WS Study Guide

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What is the most common form of interaction between former spouses following a divorce where there are children?

Cooperative Colleagues (37.5%)

Evidence for Other Sources of Gender Differences

Cultural and social role differences that men and women experience. Differences in training and experience Ex., familiarity and instructions can influence performance on spatial tasks When people believe that their performance may reflect on them as part of a stigmatized group, their performance tends to suffer, and many situations assessing verbal, quantitative, and spatial performance fall into this category. Stereotype threat: The presence of negative stereotypes affects the performance of those to whom the stereotype applies Examples: math performance, spatial rotation tasks

What does information about the Ancient Athenians and the Sambians suggest about sexual orientation?

Culture can give same-sex sexual behavior very different social and personal significance.

Biases in the choice of research participants often include A. Relying on college student samples B. Biases of age, social class, and developmental C. A tendency to study males and male issues more often than females and female issues D. All the above are correct

Fictitious sets of credentials for psychologists, identical except for the gender of the applicant, were sent to department chairpersons, the "female" applicant was... A. rated less favorably than the male B. rated more favorable than the male C. Considered qualified for a lower level position than the male D. A and C

Girls dissatisfaction with how they look... A. Is worse than boys dissatisfaction since boys gain muscle rather than fat B. Is linked to the rapid and normal weight gain of puberty C. Is worse than boys dissatisfaction since girls are more likely to defined by their physical selves D. All the above

Language has traditionally marked woman as.. A. Sexual objects for men B. Property of men C.lower status than men D. All the above are correct

Most news reports and magazine articles addressing violence against women... A. Focus on the victim rather than the perpetrator B. Use terms like "Abusive relationship" and "domestic violence" rather than stating a man has attacked his wife/gf C. Use passive and indirect language about violence D. All the above

One reason multiple roles usually benefits psychological well-being may be paid work is generally a source of ... A. Increased self-esteem B. More social involvement C. An independent Identity D. All the above are correct

The following constitutes hostile environment sexual harassment... A. Putting up sexual signs in a work environment B. Making sexist comments C. Making negative remarks to a person bc of his gender D. all the above

Which of the following can result in tokenism? A. A solo woman in an otherwise all male group B. A lone man in an otherwise all female group C. A single Black person in an otherwise all white group D.All the above

With regards to differences and similarities among women, feminist psychologist believe A. We must not assume all women have much in common with each other simply because they are women B. Women`s psychology is affected by womens social cultural backgrounds C. It is important to study varied groups of women D. All the above are correct

Women who masturbate report having.. A. greater sexual desire B. greater marital satisfaction C. Higher self-esteem D. all the above

______ views gender typing as a way to organize the world based on gender associations A. Observational learning theory B. Social learning theory C. Gestalt theory D. Gender schema theory

Research has shown that sex chromosomes directly affect

None of these are correct: gender identity; athletic ability; sexual orientation

Kaschak's Antigone Phase Men's Oedipal role Resolved

Nonpatriarchal Power: not major issue Women: independent Sexually unselfish

What are the characteristics of remarried families?

Not making children call them "mom" or "dad." Must have a strong relationship to withstand stressors on the family. Takes 3-7 years for step family to work through stages of development.

Fredrickson and Roberts (1997) believe that females learn to see themselves as objects and to constantly try to imagine how others see them; they call their theory

Objectification theory

Today marriage is viewed as a?

Relationship.

Summarize the basic facts presented in the text regarding remarriage.

Remarriage rates are declining because couples are cohabiting before remarriage. Remarriage makes up half of all marriages.

_______ of programs most watched by teens include some aspect of sexual content.

Seventy percent

_________ can be defined as biological differences in genetic composition and reproductive anatomy and function.

Sex

Which of the following statements about biological sex is FALSE?

Sex is fixed at conception

Which of the following statements about biological sex is FALSE?

Sex is fixed at conception.

What is a peer marriage

Sharing the child and house responsibilities, no worse than 60:40, house work child care and financial decisions

Some products associated with sexiness, such as alcohol, may actually be detrimental to one's sexual functioning.

TRUE

What are the keys to successful co-parenting?

The family undergoes dramatic and unsettling changes in structure and size but its function remains the same. Parents continue to be responsible for emotional, economic, and physical needs of the children.

The label of sexual behavior as "natural" or "unnatural" is based on whether the behavior conforms to a culture's sexual norms.

True

The term "cybersex" refers to a real-time event involving two persons engaging in sexual talk for the purposes of sexual pleasure.

True

Women who look unambiguously like women but have not developed complete internal reproductive structures are said to have

Turner's syndrome

Although they are increasingly prevalent, remarried families are

"Normless Norm"

patriarchal

"ruled by the fathers"

optimal gender

"which sex will the child fit best?"

Compared to males, females receive, on average,

(It's not: lower scores on the math section on the SAT and similar grades in college)

Social differences between the behaviors of men and women should be called "gender differences" rather than "sex differences" because the differences are

(it's not "two of these are correct"); I believe it's likely to be constructed within a social context.

Stereotype threat in terms of math performance means

(it's not "women stereotype their own math abilities")

When women attempt to assert dominance through touch,

(it's not they are seen as low-status.) I believe it's: their behavior may be misinterpreted as a sexual move.

The variability hypothesis suggested that

(it's not: women are more likely than men to be mentally defective)

Social implications of gendered emotions

- Across gender, emotions are more similar than different, but gender stereotypes remain influential, skewing perceptions - men in our culture are more likely to learn expressing anger is an acceptable and effective means of controlling others, including women

Emotions, Status and Power

- Emotional expression is linked to status and power and differs across culture - high and low status people are perceived differently when expressing the same emotion

Emotion Stereotypes

- emotions have traditionally been gender-marked or gender typed : female/ male - women and men do use emotional words differently, based on gender-typing - Men's emotional displays are frequently not labeled as "emotions"

Stereotypes about emotionally suggest men need to be coaxed into recognizing and expressing feelings

- men more encouraged to express certain feelings as a form of relational power & control - Men discouraged from full range of emotional expression, limit their experience of feelings

Social implication of gendered cognition

- need to pay more attention to girls' intellectual development, including selection of toys - emphasis on standardized tests may be misplaced; goal of testing is to predict performance and girls performance is not being predicted - beliefs about women's alleged inability to do math and science perpetuate their exclusion from prestigious and rewarding careers in science and engineering

*Men not only have more permissive attitudes toward sex, but men also find it more acceptable to do what? -"" What is this? - Where was this sex difference reduced? -*

-"Mate poach" -Trying to attract someone else's mate -In countries that provided greater access to resources for women.

*____% of couples are characterized by an equal proportion of both demanding and withdrawing What are these two things? -Demand: -Withdraw:*

-10% -More likely to initiate problem discussion -More likely to avoid problem discussion

*Overall, what is true about adults and marriage? - +Although....*

-A vast majority want to get married +Although the desire is slightly less in women than in men.

*What has been found about abstinence education and virginity pledges? - -*

-Abstinence only programs do not work and do not delay the onset of first intercourse -Virginity pledges results in waiting until marriage to engage in vaginal sex but an increase in oral and anal sex

Who has the most to least permissive sexual attitudes? (countries) -x (most) -> y -> z (least) What is interesting about pre-engaged and serious couples? - What is interesting about engaged couples? -

-Americans -> Russians -> Japanese -Japan and Russia are less permissive than America -In Japan, when engaged, men find is less acceptable to have sex than women do.

*What does the evolutionary theory say? - +Men... +Women... What are these ideas based on? - What does this state? -*

-Men and women will behave in ways that will maximize the survival of their genes. +Men value physical attractiveness and youth in their mates because these are indicators of fertility. +Women prefer mates who have a high occupational status because financial resources will help ensure the survival of their offspring -Parental investment model -States that women will invest more in their offspring than will men because they have less opportunity than men to reproduce

*Frederick et al.'s massive study of 60,000 participants on infidelity... Findings: - - - - +Why?*

-Men are more upset by sexual infidelity -Income did not make a difference (you still saw the men were more upset by sexual infidelity) -Wether the person has been cheated on or not before did not make difference (you still saw the men were more upset by sexual infidelity) -Sexual orientation did make a difference...there are similarities in bisexual and same-sex couples! +Individuals might have different interpretations of what is considered infidelity.

Although both college women and men equally value monogamy in a mate and believe that it is important for a relationship, who views it as more of a sacrifice? -

-Men

Who desires to get married more, men or women? -

-Men

Who places the greater emphasis on sex in both heterosexual and homosexual relationships? -

-Men

Whos is more likely to say that their partners used harsh tactics? -

-Men

*Based on a study's results, in one sense, who could be considered the more romantic? - Why? - Evidence: -*

-Men -Because they view love as more central to marriage than women do -When asked "If a boy/girl had all the other qualities you desires, would you marry this person if you were not in love with him/her?" more men said no than did women.

Who reports more sexual satisfaction? - Where was this difference the largest? - Why could this be? - -

-Men -In male-centered countries where there is a greater status differential between men and women -Because men are more likely to initiate sex -Because men are more likely to disclose sexual desires

*Who has more permissive sexual attitudes, men or women? - What does this mean? - What does this depend on? - What is this possibly due to? -: -*

-Men -Men find sex more acceptable in general -The degree of communication in the relationship -Sexual double standard: It is socially more acceptable for men than for women to engage in sex -Evolved sex differences

*Who has more permissive sexual attitudes? - What could this be due to? - -*

-Men -Possible due to sexual double standard -Possible due to evolved sex differences

*Who is more likely to "mate poach"? - What is this? -*

-Men -Pursuing somebody who is already in a relationship if you find them attractive

*Who views love as more central to marriage? - Evidence: -*

-Men -When asked "If a boy/girl had all the other qualities you desires, would you marry this person if you were not in love with him/her?" more men said no than did women.

Whos is more likely to say that their partners used harsh tactics? - ex: ex: What is this associated with? -

-Men ex: threaten ex: get angry -Lower marital satisfaction

*The evolutionary theory says what about infidelity? -Men = -Women = +note: What's interesting about this? - *

-Men = Will be more upset about sexual infidelity -Women = Will be more upset about emotional infidelity +note: both sexes find each infidelity to be upsetting, and there is only a slight difference in %s. -If you compare who will be more upset by what within a sex, there is no gender difference. The difference only arises when you compare across sexes.

There is evidence that when females initiate the first date,..... - Is this true? -

-Men expect greater sexual involvement -No... there is no more sexual behavior when females initiate.

Distressed couples, in comparison to nondistressed couples, display more what? - - Who is this more apparent among? -

-More disagreement -More criticism -Women

*Conflict management approaches: -Men = +goal? +how does the women perceive this? -Women = +goal?*

-More likely to withdraw +De-escalate conflict with positive behavior +Wife perceived husband's lack of negative affect as a sign that he is not engaged in the interaction. -More likely to confront the conflict +Wife sees it as an opportunity to resolve a conflict

In comparison to men, women are more likely to have what view of relationships? - What does this mean? - & -

-More practical view -It is possible to love more than one person & -economic security is more important than passion to a relationship.

What is emotional investment? -

-One's self-perception of being loving, lovable, romantic, affectionate, cuddlesome, compassionate, and passionate.

Evidence from research shows that mates (newlywed couples) matched on what? - What did this contradict? -:

-Physical attractiveness and education -The potential attract hypothesis: attractive women will be linked to wealthy, high-status men.

*High rates of demand/withdraw are linked to what? - - How can this be reduced? -*

-Poor conflict resolution -Low marital satisfaction -Can be reduced if buffered with expression of affection

*Maintenance strategies - Cognitive mechanisms: -: -: What do these both result in? -*

-Positivity bias: couples viewing each other more positively than they actually are -Similarity bias: couples perceiving each other as more similar than they really are -Happier couples

Empirical research suggests that women's and men's overall conceptualization of intimacy are what? - One feature in particular is what? -

-Quite similar -Self-disclosure

*Men are more likely to have what type of orientation towards sex? -: Women -: Is this true for gays? - What does this mean? -*

-Recreational orientation: physical gratification is the goal and a relationship is not required -Relational orientation: Sex is integrated into the relationships as a way to convey intimacy -Yes -The difference in motives for sex is a function of people's sex rather than sexual orientation.

Unequal emotional involvement predicted what? - +Especially for...

-Relationship breakup +Females

*Equity (equal emotional involvement) in relationships was associated with what? - +Especially for...*

-Relationship satisfaction +Females

What is the social exchange theory? - What is a prediction from this? - - Does this theory hold true for all types of relationships (different sexualities)? -

-Relationship satisfaction is partly determined by the benefits gained and costs incurred in a relationship. -The person more dependent on the relationship will have less power in the relationship -The person who has greater personal resources will have more power in the relationship -Predicts relationship satisfaction for heterosexual and gay men's relationships, but less for lesbian relationships.

*In a 10 year-longitudinal study on the relationships of gay men, lesbians, and heterosexuals with and without children, what was found? - - - - Note: -*

-Relationship satisfaction remained the same over the 10 years for lesbians -Declined and then return to the initial state among gay men -Declined and then leveled off for heterosexuals without children -Steadily declines among heterosexuals with children -Relationship satisfaction was highest among get men and lesbians after the 10 years.

