: Adduction

Trapezius middle & lower, rhomboids

Shoulder Girdle: Elevation

Trapezius upper & middle, rhomboids, levator scapulae

List one example of a trochoid, ginglymus, and arthrodial joint of the upper body. (3 points)

Trochoid - radioulnar joint Ginglymus - elbow, 1st MCP, IP, PIP, DIP Arthrodial - sternoclavicular, acromioclavicular

Which ligament in most often injured and what is the surgery to repair this injury?

Ulnar (medial) collateral ligament Tommy John procedure

What motions does the trapezius muscle contribute in the shoulder girdle (upper, middle, lower fibers)?

Upper: Elevation, Upward Rotation Middle: Elevation, Upward Rotation, Adduction Lower: Depression, Adduction, Upward Rotation

Elbow and Radioulnar Joint: Flexion

biceps brachii, brachialis, brachioradialis

Elbow and Radioulnar Joint: Supination

biceps brachii, supinator, brachioradialis

Wrist and Hand: Flexion

exor carpi radialis, palmaris longus, flexor carpi ulnaris, flexor digitorum superficialis, flexor digitorum profundus, flexor pollicis longus

Wrist and Hand: Extension

extensor carpi ulnaris, extensor carpi radialis brevis, extensor carpi radialis longus, extensor digitorum, extensor pollicis longus, extensor digiti minimi, extensor indicis

Fingers metacarpophalangeal joints/PIJ/DIJ : Extensor

extensor digitorum, extensor indicis, extensor digiti minimi

Thumb: Extension

extensor pollicis longus, extensor pollicis brevis

Wrist and Hand: Adduction

flexor carpi ulnaris, extensor carpi ulnaris

Fingers metacarpophalangeal joints/PIJ/DIJ: Flexion

flexor digitorum superficialis, flexor digitorum profundus

Thumb: Flexion

flexor pollicis longus

Elbow and Radioulnar Joint: Extension

triceps brachii,anconeus