*What is one predictor of relationship satisfaction? -: +Who is this especially true for? -*

-Relationship talk: The extent to which the couple talks about the state of the relationship +More strongly related to women's than men's marital satisfaction -Distribution of power within a couple

What is eros? - What is this part of? -

-Romantic love -It is one of the three types of love styles of Lee's theory of love

What is a recent phenomenon in the US? - What was typical in the past? - -

-Romantic relationships -People turning to friends and relatives rather than a spouse for love and emotional support -The function of marriage was for economic security and procreation. fghhfhhgc

One feature of intimacy that seems to be central to women's and men's definitions of intimacy is what? - How is this changing over time? - Why? -

-Self-disclosure -It's role is evolving -Due to increased communication and technologies

Social role theory would predict what as women's and mens roles become more similar? - What is one possible explanation of this? -

-Sex differences in mate preferences ought to decrease -Because women are less dependent on men for financial resources today than they were several decades ago

Who scores higher on emotional investment? - What was an interesting finding regarding this? -

-Women -The gender equality of the nation as associated with LARGER sex differences.

*Who has more negative attitudes of sex? - Including what? - -*

-Women -Women have a slightly stronger disapproval of extramarital sex -Women are less likely to "mate poach"

*Evidence for sex differences... Meta-analysis of characteristics desired in a mate show what? - - Overall, what do this mean? - What is important to remember about this meta-analysis? - What what done to address this and what was found? -*

-Women are more likely to emphasize status, ambitions, intelligence, and character -Men are more likely to emphasize attractiveness -That women have higher relationship standards compared to men -These meta analyses were conducted a long time ago -A more recent review of the literatures showed that the differences not only still exist but are consistent across a variety of cultures.

Findings on perceptions of why/when men and women have affairs: -Women... -Men...

-Women have affairs only when they are in love with another person -Men have affairs without being in love

What sex differences appear in Lee's theory of love? - +: +: - +:

-Women typically score higher than men on pragma and storge +Pragma: blend of storge (friendship love) and ludus (game playing love) +Storge: friendship love -Men score higher than women on ludus +Ludus: game playing love

*What does the parental investment model state? -*

-Women will invest more in their offspring than men because they have less opportunity than men to reproduce.

What was found in the study that examined tradeoffs? - ex: ex:

-Women's and mens choices depended on whether the relationship was short terms or long term ex: Men were more likely to choose attractiveness in short term encounters but warmth in long term relationships. ex: Both men and women chose warmth over status in short term and long term relationships

first wave

-began with seneca falls convention -planned by 5 women -hundreds of people attended meeting included 40 men staton wrote declaration of sentiments which stated that woman should have the right to vote -after much debate it passed *nineteenth amendment (focused on de jure inequalities primarily on gaining womans sufferage)

second wave

-birth control pills became available -many married women also sought BC to limit size of their families -during end of 2nd wave abortion became legal based on the protection to privacy provided by the 14th amendment -also associated with the sexual revolution -civil rights act was passed -national organization for woman was founded -association for women in psychology was formed (1960's womans liberation movement that campaigned for equal rights on issues such as employment, marital relationship and sexual orientation)

Women stereotypically expected to keep a relationship smooth and conflict-free

-married women often expected to be emotion manager and mediator of relationship and family

third wave

-significant backlash against the second wave movement -many women disowned the term because they had been exposed to negative stereotypes -thought feminism was no longer relevant (WOMAN STILL FACE DISCRIMINATION) (reflects views of younger feminists and stresses being involved in changing how society deals with HIV/AIDS violence against woman, economic crisis, and other political social issues.

sexual revolution

-women could want and enjoy sex -led to big changes towards female sexuality

*By 12th grade, how many people have already had sexual intercourse? -%*

-~62%

Describe two reasons for the lower overall stability of remarriage.

1) They have new stressors (children) and 2) Divorces are more accepting of divorce.

Suggest two ways in which the traditional exchange in remarriage works against women.

1. Aging - women are believed to lose attractiveness with age. 2. Having children

List Carl Broderick's positive results of good listening.

1. Attitude of listening itself shows love, concern, respect...act of positive attitude creates a positive response message 2. Avoiding interruption and criticism prevents sending negative messages 3. Achieve insight into each other's feelings 4. Listening to your partner allows your partner to become owner of her own feelings and thoughts...learn spouses point of view 5. Set example for partner to follow...be a listener

What are the three interrelated ideas that encompass the definition of crises?

1. Crises necessarily involve change 2. a crises is a turning point with the potential for positive effects, negative effects or both 3. A crises is a time of relative instability

List and discuss the four theoretical perspectives used in the text in examining family stress and crises.

1. Functional - social institution that preforms essential functions 2. Family development - family changed (develops) in predictable ways 3. Family ecology - explores how a family influences and IS influenced by the environment that surrounds it 4. Family system - each member of the family affects the family as a whole an affects each family member

give a criticism of the resource hypothesis

1. Has narrow focus 2. Marital power is more than which partner makes decisions 3. power-giving resources are unevenly distributed between the sexes

What are the major principles of active listening?

1. Involving paying close attention to what the other person is saying, coupled with giving feedback and checking it out 2. Partner's attitudes and motivation should show caring and affection (John Gottman) 3. Active listening - unfortunately, usually not present when couples are trying to resolve conflicts

Discuss Amato's 5 theoretical perspectives concerning the reasons for negative outcomes of divorce for children.

1. Life stress perspective - just as divorce is stressful for adults, it is equally if not more stressful for children 2. Parental loss perspective - the absence of a parent from a household is problematic 3. Parental adjustment perspective - custodial parent's psychological adjustment and quality of parenting 4. Economic hardship perspective - economic hardship brought about by divorce is primarily responsible for the problems faced by children 5. Inter-parental perspective - conflict between parents is responsible for the lowered well-being of children

Discuss the factors mentioned in the text that influence how family members define a stressful situation.

1. Nature of the stressor itself 2. family's previous successful experience with crises events 3. Adult family members' legacies from their childhoods...believing that crises are punishment for bad behavior or seeing crises as an accident 4. Believing that the start that demands are surmountable (mind set..learned) 5. Degree of hardship the stressor creates 6. how family interprets crises shapes their response

What are the major alternatives to power politics?

1. Partners separate in their decision making...not good for intimacy 2. Subordinate partner to disengage in power struggle 3. Dominant partner to consciously relinquish some power (the crown) 4. Trying to neutralize power, without explaining what they are doing, risk estrangement. 5. The more the subordinate tries to neutralize power, the more the dominant tries to gain control

According to sociologist Carlfred Broderick, how may couples disengage from power struggles?

1. Resign the crown...give family members control over their areas 2. Do it yourself 3. Make an offer your partner cant refuse 4. Join with joy

Describe the three phase cycle of domestic violence

1. Tension from minor altercation 2. Situation escalades 3. Husband becomes contrite

List and discuss the 7 types of stressors discussed in the text.

1. addition of a family member 2. Loss of a family member 3. ambiguous loss - wether or not a family member is lost 4. sudden, unexpected change 5. ongoing family conflict 6. caring for a dependent. ill, or dialed family member 7. demoralizing events

What is the major factor contributing to high numbers of single parent families?

1. divorce 2. rising non-marital birth rates 3. greater tendency for unmarried mothers to establish independent households

List three reasons why women tolerate abuse from their husbands

1. fear 2. cultural norms 3. Love and economical dependance

Despite changes in ideals of feminine beauty over the years, one thing remains constant... A. They all require alterations of womens natural appearance through products B. They all were intiated by men C. They all include long hair D. They all include high heels

Established men in a company often serve as mentors for incoming men, assisting them in their progression up the corporate ladder. This is called the .. A. Old-boy network B. Testosterone elevator C. Mens club D. Glass ceiling

If a woman shows token resistance to a mans sexual advances and then gives in she is doing all of the following except... A. Communicating honestly with her partner B. Perpetuating restrictive gender stereotypes C. Encouraging behaviors that may lead to date and acquaintance rape D. Teaching men to disregard women's refusals

Meta-analysis revealed what about parental gender treatment of children? A. Overall, parents treat children, across gender B. mothers were likely to encourage gender-typed play and activities C. Fathers stereotype more than mothers D. no conclusions can be made

Some scholars believe the term _____ should be reserved for the material combining sexual themes with violence, dehumanization, degradation or abuse. A. Pornography B. Erotica C. Sexually explicit media D. XXX

The tendency to generalize people who are members of the opposite sex and refer to them as being all alike and having similar qualities is called A. Outgroup Homogeneity B. The intergroup bias effect C. Paternalistic prejudice D. None of the above is correct

When a woman is reduced to her body and sexualized, she is being.. A. Sexually objectified B. Embodied C. Gender marked D. Scripted

When talking to their daughters as opposed to their sons, parents A. used a greater number of emotion words B. used a lesser variety of emotion words C. Mentioned sad aspects of events less D. All the above are correct

Which of the following statements about sexual scripts is not correct... A. There are no differences between the scripts of women and men B. They are internalized by individuals C. There are expected punishments for violating the rules D. They are regulated by law / religion

_____ Can be defined as biological differences in genetic composition and reproductive anatomy and function A. Sex B. Gender C. Gender identity D. Sexual identity

Kaschak's Antigone Phase Women Unresolved

Accept subservience -Passive, dependent Accept male-defined sexuality Deny own needs -Few female friendships

What are the life implications for the adult children of divorced parents?

Adult children of divorce have come to except the divorce as a good alternative but are less close with their parents

Research on media images of women across ethnic group suggest

African-American women are more sexually objectified than White women.

In the 1980's, much of the research on gender stereotypes focused on subtypes of women and men. The subtypes involved women's and men's

All are correct: "role behaviors, physical and personality characteristics

Which of the following tendencies is a gender difference in play for children?

All are correct: Children avoid "opposite gender" toys during preschool and elementary years; boys play with violent video games and girls play with Barbie dolls; Children express strong preferences for gender-typed toys

Some feminist psychologists argue studying gender differences is not very useful because of which of the following issues?

All are correct: Problems with values and interpretation of the research results; problems defining a true gender difference; difficulties measuring gender differences

Third-wave groups such as the Riot Grrrls have goals such as

All are correct: asserting women's place in rock and pop music; reclaiming girl culture; proclaiming the joys of women's sexuality

Language has traditionally marked women as

All are correct: available to be consumed by men; lower status than men; property of men;

Which of the following impacts mathematical ability and performance?

All are correct: gender differences in math experience; confidence and self-expectation issues; sex discrimination in testing

When stereotypes are activated by our culture, less prejudiced people

All are correct: make conscious choices not to stereotype; stop and think about the stereotypes; replace stereotypes with more accurate information

Meta-analysis is an improvement over simple reviews of studies because

All are correct: reviews fail to attend to moderator variables; it takes into account the magnitude and consistency of differences; it takes into account sample size

More male-to-female than female-to-male transsexuals undertake transition, probably due to

All are correct: surgery to create a penis is more complicated than the surgery to remove one; rules for masculinity more restrictive than those for femininity; feel more of a need to have a sex change, in order to act and be treated as women; it is easier for females to act like a man and have hormone injections than to try to have a working penis constructed;

How have transgender and intersex people experienced discrimination?

All are correct: they have been forced to choose M or F on nearly every form of identification or application; Paramedics stopped treating a cross-dressed child when they discovered his male genitals; they have been raped and murdered

Cosmetic genital surgery can be viewed as harmful to infants because

All the above are correct.

The Intersex Society of North America, founded by Cheryl Chase in 1993, is committed to open, honest disclosure about intersex conditions

All the above are correct.

The criteria for deciding an intersexed child's "optimal gender" may be sexist in that

All the above are correct.

Changes in sexual activity for women in later life may be influenced by

All the above: finding a suitable partner. fewer concerns about pregnancy and interruptions by children. what the woman was taught when she was younger.

What is the problem with depending on media as a source for sexual attitudes and information?

Because of its entertainment orientation, there are few realistic depictions of sexuality.

Series of studies by Harlow Maternal Deprivation and Its Consequences for Nurturing

Deprived baby monkeys of their mothers Observed the effects Conclusions: -Social isolation associated with abnormal behaviors -Contact with other monkeys appeared to be critical (rather than mothering) -Care-giving is dependent on experience This research suggests that caregiving is dependent on experience and not on inherent biological factors. Contact with other monkeys seems to be the critical experience rather than being mothered, which indicates that maternal behaviors are not directly modeled.

Which of the following is not a gender stereotype? A. Women are more graceful than men B. Women are innately more qualified to take care of children than are men C. Men tend to be inherently physically bigger than women D. Men are better managers than women

identify three ways the equalization of marital power of men and women can occur

Mutual respect, equally committed, and listened to.

In humans, a second X chromosome is necessary for the female to

NOT ALL ARE CORRECT

Which of the following statements about biological sex is FALSE?

NOT: SEX IS A CLUSTER OF BIOLOGICAL ATTRIBUTES

Around the world,

NOT: SOCIETITES UNIVERSALLY BELIEVE IN THE BINARY CATEGORIES OF GAY AND STRAIGHT

The variability hypothesis suggested that

NOT: WOMEN WERE MORE LIKELY THAN MEN TO BE MENTALLY DEFECTIVE

Over 150 ___________________ cultures have recognized a third-sex category.

Native American

The text poses the question of whether family crises reflects disaster or opportunity. Discuss the issue.

Negative outlook = disaster Positive/Opportunistic outlook = opportunity

Nurturance, gentleness, and expressiveness would be considered _________ traits; aggressiveness, independence, and dominance would be considered _________ traits.

affective; instrumental (emotions. feelings) (active, effective)

6. Prejudice and discrimination based on age is called _______.

ageism

Feminists are often portrayed as

all the above: lesbians. man-hating. fighting-women.

Organized ways to get involved in feminism as a student include

all the above: volunteering at the women's center on campus. taking courses on women and gender and recommending them to others. joining an organization for women's equality.

Female under-prediction effect

although women score lower than men, they receive higher grades in college - a mis-measurement of women's potential with negative results

gender identity disorder

an official psychiatric category for those individuals who experience a disjunction between their assigned sex and their core gender identity

If a therapist has sexist assumptions about psychological symptoms, then

any person's probability of receiving appropriate care may either increase or decrease.

sample

can lead to bias in selecting a sample researchers generally want to be able to extend their research findings REPRESENTATIVE SAMPLES

klinefelter's syndrome

causes men to have less masculine physiques and appearances, along with increased risk of learning disabilities

similarities tradition

claims that women and men are very much alike in intelligence, personality, abilities, and goals

What type of explanation does the textbook emphasize in explaining why people find it so hard to abandon stereotypes?

cognitive

Given the research on gender-related differences in cognitive abilities, we can conclude all of the following EXCEPT

cognitive differences can largely be traced to biological dissimilarities between the sexes.

Individuals whose genetic composition is XY, but whose bodies did not prompt the development of male reproductive organs, are said to have

complete androgen insensitivity syndrome

Individuals whose genetic composition is XY, but whose bodies did not prompt the development of male reproductive organs, are said to have

complete androgen insensitivity syndrome.

female under-prediction effect

compromises women's right to equal education; usually talking about expecting lower scores on tests from women

The gradual mastery of logical concepts is an indication of the limitations of

concrete operational thinking.

When the Virginia Military Academy and the Citadel went to court to prove women should not be permitted admission, they claimed psychological research proved women are weaker, more emotional, and could not compete with men. Feminist psychologists protested

witnesses had misrepresented and misused psychological research.

menstrual disability hypothesis

woman should stay in bed and refrain from exerting themselves while menstruating

When creating questions for her survey, Anne decided that she would avoid using terms often used to describe women and men in traditional roles. Anne is trying to minimize sex bias in the ___________ stage of research.

design

consciousness-raising groups

developed by second wave feminists, women met informally to talk about their lives as womens.

With regards to the popular belief "men are from Mars and women are from Venus," feminists believe

women and men are not complete opposites of each other.

gender typing

women and men come to accept gender distinctions visible at the social structural level and enacted at the interpersonal level as part of the self-concept

hostile sexism

women are inferior and they are threatening to take over men's rightful (dominant) place

decoding ability

women are somewhat more skilled at recognizing emotions expressed by others

separatism

women can escape patriarchy only by creating their own woman-only communities

minimal parental investment

women contribute 9 months where men it just quick and easy

Variability hypotheses

developed to present men as more variable than women, and therefore "better" - overall, women & men are far more similar than different, across cognitive abilities and skills

social learning theory

development of gendered behavior is influenced by environmental factors

assigned sex

diagnosis based on physical appearance ITS A BOY ITS A GIRL

sexism

discrimination or prejudice against people because of their gender -both men and woman can be perpetrators or targets

What is the purpose of the legal divorce?

dissolution of marriage by state through court order terminating the marriage

objectification theory

explains that in a sexually objectifying culture, girls and women learn to "internalize an observer's perspective as a primary view of their physical selves"

The tendency for the media to feature men's faces more often than women's is called

face-ism

How has the increase in individualistic values contributed to higher rates of divorce?

family is the most important value. As the family goes, so goes society.

What is the "good divorce"?

family with children remain a family

Stereotype threat in terms of math performance means

fear of confirming the stereotype women are bad at math may negatively impact women's math performance.

It is 1870, and Hephzibah Jones loves her husband dearly. Sometimes when she looks at him, or he touches her, she feels strong sexual desires. As a healthy Victorian woman, she should

feel only reproductive desire.

Children learn what they are "supposed" to feel and act in various situations, which translates to "boys feel A and girls feel B" or "boys should show X emotion.: These rules are called

feeling rules

Our society relies on standardized tests (i.e., SAT, GRE) to predict college performance. Women score lower than men on these tests AND get better grades in college. Women's educational achievement is misrepresented by the

female underprediction effect.

menarche

first period around age 12

quid pro quo harassment

first type of sexual harassment refers to situations in which men engage in unwanted sexual behaviors and make it clear that the woman's employment is contingent upon enduring such behavior. "Quid pro quo" is a Latin phrase that very roughly translates to "in exchange." So, in cases of quid pro quo harassment, men essentially attempt to provide employment or advancement in exchange for a woman's tolerance of unwanted sexual remarks or behaviors.

global feminism

focuses on how prejudice and discrimination against women are related across cultures and how they are connected to neocolonialism and global capitalism. sweatshop labor conditions, unequal access to healthcare and education and forced prostitution.

woman of color feminism/cultural feminism

focuses on issues of importance to minority communities: poverty, racism, jobs, health care, and access to education

glass ceiling

he glass ceiling is a problem faced by women who aspire to move up within companies, but who find that they are unable to progress past a certain level women facing the glass ceiling are typically successful professionals who advance through their companies but find themselves stuck in positions just below the top.

Most contemporary sex researchers would consider a particular sexual behavior harmful and undesirable if it:

involves coercion, personal distress, or harm to self or others.

self-objectifications

involves habitual and chronic preoccupation with self-surveillance that disrupts a woman's connection to her subjective experiences and divides her attention

thin ideal

is a culturally prescribed ideal appearance for women that emphasizes extreme thinness

gender aschematic

less gendered typed people have less developed gender schemas and rely more on other schemas - the difference between schematic and aschematic is the matter of degree

The similarities tradition in feminist theory and politics stems from

liberal feminism

A person who believes women and men should be treated equally, supports the means to achieve this, and emphasizes the similarities between the sexes is a

liberal feminist

Amanda feels isolated. She has always felt like a misfit and has never had an intimate relationship. Unlike individuals who are cybersex fans or blog users, Amanda is most likely to find her Internet communication to be a:

lifeline.

In ancient Athens, the male-male relationship was based on

love and reciprocity.

statistically significant

low probability of getting that result on chance alone, but not impossible

Compared to males, females receive, on average,

lower scores on the math section of the SAT and better math grades in college.

compared to males, females receive, on average

lower scores on the math section of the SAT but better math grades in college.

andocentric

male centered

According to the text, Victorian Americans believed that

male sexuality was dangerous, uncontrolled, and animal-like.

Conservatives often refer to feminist criticism of the male status quo as

male-bashing

Saying psychological knowledge about women is mostly androcentric means the information is considered

male-centered

operant conditioning

manipulation of behavior by the stimuli that follow it

The devaluation of female-gender words can be seen in

master/mistress

According to the criteria suggested by the authors of the text, which of the following behaviors would be evaluated as NOT acceptable or healthy?

masturbatory asphyxia

Mean difference

mathematical average of differences

In cultures in which homosexuality is a strong taboo, third-sex people

may be accepted

Girls with attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder

may be overlooked because their symptoms are less flagrant than boys' symptoms.

When we reject the classification of behavior into such categories as normal/abnormal, natural/unnatural, or moral/immoral, we

may still have standards for evaluating sexual behavior.

clinical significance

meaningful or important choose to study whether men and woman differ in their choice for red or yellow snow cones- although statistically significant the results were not clinically significant

Children also learn feeling rules

meanings of emotions, other's expectations of feelings and how one to recognize emotions in others - feeling rules are based on gender stereotypes of emotionality, and example of social construction

faceism

measured as the proportion of the overall image devoted to the face, it is typically a man's face that is more focussed on in media

Face-ism

measured by comparing the size of the body and head and expressing it as a proportion (Archer, Iritani, Kimes & Barrios, 1983). The facial prominence in published images is usually higher for men.

During the time American youth are awake, the activity that consumes more of their time than any other is:

media involvement.

stereotypes in movie roles

men are likely to be portrayed as aggressive and dominant, women as passive and relatively powerless (Haskell, 1997).

stereotypes in male-oriented magazines

men are more likely to be shown in occupational roles and rarely as fathers or husbands (Vigorito & Curry, 1998)

glass escalator

men in female dominated jobs fare better than women in the same occupation, they are more satisfied, get better evaluations, and advance faster

ambivalent sexism

men who endorse both hostile sexism and benevolent sexism

Around the world, __________ are more likely than ___________ to endorse hostile sexism

men; women

8. In North American society, meaningful roles for elders are more apparent in ___________.

minority communities

Many studies reveal a __________ relationship between processing speed, measured in terms of reaction time on diverse cognitive tasks, and __________.

moderate; IQ

Although lesbians have an advantage in that their partner is likely to live longer, coping with the loss of a lesbian life partner is made________.

more difficult by heterosexism. If the couple has not been out to friends and family, the grief may have to be borne alone. This deprives the surviving partner of the support network that helps heterosexual women cope with bereavement

Studies of lesbians' experiences of aging show

most lesbians find their partner relationship to be increasingly important.

The irony of "normal sexual activity" is that, while we feel pressure to "behave normally" :

most of us don't know what "normal" is.

Feminism can best be defined as:

movement to end sexism and sexist oppression.

Despite popular stereotypes, there is _______________ in the emotionality of men and women.

much more overlap than difference

hermaphrodite

named after a child of the greek deities: Hermes & Aphrodite, person with a sexually ambiguous body

berdache/two spirit people

native american third sex category, biological males who wore women's clothes but i could vary

References to masturbation on television are usually

negative and consigned to an adolescent context as immature.

prejudice

negative attitude or feeling toward a person because of his or her membership in a particular social group

heterosexism

negative attitudes and beliefs about lesbian, gay, transgendered, and bisexual people

Schema

network of associations around a group, or mental network that guides people as they experience the world around them; term commonly used in psychology

gender stereotypes

networks of related beliefs that reflect the "common wisdom" about women and men

Gender stereotypes

networks or schemas of related beliefs that reflect the "common wisdom"

male gaze

refers to how women are typically viewed from a male perspective. The male gaze is evident in the mass media, particularly in films and television. It often seems as though the camera is a view seen through male eyes. If you examine the composition of scenes in films and television, the camera is often angled down at female characters.The male gaze is easily recognizable in sex scenes. The camera often lingers over the female body and highlights her nudity, while the male body is obscured by a woman or by props.

gender normative/cisgender

refers to people whose sex assignment at birth corresponds to their gender identity and expression

body image

refers to the mental picture we each have of our bodily appearance as well as the associated feelings

objectification

refers to the treatment or perception of a person as an object rather than as an individual

For many social scientists, a sexual behavior is defined as normal if it

reflects the average or median behavior of a group.

17. One of the most important activities to maintain good health as one ages is _________.

regular exercise

Research by Jane D. Brown (2002) reports that the media:

reinforce a consistent set of sexual and relationship norms.

Repeated, unexpected periods of sudden intense fear or discomfort occur in the context of

panic disorder.

out-group homogeneity effect

people tend to characterize outgroup members as being all alike and having similar qualities

gender schematic

people who has well developed gender schema and rely on it spontaneously in making sense of the world

intersexed

people with genitals that are not clearly male or female -2 % of the population -dr's assigned sex based on appearance of genitals

Social learning theory states people learn characteristic behavior patterns through the process of

reinforcement

core gender identity

peoples fundamental sense of whether they are male or female -most cases babies grow into children and adults with core gender identities consistent with their genotypes and assigned sex

adolescence

period of pre adulthood where older children become increasingly independent and sexual

self esteem

persons overall level of positive regard and self respect

informational power

persuasive power to change a partner with information

seneca falls declaration of 1848

rejected the doctrine of female inferiority then taught by academics and clergy

Hostile acts attempting to damage another person's relationships or social standing are called

relational aggression

When they play alone, boys and girls' play styles are ____________, but when they play in groups, their play styles become ________________.

similar; increasingly gender-typed.

3. Research on sexual attractiveness and aging suggests that women's value and status often depend on their sexual attractiveness and reproductive ability. Many experimental studies show that ______________.

physical characteristics of age (such as wrinkles and grey hair) are rated more negatively for women than for men

______________ is sexually themed material including violence, dehumanization, degradation, or abuse towards women.

pornography

Name three factors that contribute to the tendency for less well-off families to have the highest rates of marital disruption including divorce, separation, and desertion.

positive correlation between marital stability, education, and family income (mainly men)

personal power

power exercise over ones self

sexism

prejudice on the basis of sex or gender

Mainstream media depictions of sexuality

present the social context of sexuality.

punishment

presentation of a stimulus decreases the likelihood someone will repeat the behavior

mullerian duct inhibiting hormone

prevents the internal embryonic structures from developing into female organs

How do individuals benefit by no-fault divorce legislation?

reduces hostility of partners

self-esteem

refers to a person's overall level of positive self-regard and self-respect

People who have Klinefelter's syndrome

tend to have a less masculine physique and appearance.

profeminist

term acknowledges women's leadership of the feminist movement and expresses their understanding that women and men have different experiences of gender

gender-marked

terms that are always prefaced by "women" if it is something being done by women, but never prefaced by men because it is seen as normal for men to do it

Two of the three androgens that must be present prenatally in humans to produce an anatomically "normal" male are

testosterone and dihydrotestosterone

power

the ability to exercise ones will

paternalistic prejudice

the belief that woman need to be helped and protected by men -two commonly contradicting myths: 1)woman are pure-promotes that good girls do not desire or enjoy sex/can get in the way of healthy sexual relationships 2)woman are sluts-very dangerous/legitimizes sexual assaults and violence. beliefs that woman can be responsible for their own rapes

Though being physically harmed, many young women stay in a violent dating relationship because of all of the following reasons EXCEPT

they prefer violent men

When meta-analysis practitioners decide which studies to include,

they rely on their own judgments.

Crawford believes if feminist psychologists concentrate on studying the experiences of white, middle-class, heterosexual women,

they will limit the understanding of women's experiences, just as understanding of humans was limited when white males were the primary focus of research.

kathoeys

third sex category from thailand, have male genitalia but wear women's clothes

pledged virgin

third sex category in areas of the Balkans in which a born female takes over a man's roles when there is no man available, not thought of as a woman

Studies of lesbians' experiences of aging show that compared to lesbians who lived alone _________.

those living with a partner reported better mental health, higher self-esteem, and less loneliness. Participants said that being in a relationship was very important and became even more so as they got older

Though people often ask why a battered woman doesn't just leave, research shows that a woman is more likely

to be injured or killed after she leaves her partner.

gender management strategies

ways of behaving that are aimed at softening a woman's impact, reassuring others that she is not threatening, and displaying niceness as well as (not too much) competence

denial of personal discrimination

when asking a person if they have ever personally been discriminated against they are much less likely to acknowledge that it has happened to them

In Bandura's (1965) study, children imitated aggressive behavior most

when the adult model was rewarded

sexual objectification

when women's bodies are sexualized in media, the women themselves are often reduced to those bodies or even just parts of them

sexual orientation

whether people are attracted to the opposite sex -separate from sex and gender very few people are 100% heterosexual -fantasies, thoughts, romantic attachments are all more than just having sex

In the classroom, race and gender interact. Those getting the most attention are __________; those getting the least attention are ____________.

white boys; minority girls

In the classroom, race and gender interact. Those getting the most attention are __________; those getting the least attention are ____________.

white boys; minority girls;

gender research has been androcentric

with great efforts to present women/girls as "inferior and deficient" as compared to a male normative

What happens when a person experiences an emotional divorce?

withholding positive emotions and communications from the relationship rather, use words and actions that alienate

witnesses had misinterpreted and misused psychological research

witnesses had misrepresented and misused psychological research

Individuals have been gender-typed when they

adopt cultural definitions appropriate and normal behaviors for their sex.

Biases in research can enter the process

all of the above: when a comparison group is chosen; at the question formulation stage; when researchers choose or create biased measures

Many women with eating disorders

all the above: also have depression. also have anxiety. are socially rewarded for their low weight.

Trafficking of children takes place in the context of

all the above: extreme poverty. gender inequality. limited choices.

Women are more likely to identify as feminists when they

all the above: have a positive experience of feminism. recognize discrimination exists. have a feminist mother.

Abusive families are usually

all the above: patriarchal. emotionally distant and unaffectionate. conflictual.

Backlashes against 20th century feminism have included

all the above: the claim that feminism is outdated. referring to feminists as "ball-busters" and "feminazis." blaming infertility on feminism.

Women-of-color argue feminist theory and research should analyze the position of

all the above: white women in relation to women of color. white women in relation to men of color. people of color in relation to white men.

People who believe that women can be intelligent and successful businesswomen, but that those same women are angry, selfish, and unfeminine are

ambivalent sexists.

People who believe women can be intelligent and successful businesswomen, but consider those same women as angry, selfish, and unfeminine are

ambivalent sexists.

testosterone

an androgen that causes the internal structures of male sexual anatomy to develop

social learning theory

an approach that emphasizes how children learn gendered behavior from their environment

self-objectification

an effect of the pervasiveness of objectification is that women and girls learn to think of themselves as objects

feminist

an individual who holds the beliefs that women are valuable and that social change to benefit women is needed

More males wish to become females than vice versa. One reason for this sex-related difference, according to the textbook, may be

androcentric cultures are less accepting of deviant behavior in males

More males wish to become females than vice versa. One reason for this sex-related difference, according to the textbook, may be

androcentric cultures are less accepting of deviant behavior in males.

The testes typically produce ____________, which shape infants' bodies into a form typical of males.

androgens

According to Plant, Hyde, Keltner, & Devine (2000), the three emotions considered stereotypically "male" are

anger, contempt, and pride.

According to Plant, Hyde, Keltner, & Devine (2000), the three emotions considered stereotypically "male" are

anger, contempt, pride

According to Plant, Hyde, Keltner, & Devine (2000), the three emotions that are stereotypically "male" are

anger, contempt, pride

10. Age stereotyping is usually triggered by __________.

appearance

When a woman politician or "authority figure" is portrayed in the news, it is likely her ____________ will be including in the commentary, not as likely for a man

appearance

5. Researchers found older women are more upset about changes in their bodies' ________, while men reported being more upset by changes in their bodies' __________.

appearances, function (loss of stamina, running speed, etc.)

With regards to anatomy, individuals with gender identity disorder

are not physically intersexed

rape myths

are socially propagated beliefs about female-male relations that make rape seem unimportant or even acceptable.

Stereotypes

aren't individual opinions, but collective agreements about what constitutes reality

Freud's Theory of Personality

arose in the late 1800s as a way to explain personality development and also as a way to provide treatment to people with mental problems. The theory gained and then lost popularity but remains a provocative and controversial approach to personality. The basic concepts include the notion that an unconscious region of the mind exists beyond conscious awareness and that instincts furnish the energy for personality functioning. Freud's View of Gender Identity Development begins with the passage through a series of psychosexual states or stages Oral Anal Phallic Latent Genital

Violence is often used

as a means of control in sexual encounters and romantic relationships.

The modern incarnation of the African American stereotype of the Jezebel is represented

as the "ho".

legitimizing myths

attitudes or beliefs that are used to maintain the status of non dominant groups -popular culture, mythology, religious stories and symbolism (woman are the source of evil, adam and eve) (week or helpless, they need male protection) (sleeping beauty, snow white)

legitimizing myths

attitudes, values, and beliefs that serve to justify hierarchical social practices

referent power

based on less dominant partners emotional identification with the more dominant partner

gender difference hypothesis

based on the notion that men and women differ on a variety of important characteristics and that these differences are statistically and clinically significant -research operating from this orientation are interested in gender differences and design studies to detect them

Some women become so disempowered by abuse that they feel trapped, worthless, depressed, and even a kind of post-traumatic stress disorder called

battered women's syndrome.

In humans, a second X chromosome is necessary for the female to

be fertile.

Gender role

behaviors typically associated with males or females

Social Privilege

being accorded social power, status and resources; individual and group privileges are not generally recognized as "special" by the group - generally privileged per dominant group membership (race/ethnic, gender, ability) - awareness of privilege is a developmental process

Social oppression

being denied social power, status and resources, due to non-dominant group membership -awareness of oppression is a developmental process

7. The most common form of ageism reported by respondents was ___________.

being told jokes that made fun of older people

Gender constancy

belief that gender is constant throughout lifetime

hostile sexism

belief that men are superior to woman and that woman are a threat to society as a while (trying to take over mens rightful place"Most women fail to appreciate all that men do for them." "Women seek to gain power by getting control over men." "Most women interpret innocent remarks or acts as being sexist."

The DSM (psychological book of diagnoses) has been revised in part because

beliefs about what is normal have and continue to change.

benevolent sexism

beliefs about woman that are positive on the surface but on a deeper level they serve to justify the second class status of woman (put woman on a pedestal but none the less reinforces woman's subordinationDespite its overtly positive flavor, this idealization of women implies that women are weak, soft creatures that are best suited to traditional gender roles

sex

biological differences in genetic composition and reproductive anatomy and function

Jezebel

black woman portrayed as immoral, seductive, promiscuous

The mental pictures women have of their bodies and the feelings they have as a result are referred to as

body image

The mental pictures women have of their bodies and the feelings they have as a result are referred to as

body image.

Feelings that women have about their bodies' sizes, shapes, and attractiveness are part of their

body images

Feelings that women have about their bodies' sizes, shapes, and attractiveness are part of their

body images.

female to male transsexual

born as females but believe deep down they are male

male to female transsexual

born male but believe deep down they are female

Among the Sambians, adolescent males typically have sexual contact with

both males and females.

secondary sex characteristics

breasts and body hair

Halloween is a time when children can dress up to be anyone or anybody,

but most costumes are gender-stereotyped

Common recipes for determining whether a pregnant woman is going to have a boy or a girl include

carrying high for a boy and low for a girl

dihydrotestosterone

causes the penis to grow and the testicles to form

A new media for sex is

cell phones.

outgroup homogeneity effect

characterize outgroup members as being all alike and having similar qualities

feeling rules

children are taught what it means to experience and emotion, what others expect them to feel, and how they are supposed to recognize emotions in others

puberty

children develop secondary sex characteristics

gender segregation

children express strong preferences to play with other children of the same gender

feeling rules

children not only learn display rules but feeling rules that is they learn what it means to experience an emotion what others expect them to feel and how they are supposed to recognize emotions in others

gender segregation

children's preference to play with same gender friends

differences tradition

claims that there are fundamental differences between women and men that should be recognized and honored

Given the research on gender-related differences in cognitive abilities, we can conclude all of the following EXCEPT

cognitive differences can be easily traced to biological dissimilarities

Given the research on gender-related differences in cognitive abilities, we can conclude all of the following EXCEPT

cognitive differences can easily be traced to biological dissimilarities

When school-age children have difficulty putting what they know about thinking into action, they are not yet good at

cognitive self-regulation.

When researchers asked ethnically diverse parents for their idea of an intelligent first grader, Caucasian Americans mentioned __________, and ethnic minorities mentioned __________.

cognitive traits; motivation and self-management

With increasing education, many ethnic minority parents shift from a __________ style of communication to a __________ style of communication.

collaborative; hierarchical

During the design stage of the research process all the following are done EXCEPT

collection of data

In North American society, meaningful roles for elders are more apparent in

collectivist cultures, including many Native American, Asian, and African American communities.

Which television genre is most likely to deal with sexuality in the form of taboos?

comedy series

expert power

comes from dominant partner's superior abilities

Why are marriages of many years (over 20) less likely to end in divorce even though marital happiness is likely to decline over time?

commitment

If a woman shows token resistance to a man's sexual advances and then "gives in," she is doing all of the following EXCEPT

communicating honestly with her partner

twin studies

compare monozygotic twins with dizygotic twins to help separate the influences of genetics and environment

14. Women over the age of 75 are two to three times more likely to have __________.

conditions/chronic illnesses that limit activity (such as spinal degeneration, varicose veins, and joint problems).

When people discuss their sexual activities, they generally reveal their most

conformist sexual behaviors.

In the 1970's, women met to talk about their lives as women; in the process, they realized their problems were related to society's devaluation of women. The groups developed were referred to as _____________ groups.

consciousness-raising

By age 3, most children can identify their own sex. However, they may believe that people can change sex by changing hairstyle or clothing because they lack gender ________.

constancy

How do marital expectation contribute to higher rates of divorce?

continuous negotiations among members on roles/duties. Family living may feel like work.

gender fluidity

conveys a wider, more flexible range of gender expression, with interests and behaviors that may even change from day to day

imitation

copying someone else's behavior observational learning---occurs through watching others' behavior

woman of color feminism or womanism

criticizes the white womans movement for excluding women of color and other issues important to them.points out strengths and positive values of minority communities

Emotional display rules

cultural guidelines on which emotions may be displayed by whom and when

Information about patterns of sexual behavior among the Mangaians and Dani helps us see that

culture is a primary determinant in how sexual interests and attractions are expressed.

Perhaps the most powerful factor that shapes how people feel and behave sexually is:

culture.

Data comparing women's and men's retirement suggest

current models of retirement is not adequate to describe women's experiences

Television violence builds schemas of the world as

dangerous and scary

The ability to recognize the emotions expressed by others is called

decoding ability

The role of sex researchers is to:

describe sexual behavior.

Children who have Turner's syndrome

develop external female parts

secondary sex characteristics

development of breasts and body hair

role overload

difficulties of meeting these expectations ex) the secretary who is asked to work over time on short notice and must scramble to find child care may experience both conflict and over load as she calls baby sitters and types a report

Tests that have been devised to assess children's capacity for creative thought tap __________ thinking.

divergent

coercive power

dominant partners ability to punish partner

The longer lasting kind of depression is called

dysthymic disorder.

Independent self

each individual seen as unique; task of individual is to fulfill her/his potential and become an autonomous person (individualistic culture)

The cross-cultural research exploring sexual orientation would suggest that:

early sexual activity with same-sex and/or opposite-sex partners is not related to sexual orientation later in life.

confounding

effects of two or more variables were mixed, making it impossible to determine which variable is causing the effects

feminist language reform

efforts to eliminate gender bias in the structure, content and usage of language and to provide nonsexist alternatives. modified old and created new language

feminist language reform

efforts to eliminate gender bias in the structure, content, and usage of language and to provide nonsexist alternatives

12. Some people speak to the elderly as if they are small children or animals, an approach referred to as _________.

elderspeak

Gardner's set of interpersonal and intrapersonal intelligences not tapped by IQ scores have become known as __________ intelligence.

emotional

Demonstrating Emotionality

emotional display rules

__________ by men are often not labeled as emotionality.

emotional displays

Compared with unhappily married people, how is the physical and emotional health for divorced persons?

emotional well being declines after a divorce

benevolent sexism

emphasis that women are special beings to be cherished and protected

The Stanford-Binet Intelligence Scales include knowledge and quantitative reasoning factors that

emphasize culturally loaded, fact-oriented information.

radical feminism

emphasizes male control and domination of woman throughout history . views the control of women by men as the first and most fundamental form of oppression :woman as a group are oppressed not by their biology or their social class but by men as a group .

radical feminism

emphasizes male control and domination of women throughout history

15. Menopause is the _______.

end of the menstrual cycle and monthly periods.

The objective of mass-media depictions of sexuality is to

entertain and exploit.

The frequency of hot flashes has been associated with

ethnic and cultural differences.

Interactionally: recognize discrimination

even when women and men behave in different ways, this does not justify discrimination/ oppression

One of the most important activities to maintain good health as one ages is

exercise

According to the text, when we label a sexual behavior natural or unnatural, we are

expressing whether the behavior conforms to our culture's social norms.

stereotypes in popular comic strips

female characters are less active than male characters (Brabant & Mooney, 1986, 1997).

Modern Hollywood films usually display

female frontal nudity above the waist.

Describe the major problem areas in remarried families?

financial burdens, role ambiguity, negative feelings of children

dizygotic twins

fraternal

hijras/aravanis

from north and south india respectively, they are a third sex category and have an ambiguous social position, both enacts femininity and flouts it

Neo-Piagetian theorists argue that the development of operational thinking can best be understood in terms of

gains in information-processing speed.

Though feminist theory has generally labeled ___________ the primary source of oppression for all women, many women do not consider _____ the primary problem.

gender

The understanding gender is permanent is called

gender constancy

Increased pressure to conform to gender roles is called

gender intensification

gender constancy

gender is permanent

From toddlerhood, boys and girls get different kinds and amounts of talk about

gender roles

Research documenting ___________ is often overlooked, while research documenting ___________ is sought and publicized.

gender similarities; gender differences

Increased pressure to conform to gender roles is called

gender-intensification

Emotion internalized

gendered emotionality is constructed at the social and cultural level, as well as by early experiences and unconscious fantasy- gendered emotionality becomes a deeply internalized part of the self

18. Older women having weakness, lack of energy, and poor stamina were typically told by physicians ________.

"What do you expect at your age? Get used to it." However, strength training can not only delay but also actually reverse the process of muscle loss.

double binds

"damned if you do, damned if you don't" situation

Many interaction factors are responsible for gender difference in math

- biological differences unlikely reason - math as a male domain (stereotype) - girls' low confidence leads to low self- expectations (stereotype threat) - gender bias in the classroom

Socioculturally: opportunities for equality

- studies show diversity in cognitive skills and personality is strongly related to sociocultural factors - providing opportunities for girls and boys to broaden their experiences - de-genderize cognition & emotion - rethink differences differences as diversity

Emotion internalized examples

- the self develops in relation to the primary caretaker (usually the mother) - girls grow up with a sense of similarity and continuity with their mothers - boys develop an identity in opposition to all that is feminine

*____% of couples are characterized by husband demand/wife withdraw - What are these two things? -Demand: -Withdraw:*

-30% -More likely to initiate problem discussion -More likely to avoid problem discussion

*____% of couples are characterized by wife demand/husband withdraw - What are these two things? -Demand: -Withdraw: *

-60% -More likely to initiate problem discussion -More likely to avoid problem discussion

*Intimacy, love, and sexual exclusivity are what? -*

-All things that romantic relationships are expected to provide

*What do females and males tend to report regarding sex? -Males = -Females =*

-Benefits of having sex -Costs of having sex

What types of couples are more effective in addressing conflict? -

-Gay and lesbian couples

*Who values economic resources more, heterosexual or lesbian women? -*

-Heterosexual women

*What is true about extramarital sex? -*

-Men and women almost equally disapprove (women 93%, men 89%)

Counter to stereotypes, research suggests that men.... - -

-Men are more likely than women to have romantic notations about love -Men fall in love more quickly compared to women

*Who reports higher intimacy and autonomy? -*

-Same sex couples

*What is relationship talk? - Who is the especially helpful for? - +*

-The extent to which the couple table about the state of the relationship. -Women +Women who feel like their partner is expressive are more likely to say that they are happy in a relationship vs. if a man says the woman is talkative.

During the latter part of the 19th century, and in the 20th century, what happened? - What did this coincide with? -

-The idea of marriage based on love developed. -American women's increase in freedom and status

Are people aware that men and women have different preferences in a mate? -

-Yes

What are the 3 distinct phases of family crises?

1. disorganization 2. hit bottom (beginning of improvement) 3. recovery and/or reorganization - gradual

autosomes

22 pairs of the 23 chromosome pairs

Therapist agree that creating a supportive stepfamily takes

4-7 years

All human beings have a set of ______ chromosomes in each cell of their bodies.

Based on the text's discussion, how are divorce rates supported?

50 % of marriages end in divorce More that 50% of remarriages end in divorce

How frequent is domestic violence

700,000 incidences between intimate individuals in 2010

Slang words for women often portray them as.. A. Sexual objects B. Art objects C. Parts of plants D. all the above

The Most common situation or context in which rape occurs is in societies.. A. Approving or condoning the use of violence B. Where violence against men also is tolerated C. Where men have little power relative to women D. Where rape is punished severely

The devaluation of female-gender words can be seen in.. A. Master/Mistress B. the generic lie C. Mr. / Mrs. D. the terms male professional/ female professional

Describe ABC-X model of family crises

A - stressor event B - Family's ability to cope C- family's appraisal of stressor event X - stressor itself

What is the most significant factor in the comparative instability of remarriages compared to first marriages?

A previous divorce that had children.

Research on media images of women across ethnic groups suggest

African-American women are more sexually objectified than White women

Duval & Ruscher (1994) showed __________ are more likely to use imperative or command verbs when talking to __________.

All are correct: those who see themselves as dominant; those they see as less competent... those who see themselves as higher status; those seen as lower status... men; women;

The Intersex Society of North America, founded by Cheryl Chase in 1993, is committed to open, honest disclosure about intersex conditions

All are correct: to keep physicians, rather than intersex children and their families, from making decisions about an intersex child's anatomy or gender; to end unwanted genital surgeries; because of the shame and secrecy associated with "intersex conditions or atypical reproductive anatomies."

Though Western society does not pressure women to undergo genital cutting or require them to veil their faces and bodies in public, Western society restricts women's bodily freedom and integrity through practices like

All of the above are correct: sexual harassment in public places. pressure to seek the perfect body through dieting. encouraging women to undergo cosmetic surgery.

With regards to differences and similarities among women, feminist psychologists believe

All of the above: we must not assume all women have much in common with each other simply because they are women. women's psychology is affected by women's social and cultural backgrounds. it is important to study varied groups of women.

African American women are often cast into biased prototypes labeled the

All of the above: Mammy. Jezebel. Sapphire.

Most women who care for elderly relatives

All of these: Derive benefits from it Experience negative effects from it do the job willingly

Which of the following impacts mathematical ability and performance?

All the above are correct.

The beliefs of the dominant groups in society

All the above: are normative. become more visible when those outside of the dominant group question them. are not always recognized as values because they are so common in popular thinking.

Which of the following is an accurate statement?

All the above: Women are more likely to become widows than men to become widowers. Men who are widowed are likely to remarry. Younger widows usually recover better from their loss than older widows.

Biases in research can enter the process

All the above: at the question formulation stage. when researchers choose or create biased measures. when a comparison group is chosen.

Studies on the importance of gender as a social category find people are more likely to

All the above: confuse individuals of the same gender with each other than individuals of the same age or race. categorize others by their gender than by their race. notice when a person breaks a gender prescription than when he or she "fails to act his or her age."

role models

Although women are still tokens in many positions, they serve as role models for other women who aspire to similar goals. Role models are people similar to oneself who are successful and visible in a given arena. Role models are important because they allow people to picture themselves in positions they might not otherwise consider.

Discuss how the four horsemen of the apocalypse can be avoided.

Attention and behavior

Zanna & Pack (1975) asked women to describe themselves to men whose "ideal woman" was supposedly traditional or non-traditional. When the men were attractive, the women

B and c: portrayed themselves as more traditional when believing the man traditional portrayed themselves as less traditional when believing the man nontraditional

The pivotal task for all married couples is..

Balance each others need for autonomy.

subjective measures of power

Based on or influenced by personal feelings, tastes, or opinions.

Social Learning Theory

Based on the concepts of operant conditioning, reinforcement, and punishment, social learning theory adds observational learning, modeling, and imitation to explain learning as a cognitive phenomenon. Bandura hypothesized that children observe many gender-related behaviors from a wide variety of models and come to exhibit appropriate gender-related behaviors as a result of their observation and modeling. Classifies gender development as learned behaviors Variation of traditional learning theory: -Operant conditioning: Reinforcement/punishment -Observation of others (modeling): Positive and negative consequences

Relational aggression & social aggression

Behaviors that harm others through damage to personal relationships E.g., sulking, silent treatment

Aggressive female is an example of which sexist language practice? A. Trivialization of female gender forms B. Labeling the exception to the rule C. Gender Marking D. Exclusion

Feminism may be defined... A. As the belief men do not understand women B. by the belief sisterhood is more important than any other relationship C. most simply as a movement to end sexism and sexist oppression

One of the widely held set of myths and misconceptions about rape and rape victims in North America is... A. Women cannot prevent rape regardless of how badly they may want to B. Rapists unconscious motivations are those of power and not a drive for sex C. Victims precipitate rape by looking seductive or sexy D. None of the above

Recent surveys of masturbation among women and men have shown... A. Women begin to masturbate at the same age as men B. Masturbation usually takes the place of sexual fantasies C. Women who had experienced orgasm through self-gratification had more orgasms with their partners D. A greater percentage of women have been masturbating since kinseys survey

The effects of violent and nonviolent pornography ______ in_____ helps create a climate in which sexual aggression against women is normalized... A. Are equivalent; either one B. Differ; nonviolent pornography C. Differ; violent pornography D. Are similar; neither one

The idea children learn from their environment come from.. A. Psychodynamic theory B. Humanisitic theory C. Social Learning theory D. Gestalt theory

The pervasive phenomenon of women being blocked in career advancement by invisible barriers, has been called.. A. The top-down barrier B. The occupational advancement bias C. The glass ceiling D. The old-boy network

What is supportive communication?

Characterized by happiness and stable marriages or unions, interest and affections

Describe the community divorce and the psychic divorce.

Community - change social network with relatives and friends..painful and confusing Psychic - regaining psychological autonomy

second shift

Despite spending a full day at work, women who work outside the home come home each evening to perform the majority of household chores and child care.

What is the relationship between age and the odds of remarriage?

For women, lower than that of men. Older you are, less likely to remarry.

______________ can be defined as the traits that make up masculinity and femininity

Gender

Girls and boys have different attitudes toward math

Girls: See math as less important to their future Feel less confident about math ability Receive less encouragement from parents and teachers As a result, boys and girls tend to perceive math as a male domain

_______ is/are the leading cause of death for African American women aged 25-34.

HIV/AIDS

Which of the following is NOT true of the womanism movement?

It emphasizes male control and domination of women throughout history

Which of the following is NOT true of the womanism movement?

It fights male control promotes domination by women

In most fairy tales, the heroine has fallen prey to an evil scheme and can only be saved by the arrival of her prince. These kinds of stories serve as

Legitimizing myths

Overall impression left by divorce on children?

Loss

Which of the following is TRUE about children and gender in the US?

Male children are generally more valued than female children

Saying psychological knowledge about women is mostly androcentric means the information is considered

Male-centered

Which of the following statements most accurately describes the relationship between the popular media and sexuality?

Media images of sexuality are a form of persuasive communication.

Gender and Crime

Men More likely to commit crime/acts of violence 3.5 times more likely to get arrested than women 3.5 times more likely than women to be both perpetrators and victims of violent crime. Women Behavior evaluated differently than men Increase of criminal activity starting 1970s Increases in rate of crime among women have tended to be for nonviolent rather than violent offenses. Women, however, fear criminal victimization more than men, especially rape.

what are the primary, social class, racial, and ethnic differences in reference to marital power

Men are in control, women keep the household together.

What are key gender differences in couple communication?

Men: speak reports, tend to withdraw Women: speak emotions, seek resolution

Compared to males, females receive, on average,

NOT: LOWER SCORES ON THE MATH SECTION OF THE SAT AND SIMILAR MATH GRADES IN COLLEGE

One chromosome pair is composed of the X and Y chromosomes; the remaining pairs are called

NOT: SEX CHROMOSOMES

objective measures of power

Not influenced by personal feelings or opinions in considering and representing facts.

What are the reasons why men beat their wives

Out of rage

Chronic criticism, nagging, nit picking, and sarcasm are

Passive aggression

The self-fulfilling prophecy is comprised of which of the following social mechanisms?

People act to confirm beliefs others have about them.

______________ is sexually themed material that includes violence, dehumanization, degradation, or abuse towards women.

Pornography

List two societal beliefs that may contribute to child abuse.

Poverty/unemployment and social isolation/support.

Biological Factors and Gender Development cont.

Prenatal hormones -Potentially related to childhood behavior -Influence of higher levels: Eg., effects of congenital adrenal hyperplasia (CAH) -Even when within normal range: -Girls high in 'masculine' behavior had mothers with higher levels of testosterone during pregnancy -Sex reassignment surgery

Why is step parenting such a challenge in remarriage?

Previous divorce, finance, and sharing of children

What is the difference between the punitive and the therapeutic approaches to child/elder abuse?

Punitive - All states have criminal laws against child abuse therapeutic - therapy, build self esteem, and get out of household, involve community in child rearing and chip knowledge

Differences between Girls and Boys

Reflect their socialization Both children and adults have more positive attitudes about "tomboys" than about "sissies." Children master information about their own gender before the other -Greater pressure on boys to adopt the typical and approved gender role. more rigid and harsh training. -Girls are allowed greater leeway in behavior -Girls develop gender knowledge faster than boys -Children evaluate their own gender more positively than the other gender

When people present themselves in a way confirming others' beliefs about them, they create a

Self-fulfilling prophecy

A woman's habitual and chronic preoccupation with her appearance and others' experience of her appearance is referred to as

Self-objectification

In the mid-1800's in the U.S., a feminist movement emerged. It reached its peak with the ____________, then lost momentum in the ____________.

Seneca Falls Declaration of 1848; 1920's after women won the vote

Important features of stereotype threat include:

Stereotype threat most effects individuals who care about their performance in the threatened domain.

What is family stress? How does family stress differ from family crises?

Stress: A state of tension that arises when demands test or tax a family's capabilities. Crises: A situation in which the usual behavior patterns are ineffective and new ones are called for immediately

Culture is the most powerful factor that shapes how we feel and behave sexually.

TRUE

Deviant sexual behaviors exist in most of us to some degree or another.

TRUE

For social scientists, "normal sexual behavior" is a statistical term.

TRUE

Gender refers to the characteristics associated with being male or female.

TRUE

In motion pictures, gays and lesbians are usually portrayed in terms of their sexual orientation.

TRUE

In the nineteenth century, it was part of a woman's duty to tame the male's sexual impulses.

TRUE

Research regarding online sexual behavior has shown than only a relatively small percentage of people suffer from excessive use.

TRUE

The Zuni of Mexico believe that gender is socially acquired.

TRUE

Which would likely lead to stereotype threat?

Tell white male college students that Asians tend to do better than whites in math before a difficult math test

Which of the following statements concerning sex in magazines is TRUE?

The annual Sports Illustrated swimsuit edition sells twice as many copies as its other issues.

Expressivity and Emotion

The gender difference in expressivity can be understood as a difference in display rules: Allow (and even demand) that people enact their gender roles Results in the expression of different emotions in boys and men compared to girls and women Men and women are supposed to restrain displays of certain emotions yet are free to show others

When women attempt to assert dominance through touch

Their behavior may be misinterpreted as a sexual move.

What change has taken place in recent years with regard to the portrayal of gay, lesbian, bisexual, and transgendered individuals in film and television?

Their characters have become more integrated into the plot lines.

What is the myth of conflict free argument?

There is no such thing as conflict-free conflict

Despite changes in ideals of feminine beauty over the years, one thing remains constant:

They all require alterations of women's natural appearance through products.

Which of the following is NOT a possible result of intersexuality?

They are all possible: An individual with a penis and testicles also menstruates. A person who has lived as a man has a baby. A person has both a penis and a vagina.

Which of the following is NOT a characteristic of "two-spirits"?

They have been driven out of existence in Native American cultures.

What results when school-age children become stigmatized by ethnic stereotypes?

They start to devalue doing well in school.

The Prominence of Male Aggression

Traced to human prehistory -advantages of aggression may reflect the theorists' personal viewsrather than the circumstances of early humanity -Even for prehistoric humans, aggression would have had disadvantages as well as advantages Controlling aggression would have been essential

Feelings that women have about their bodies sizes, shapes, and attractiveness is body images.. T or F

True

Many activities that are considered to be "deviant" or "dysfunctional" are engaged in by most people.

True

Television is a major source of information about sex for teenagers.

True

Impact of Media Sexism

Visual images in media more likely to evoke and create stereotypes because people less likely to monitor their responses to pictures as compared to words; Individuals who watch a lot television also have greater sexist responses to questions about the role of women and men (Signorielli, 1989)

How are the biggest problems facing most "married for the first time" couples different from the biggest problems facing most remarried couples?

When marrying for the first time you don't typically deal with children or ex spouses.

Discuss the primary concerns surrounding child custody.

Who will assume primary responsibility for caring for children

When does the average divorced person remarry?

Within 4 years

Stereotypes about men and women include which of the following

Women are seen as affective, whereas men are seen as instrumental.

Sexually ambiguous bodies can be caused by

a and b

People who are born in the same decade are referred to as _______.

a cohort

intersexuality

a collective term for a number of specific variations on the theme of biological sex

What happens during the process of divorce mediation

a couple, with assistance of a mediator, negotiate the settlement of their custody, support, property, and visitation issues.

core gender identity

a fundamental sense of belonging to one sex or the other

feminism

a movement to end sexism and sexist oppression

In the Hindu tradition, sexuality is viewed as

a path to spiritual enlightenment.

feminist

a person male or female who believes that woman have value and deserve to achieve equality with men -there is many negative stereotypes about woman but most are untrue

To be a feminist researcher, one must be

a person of either sex, who approaches research with a feminist perspective.

puberty

a series of physiological events that changes a child into a person capable of reproducing

Most sex researchers view a person who engages in atypical sexual behavior as

a sexual nonconformist.

sex discrimination

a teacher who pays more attention to the boys in class

moderator variable

a variable that interacts with an other variable to change its effects

moderator variable

a variable that interacts with another variable to change its effect

oppression

a widespread and systematic pattern of prejudice and discrimination

4. What are the consequences of the double standard of aging?

a woman is considered old when she could no longer attract men or reproduce, whereas a man is not old until he became mentally or physically incapacitated and men may be seen as less competent.

vicarious achievement

a woman is suppose to identify with her husband and feel gratified by his success

legitimate power

ability of dominant partner to claim authority

social power

ability to exercise will over the wills of other

reward power

ability to give rewards to partner

Gender labeling

ability to use boy/girl labels consistently

female selective abortion

aborting healthy fetus's only because they are female

female selective abortion

aborting healthy fetuses only because they are female

Based upon heritability estimates and kinship evidence, researchers estimate that

about half of the differences in IQ among children can be traced to their genetic makeup.

Movies portray the consequences of sex _______television does.

about the same as

How can conflict management habits be changed?

accept the reality of the conflict

An important goal for a sex researcher is to _______ sexual behavior.

accurately describe

self-presentation

acting out a self in response to the expectations of others

sel presentation

acting out a self in response to the expectations of others.

In general, hormonal explanations are ________________ in accounting for the gender-related difference in depression.

insufficient

Recently, gay, lesbian, bisexual, and transgender portrayals in film and television have

integrated the characters' orientation into the plot.

Many cultures value interconnectedness over independence. In other words, people in collectivist cultures are expected to develop an

interdependent self

Rosenfield (2000) suggests that women's higher rates of ____________ disorders and men's higher rates of ___________ disorders are due to gender socialization.

internalizing; externalizing

Those individuals whose biological sex is not completely, clearly male or female are referred to as

intersexed

Those individuals whose biological sex is not completely, clearly male or female are referred to as

intersexed.

Modern feminists are often trivialized by the idea equality

is a "women's problem"

Gender Bias in the Media

is prominent, providing inaccurate and systematically biased views of women and men. For example, women do not appear on television or in movies in proportion to their presence in the population, and depictions of women and men in these two media tend to be consistent with stereotypes. Despite the fictional nature of programming, media stereotypes have the power to influence people and promote stereotypical thinking. Media provide inaccurate and systematically biased information about gender: Males: Older, more prestigious, often the lead character Females: Younger, less likely to be employed, often secondary characters

Sexuality, as described by Crawford, is

is shaped by gender and culture

gender aschematic

less gender typed people have less developed gender schemas and rely heavily or more on other schemas

There is _______ known about the loss of a lesbian life partner.

little

klinefelters syndrome (XXY)

males that have an extra X- reduced male features

BEM sex role inventory (BSRI)

measure the degree of femininity masculinity or androgyny that a person exhibits

When all but gender is equal, _________ initiated more touching.

men

intrusive interruptions

men do more of this. active attempts to end the others speakers turn and take over the conversation

Zimmerman & West (1975) found that in male-female conversations

men make over 95% of interruptions when talking to women

In most studies on whether men or women talk more in a cross-gender situation,

men talk more than women

pro-feminist

men who believe that this term acknowledges women's leadership of the feminist movement and express their understanding that women and men have different experiences of gender

schema

mental framework

schema

mental template used to organize information and shape the way people see the world

Maria recently got divorced at age 55. She has decided to go back to school to finish her B.S. It is likely, compared to other students, Maria will be

more committed to school

sex typed

more elaborate than gender schemas and rely on them more heavily,characterized as appropriate for or of one sex rather than the other

Studies of lesbians' experiences of aging show

most lesbians find their partner relationship to be increasingly important

Feminism may be defined

most simply as a movement to end sexism and sexist oppression.

expectancy X value model

motivation of men and women are channeled in different directions . involves the individuals expectations of success, and the subjective value

Research has shown that sex chromosomes directly affect

none of the above.

When articles on female politicians, athletes, and authors prioritize women's appearance, they are

objectifying them

Most sex researchers view sexual behaviors

on a continuum of typical to atypical of a specific group.

Which item best describes the attitude toward sexuality currently found in our culture?

open

In the female fetus the gonads develop into.

ovaries

pair of female sex glads that contain eggs

testes

pair of male sex glands that produce sperm

Learning gender-typed behavior is particularly easy for children when

parents set up gender-differiated environments (e.g. bedrooms).

Abusive families are usually

patriarchal.

gender schema theory

people acquire gender relevant schema at early ages. as children acquire them they use them to understand and organize info about their own gender and shape their own identity

The Japanese proverb "the nail that sticks up gets hammered down" means

people should not stand out or be different from everyone else.

intergroup bias effect

people tend to perceive their own social group more positively than other groups

genotype

persons genetic make up (Female XX) (Male XY)

In the Balkans, under special circumstances, a woman may take on the legal and social status of a man by becoming a

pledged virgin

Some scholars believe the term ____________ should be reserved for material combining sexual themes with violence, dehumanization, degradation or abuse.

pornography

marital power

power between marital partners

female infanticide

preference for sons

global feminism

prejudice and discrimination against women are related across cultures

positive reinforcement

presentation of stimuli increases the likelihood that someone will repeat the behavior

The telenovela differs from soaps produced in the United States because it

presents fewer scenes suggestive of sexual activities.

Media Literacy

process of accessing, analyzing, evaluating and creating messages in wide variety of forms; Media critics highlight importance of consumer activism through discussions and buying power

role conflict

psychological effects of being faced with sets of incompatible expectations or demands

Meta-analysis analyzes results of multiple studies:

quantitatively summarizing results of the studies, allowing statistical analyses.

A feminist who emphasizes male control and domination of women is most likely a

radical feminist

variability

range or spread of data (difference)

Masturbation, condom use, gay and lesbian sexuality, and erotic marital interactions are topics that are

rarely portrayed in the media.

Of the following, which Vygotsky-inspired teaching method was originally designed to improve reading comprehension in poorly achieving students?

reciprocal teaching

Kenney-Benson

recognized girls as cooperate and having drive for mastery

women have greater decoding ability

recognizing emotions expressed by others - relates more to social status/ power

appearance schematicity

refers to the belief that appearance is a very important part of the self and is a significant determinant of life outcomes

Family Environment and Gender Development

related through both parents' and siblings' behaviors. Parents influence gender role development, especially in terms of traditional gender role ideology. Within families, fathers tend to be more traditional and more influential than mothers, pushing children toward traditional gender role behaviors. Without fathers present, children tend to be less traditional. Although many parents endorse gender equity, assignment of chores tends to reinforce traditional gender role behavior. In addition, parents often provide gendered models for their children. The presence and gender of siblings also affects children's gender development. Having more siblings tends to be associated with more gender stereotyping, especially when the siblings are a mixture of girls and boys. Family context is critically important -Both overt and covert beliefs about gender -Differential treatment by parents for boys/girls -interactions, toys, sports, academics -Traditional vs Non-traditional homes -Influence on gender role flexibility Many parents endorse equality, but still serve as gendered role models -Types of employment -Division of household chores Gender composition of siblings affects gender socialization -More siblings-> more gender stereotyping

Hostile acts attempting to damage another person's relationships or social standing are called

relational aggression.

Statistical significance can be defined as:

results not likely due to random chance.

13. Elderspeak, speaking with elders differently than with others, is a ___________.

self-fulfilling prophecy

The act of stifling one's own feelings and thoughts in order to fit in and be seen as a nice girl is called

self-silencing

androgens

several steroid hormones that shape the development of a typical male body

The most common sexual references on soap operas are to

sexual intercourse between unmarried people.

Karen's first strong sexual attraction was to another woman. All through her adult years her significant sexual involvements have been with women. Here, we are describing Karen's

sexual orientation.

When a woman is reduced to her body and sexualized, she is being

sexually objectified

penis envy

sigmund freud's theory-when a girl discovers that they dont have a penis this anger leads them to fall in love with their fathers. jealous of mens penis want to obtain one. since they cant have their father thats why they marry and have children

How are no-fault divorce laws symbolic representation of how out society views divorce?

social constraints against divorce have weakened

The idea that children learn gender from their environment comes from

social learning theory

The right to display anger, something men do more often than women, is a kind of

social power

status

social standing that elicits respect

As the major source of information for adolescents about sex, television is a powerful medium for:

socializing teens into roles and modeling conformity.

gender

socially constructed identity that is different from but built upon sex sex organs=female but behavior=gender

Gender role:

socially significant activities that men and women engage in with different frequencies

Gender distinctions occur at which three levels?

societal, interpersonal, individual

core gender identity

someones deep down sense of being male or female-matches a persons assigned sex. when it DOES NOT match core gender identity its called *gender identity disorder*

correlation coefficient

statistic that tells us the degree to which two variables vary with each other -ranges from -1 to 1 -0.0 means there is no relationship -1.00 means one variable increases and the other decreases -positive or negative

Describe the step parenting experience for stepmothers and stepfathers.

stepmothers: expect to be included in family decisions and activities, "the trap". Stepfathers - feel between children and former spouse

estrogens

steroid hormone produced by the ovaries

sex-role spillover theory

suggests that harassment occurs when a woman's gender is more salient as a worker so that men see her first and foremost as a sex object. Gender is more salient when a woman is in a token position. this can happened in a male dominant work force or if the job has objectification built into it.

evolutionary perspective

suggests that we inherit many of our behaviors from our ancestors

behavioral confirmation

suggests that when higher power people interact with lower power people about whom they hold stereotypes, they may---intentionally or unintentionally---treat those people in ways that actually elicit stereotype-consistent behaviors, even when the stereotype is inaccurate

In the Balkans, under special circumstances, a woman may take on the legal and social status of a man by becoming a

sworn virgin

PRESCRIPTIVE

telling us how to behave

DESCRIPTIVE

telling us what behaviors mean

One of the dangers of creating a "generic" woman against which to compare all women of color is

that researchers are making white women the norm, just as previous psychologists made men the norm.

Same-sex marriages are least likely to be sanctioned in:

the United States

power

the ability to control the outcomes of others by providing or withholding resources

Women who wish to change as individuals may find

the answer is not: two of these are correct

essentialism

the belief that the characteristics attributed to females are biologically fixed and unchangeable

Which of the following is the most accurate definition for the term "gender"?

the characteristics culturally assumed to go with being male or female

relational authenticity

the congruence between what a girl thinks and feels and what she does in relationship situations

The premise underlying the use of sexual images in advertising is that

the consumer will perceive that buying the product will result in attractiveness, sexual success, and fun.

achievement motivation

the desire to accomplish something valuable and important and to meet high standards of excellence

confounding

the effects of two or more variables are mixed, and it becomes impossible to decide which variable is causing experimental effects

Menopause is best defined as

the end of the menstrual cycle

When groups of fourth-grade experts and nonexperts in soccer knowledge were given lists of new soccer and nonsoccer items to learn,

the experts remembered more new soccer items than the nonexperts.

growth spurt

the gain in weight/body fat as well as a gain in height

gender schema theory

the gender schema, used by the individual as an aid to thinking and understanding, is learned very early and it guides the individual in becoming gender typed

biological determinism

the idea that gender is determined by biological features

autonomy

the ideal adult is seen as one whose sense of self is entirely separate from others, and who is independent and self-reliant

intrusive interruptions

the kind of interruptions that are active attempts to end the other speaker's turn and take over the conversation

Today, women earn ______________ of higher degrees in psychology.

the majority

menarche

the onset of menstruation

Among teens, the strongest predictor of sexual activity is

the perceived level the sexual activity of one's friends

adolescence

the period after puberty and before adulthood

female infanticide

the preference to have a son is so extreme that it reduces the survival rate of baby girls

variability

the range or spread of scores

horizontal sex segregation

the tendency for women and men to hold DIFFERENT jobs -secretaries -elementary school teachers

gender

the traits that make up masculinity and femininity

The major accomplishment of the first wave of feminist activists was

the vote for women

sex segregation

the workforce separation of men and women

sex chromosomes

the x and y chromosomes xx is female, xy is male

stereotypes

theories that people carry around in their heads about how members of a particular group think, look, and behave, and how these attributes are linked

stereo type threat

theory that explains that negative stereotype about the performance of groups can negatively influence the performance of people who belong to those groups

20. Opportunities for older heterosexual women to find another partner and remarry are limited because

there aren't enough men to go around. Women outlive men and men usually chose younger partners

According to the textbook, research on masculine generics has shown

they are not truly generic

old boy network

this is why woman have a harder time finding a mentor than men. "band of brothers" to look out for each others interests

The practice of using children in commercial sex work is called

trafficking

fa'afafine

translated to "in the way of a woman", third sex of the Samoans in the South Pacific

Feminist therapy

tries to help clients' understanding many personal problems result from androcentrism.

transexual

two types (people with gender identity disorder) -male to female transsexual -female to male transexual ez)a male to female transsexual who is sexually attracted to women would be considered lesbian

11. An analysis of Disney movies, found older women are depicted as ____________.

ugly, evil, greedy, power-hungry, and crazy

What are the major sources of data on domestic violence

uniform crime reports of the FBI and the National Incident-Based Reporting System (NIBRS) and

statistically significant

unlikely to have occurred by chance

statistically significant

unlikely to have occurred by random chance

A positive aspect of the sitcom representations of sexuality is that they

usually provide a context of intimacy for sexuality.

All of the following are contemporary remnants of the Victorian perspective on sexuality EXCEPT the

value placed on women being sexually experienced.

Moderator variable

variable interacting with another variable to change the overall effect

For the Sambians, sexual orientation

varies as a function of age.

On TV, poor women are often featured in stories

welfare reform

On TV, poor women are often featured in stories

welfare reform.

self silencing

when girls try to stifled their own feelings and thoughts in effort to fit in

observational learning AKA modeling

when people aquire behaviors they see other people perform

stereotype threat

when people know that there is a negative stereotype about their group's abilities, the pressure caused by their fear of confirming the stereotype can ban interfere with their performance

two person career

which wives serve as unofficial contributors to their husbands work. wife working for pay and helping her husband in law school and keeping up with housework

Body dissatisfaction is more common among _______________girls than among _______________ girls.

white,black

liberal feminism

women are entitled to full legal and social equality with men and who favors changes in laws, customs, and values to achieve the goal of equality

With regard to understanding the emotions expressed by others,

women are generally more skilled than men

The label used to describe the middle-aged women who must cope simultaneously with the needs of elderly parents and teenaged children is the

women in the middle

The status and pay accorded to nurses, teachers, homemakers, and child-care workers is less than lawyers, physicians, and auto mechanics because

women's work is devalued

____________ report more emotions of powerlessness than ________.

women; men

patriarchal

word that means ruled by the fathers, social systems allocate more power and higher status to men

turner syndrome

xo chromosomal composition, missing sex chromosome, look like normal females externally(short in stature, need to take estrogens to develop breasts and an adult woman's body shape

When do children contribute in a positive way to marital stability?

young children bring stability, don't necessarily bring happiness to marriage.

Crosby, 1982?

• A large sample of employed women & men • Weren't too happy about the salary discrimination but also didn't like how they were treated at work (women)

Grady, 1977?

• Describe person who had just sold them a subway ticket • Participants always mentioned that it was a woman & African American

Messner et. al.,?

• Gender marking

John & Sussman?

• Scenario b/t Pat & Chris in book • Participants changed the sex of the 2 characters from 1 scenario to the next, as the gender cues shifted

Parlee, 1981?

• Study involved group of men about aging • Decided to add a sample of women, but suggested only the sisters of the men should be added by biomedical scientists • Social scientists suggested the appropriate sample would be college educated women similar in social status

Barbara Frederickson, 1998?

• Swimsuit sweater study

Rosenthal & Jacobson, 1968?

• When a teach was led to believe a child was gifted, scores went up

social dominance orientation

general measure of how much an individual supports the domination of so called inferior groups by superior groups.

One example of androcentrism would be

generalizing findings about men being to all people.

complete androgen insensitivity syndrome

genetic composition of xy, but the body is unable (completely) to process androgens and so male reproductive structures don't develop

display rules

govern which emotions may be expressed under what circumstances and how

Following a divorce, what is likely to happen to kinship relationships, particularly the paternal grandparent-child relationship?

grandparents fear losing touch with children so they often become closer

Rather than attributing their daughters' success in math to natural talent as they tend to do for sons, parents often attribute girls' successes in math to

hard work

Rather than attributing their daughters' success in math to natural talent as they tend to do for sons, parents often attribute girls' successes in math to

hard work.

COGNITIVE ABILITIES

have been a concern of psychology since its early years. With the development of intelligence tests, such as the Stanford-Binet Intelligence Test, psychologists began to measure the IQs of large numbers of people and found no gender differences. This lack of gender difference was surprising, given the societal assumption of women's intellectual inferiority.

Drama series portray sex

head on and graphically.

envious prejudice

high status outgroups may be regarded by this, grudging acknowledgement of their competence along with dislike

visual dominance

high status people look at their subordinates while speaking to them but tend to look away when its a subordinates turn to talk

visual dominance

high-status people look at their subordinates while speaking to them, but tend to look away when it's the subordinate's turn to talk

gender similarities hypothesis

holds that women and men are quite similar and the differences that do exist between the sexes are mostly unimportant -researchers interested in the ways that women and men are similar and design studies to examine the ways in which gender is alike evidence suggests: more simliar than different parents construct gender females >verbal ability males>spatial tasks

Until 1973, _______________ was included in the DSM as a mental illness.

homosexuality

relational aggression

hostile acts that attempt to damage another's close relationships or social standing

The phrase "Women seek to gain power over men" demonstrates a ____________ belief.

hostile sexism

Cross-cultural research on menopause suggests

hot flashes vary in frequency cross-culturally

Cross-cultural research on menopause suggests

hot flashes vary in frequency cross-culturally.

paternalistic prejudice

how low status outgroups may be treated, seen as needing to be guided and taken care of for their own good by the dominant group.

sexual differentiation

how sex is formed during prenatal development

double binds

if a subordinate group member acts like a member of the dominant group she is criticized for stepping out of her place and not being a model member subordinate group. if she acts like a model subordinate she is criticized for for not being as competent as dominant group members

Children across cultures seem to learn about aspects of gender through

imitation, gender schemas, gender constancy

Children across cultures seem to learn about aspects of gender through

imitation, gender schemas, gender constancy.

Gender Differences

in emotionality are smaller in collectivist cultures compared to individualistic ones, as collectivist cultures permit men and women to feel and express a full range of emotions

Gay men are generally portrayed in Hollywood films

in stereotypical roles, such as closeted, effeminate, or flamboyant.

Among the factors reducing stereotyping is

increased information about targeted individuals.

When we label a particular sexual behavior as "natural" or "unnatural," we are:

indicating whether the behavior conforms to our culture's sexual norms.

Interdependent self

individuals are connected in relationships; task is to maintain connections by fitting in and building reciprocal relationships (collectivist culture)

interdependent self

individuals are seen as connected in a web or relationships, and their task is to maintain those connections by fitting in, staying in their proper place, and building reciprocal relationships with others

gender-typed

individuals become this when they ascribe to themselves the traits, behaviors, and roles normative for people of their sex in their culture

linguistic sexism

inequitable treatment of women and men that is built into the language

Research around the world suggests that cultures are quite similar in terms of how strong they believe sexual interests are.

False

Television has been an excellent medium for creating a standard of equality between men and women.

False

What factors differentiate families that meet crisis creatively from those who don't?

Families that meet a crises creatively rise to a level of reorganization and emotional support whereas families who don't meet the crises creatively do not.

What is the relationship between family law and the remarried family?

Family law assumes that all remarriages are first marriages. There is not much legal provisions regarding stepparent and their role in child's life including school, money, etc.

canting

Fashion spreads and advertisements often feature women in strange, contorted, and uncomfortable looking positions.Women in these positions are often shown on the ground, with the camera looking down on them. Models in these postures frequently employ vacant stares that do not meet the camera. These images send messages of submissiveness, low status, and masochism. Men are very rarely depicted in canting postures; they generally look into the camera and are depicted in positions of power or equality.

______ in particular were likely to be stigmatized as "suffering from the newly invented disease of lesbianism."

Feminists

describe four common marital complaints that if not resolved often lead to divorce.

Lack of communication /understanding, "not sure", different backgrounds, change in interest, untrustworthy/immature, affairs

of the four varieties of couples studied by Blumstein and schwartz, which category was the most egalitarian?

Lesbian couples

What are the different stressors for children of divorce?

Less academic success, poor conduct, need psychological adjustment (abandonment), suffer social competence, suffer self-concept, have more troubled marriages, weak ties to parents.

Mass-media depictions of sexuality are meant to entertain and exploit.

True

Gender and Caring for Children

-Attachment extends to a variety of relationships -Biological foundation for nurturing Mothers are primed by hormonal events surrounding birth Increases their responsiveness to babies -Socialization pressures Fathers viewed as "helpers" Mothers viewed as primary care-givers may vary in two ways: responsiveness to children pleasure in caring for children -Some evidence suggests that mothers are primed by hormonal events surrounding the process of giving birth so that they are responsive to babies, providing a biological foundation for nurturing. However, others also respond to infants, and gender differences in responsiveness to children grow over childhood: Girls become more and boys less responsive. These changes may be due to socialization pressure to adopt traditional gender roles. Evaluating the pleasure derived from child care is complicated by the situation that few men are involved in such activities in the same ways and to the same extent as women are. Research indicates that fathers may enjoy their limited role in childcare more than women enjoy their more extensive and demanding one. When men are as involved as women in childcare, they feel the same satisfactions and frustrations. 2. Prominence of Male Aggression has been traced to human prehistory and the advantages of aggression. These stories may reflect the theorists' personal views rather than the circumstances of early humanity. Even for prehistoric humans, aggression would have had disadvantages as well as advantages, and controlling aggression would have been essential.

What sex differences in mate preferences can the evolutionary theory account for? - - Together, what are these ideas called? -

-Attractive women should be more likely to be paired with mates who are financially stable -Younger women should be more likely to be paired with older men -Potentials attract hypothesis

*Expressive partners of either sex are more likely to what? -*

-Be concerned with relationship maintenance

Why might it be difficult for lesbian relationships to form? -

-Because women are note used to taking the initiative in the development of romantic relationships.

*What is the primary reason for infidelity? - Who endorsed this more? -*

-Being dissatisfied with current relationship -Women

Who places the most importance on physical appearance? - The least? -

-Bisexuals (women I think?) -Lesbians

What race has the earliest sexual onset? - (note:) Midrange? - X & Y Latest? -

-Black boys (but not girls) -Hispanics and whites -Asian Americans

What is Mania? - What is this also known as? - What is this part of? -

-Blend of eros (romantic love) and ludus (game playing love) -Manic love -Is is one of the three blends of love styles of Lee's theory of love

What is agape? - What is this also known as? - What is this part of? -

-Blend of eros (romantic love) and storge (friendship love) -Pure love -It is one of the three blends of love styles of Lee's theory of love

What is pragma? - What is this also known as? - What is this part of? -

-Blend of storge (friendship love) and ludus (game playing love) -Practical love -Is it on the three blends of love styles of Lee's theory of love

*Characteristics of whom are more likely to predict a partner's or spouse's satisfaction? - ex:*

-Characterists of men ex: Men's emotional communication skills are associated with wives' marital satisfaction, but women's emotional communicational skills are not related to husbands' marital satisfaction.

In conflicts, what are women more likely to do compared to men? -

-Compromise

In conflicts, what are women more likely to do compared to men? - Men vs. women? -: +

-Compromise -More likely to use forceful style: being goal oriented rather than concerned with the effect of relationships. +But only in individualistic cultures

The double standard is a product of what? - What is this? -

-Confirmation bias -People tend to notice information that confirms the double standard but fail to notice information that disconfirms the double standard

*Maintenance strategies - Accommodation of gender role attitudes: - ex: ex: Note: - -*

-Couples are happier when they accommodate the other's gender role attitude ex: When one partner is traditional, the other partner is more likely to become traditional ex: When one partner is egalitarian, the other partner is more likely to become egalitarian -If a women has an egalitarian view, there is more satisfaction if the man becomes more egalitarian than if vice vesa with traditional. -If a man has traditional views, there is more satisfactions if the woman becomes more traditional than if vice versa with egalitarian.

*What has happened to the age of first intercourse over the years? - This decline is larger among who? - The majority of youth have had sex by when? - /*

-Decreased -Women -11th grade / 18 years old

The Psychodynamic Approach to Personality

-Devised by Sigmund Freud -Emphasized the differences between personality development and functioning of men and women -Casts women as inferior to men -Theorized existence of the unconscious -Instincts: dynamic forces underlying thought and action

*Women in distressed couples display what? - - Because of this, what has occurred? -*

-Display more negative affect than men -Remain engaged in conflict -Women have been referred to at the "emotional barometers" in relationships.

One determinant of relationship satisfaction for both women and men is what? - What is this? - Results of not having equity: -

-Equity -An equitable relationship is one in which a person feels that what she or he puts into and gets out of a relationship is equal to what the partner puts into and gets out of the relationship. -People who report being over-benefited or under-benefited are dissatisfied in their relationship

*What are the two sides to the debate over sex differences in jealousy and infidelity? -: -:*

-Evolutionary theories: argue that there IS a sex different -Social cognitive theorists: argue that there is NOT a sex difference

*On average, who desires more sex? -*

-Men

*Who falls in love more quickly? -*

-Men

*Who reports more satisfaction with sexual relationship? -*

-Men

*What are the explanations for why heterosexual men prefer attractive women and heterosexual women prefer financially secure men? -: -: -:*

-Evolutionary theory: Men and women will behave in ways that will maximize the survival of their genes -Social role theory: Society's emphasis on distinct division of labor between the sexes will be directly linked to sex differences in mate selection -Social construction theory: Social norms dictate what is desirable in a mate.

What is one way to examine how relationships develop? - What is this? -:

-Examine first date scripts -Script: a schema of cognitive representation of a sequence of events.

Overall, homosexuals face _______ barriers to leaving a relationship. -

-Fewer

Men and women seem to agree on the most important characteristics a partner should possess, especially when? - During this, what are less important characteristics? -

-For serious long-term relationships -Physical attractiveness and earning potential

What type of family support are homosexuals more likely to have? - vs. -

-Friends support vs. -family support

What is storge? - What is this part of? -

-Friendship love -It is one of the three types of love styles of Lee's theory of love

*There is more emotional transmission from whom to whom? - What do this mean? - ex: What could be an explanation of why this is? - -*

-From husbands to wives -Women are more affected than men by what it happening to their partner (their psychological state) ex: A woman will be more affected if a man comes home after a bad day and vents to her. -Women are socialized to focus on others whereas men are socialized to focus on the self -Women are more skilled than men in detecing another's emotion.

What is ludus? - What is this part of? -

-Game playing love -Is if one of the three types of love styes of Lee's theory of love

*In a 10 year-longitudinal study on the relationships of gay men, lesbians, and heterosexuals with and without children, relationship satisfaction after 10 years was highest among who? - Lowest? -*

-Gay & lesbian couples -Heterosexual couples with kids

In first date scripts, several differences in the way heterosexual men and women behave also appear in the way gay men and lesbian women behave, including: - - What does this suggest? -

-Gay men place a great emphasis on the physical aspect of intimacy (sex) -Lesbians places a greater emphasis on the emotional aspect of intimacy -Gay men were more likely than lesbians to discuss making arrangements for the date. -Sex differences observed in heterosexuals is related to being male versus female rather than status.

Influences on Gender Identity Development

-Gender identity continues to develop during adolescence and into adulthood -Sources of influence: -Biological factors -Family environment -Peers -Media

Among sexual orientation, who values status the most? -

-Heterosexual males and females

Having a mate with enough money is viewed as more important to both - than to - What does this suggest? -

-Heterosexual males and females -Gays, lesbians, or bisexuals -Status is less important to relationships among sexual minorities

Do heterosexual or homosexual couples have a more egalitarian division of labor in the home? - Who is this especially important for? -

-Homosexual couple -Lesbians

*Same sex couples report higher - & - (ex:) than heterosexual couples.*

-Intimacy -Autonomy (ex: having separate friends from partner, making decisions without checking with partner)

*Romantic relationships are expected to provide what? -x, y, & z*

-Intimacy, love, and sexual exclusivity

What is the sexual double standard? - What is evidence against the double standard? - - Overall what is true about this? -

-It is socially more acceptable for men than for women to engage in sex -Regardless of being female or male, targets with more sexual partners was viewed as more negative by both female and male participants. -The double standard is stereotype and only appeared in a study in people were distracted by a rehearsal task -It is alive and well

What type of relationship is likely to develop from friendships? - +however... +why?

-Lesbian relationships +The progression from friendship to relationship may be difficult for them +Because women are not used to taking the initiative in the development of romantic relationships.

Who is more likely to have similar personality traits, gay men or lesbians? -

-Lesbians

Having a mate of the same race for gays & bisexuals: - Why might this be? -

-Less important -Because the pool of possible mates it smaller, matching may be less possible.

Even by the mid 19th century, what was true about marriages? - -

-Love was not a prerequisite of marriage -Love was expected to follow rather than precede marriage

*Use of forceful, harsh tactics when approaching relationship conflicts as associated with what? - Who is more likely to use these more? -*

-Lower marital satisfaction -Men

*Maintenance strategies - Sexual activity: - + -*

-Main conflict over sex = frequency of sex +Husbands desired sex more than wives -Can be used a bargaining tool in the division of labor

Who was more likely to to value a mate who was a good cook and a good housekeeper? - What theory can explain this? -

-Males -Social role theory

Who is is more socially acceptable for to emphasize the importance of physical appearance of a potential mate? - What might this mean? - How was this fixed? - What was found/concluded? -

-Males -The Demand characteristics might be exaggerating the differences found in what women and men report being important in a mate. -By doing a study using an fMRI scanner -Physical attractiveness has more reward value for men than for women

*What are the goal of relationships? -*

-Marriage

Not only are youth having that first sexual experience ay younger ages, but people are also what? - What does this mean? -

-Marrying older -The first sexual intercourse is much less likely to be with the person who becomes one's spouse

*What does the social construction theory say? - What supported this #1? - What was found? - ex: Why is this? - What supported this and what were the findings #2? - Why is this? - *

-Social norms dictate what is desirable in a mate. -Study on American and Israeli college students that asked why they had fallen in love with their most significant relationships- -Found more cultural differences than gender/sex differences ex: Amercan's were more influences by status and similarity -Because in the US we have been socialized to view status as very important -Study that showed there were more sex differences in China than the US. -Because China is a place where men's and women's roles are more distinct and there is a greater status difference between men and women

What does the social role theory state? -

-Society's emphasis on distinct division of labor between the sexes will be directly linked to sex differences in mate selection

Men's first date scripts consist of more what? - What might this indicate? -

-Stereotyped behavior -That the script for a first date is more rigid for men

What are two maintenance behaviors that wives are more likely to engage in than husbands? - -

-Taking on more than their division of labor in the family -Sacrifice personal leisure time

What is one concern with the research on mate selection? -

-That people are asked to evaluate a single characteristic at a time, which is not how mates are selected in the real world +In real relationships, potential mates possess a number of characteristics, all of which are evaluated simultaneously and trade-offs can be made

What was the 20th century known as? -

-The century of "love" marriage

Most dating couple report an imbalance of power in their relationship, usually in the direction of who having more power? -

-The male

*Maintenance strategies - Emotional skills: What does this refer to? - ex: x, y, & z*

-The management of one's own and one's partner's emotions during interactions ex: Softening the delivery of a negative message, being open and receptive to others' communication, & anger directed at the behavior rather than the person

What is one way power has been assesd in relationships? -: +Who typically?

-The principle least interest: the more emotionally uninvolved person in the relationship influences the quality and stability of the relationship +Female was typically more involved than the male

*In general, what do gay men and lesbian women look for in a mate? - (w, x, y, & z) - +*

-The same characteristics as do heterosexual (Affection, shared interests, similarity, dependability) -There are more differences in gender than in sexual orientation +Gay men seem to value a mate's physical attractiveness, whereas lesbians do not.

On a study of college dating couples, what was an area where men seem to communicate more effectively than women? -

-Their sexual desires

*What do evolution theorists argue on the debate over sex difference in jealousy and infidelity? - + +*

-There IS a sex difference +Men are more upset by sexual infidelity +Women are more upset by emotional infidelity

*One reason that is it difficult to evaluate whether the distribution of power is equal or not is what? - 1. 2. :*

-There are different meanings of egalitarianism 1. Joint responsibility in all domains 2. Separate but equal: one partner has exclusive power in some domains and the other person has exclusive power in other domains.

What does Lee's theory of love say? - +: +: +: - += += +=

-There are three primary love styles +Eros: romantic love +Storge: friendship love +Ludus: game playing love -Three blends of these love styles +Mania/manic love = eros + ludus +Pragma/practical love = storge + ludus +Agape/pure love = eros + storge

*What do social-cognitive theorists argue on the debate over sex difference in jealousy and infidelity? -*

-There is NOT a sex difference

What has happened to sexual desires and behaviors over the years? -

-They have become more permissive

Over time, what has happened to men's and women's mate preferences? - -

-They have become more similar -They have increased their value of physical attractiveness

In a recent study found what about men and women's level of romance when it comes to marriage? -

-They they are equally romantic

*Men are more likely than women to define intimacy how? - Because of this what would we expect? - - Is this true? -*

-Through sexuality -The most sexual behavior to occur among two gay men -The least sexual behavior to occur among two lesbians -Yes

Sex differences in mate preferences were more common among individuals with what? -

-Traditional gender-role ideologies

*What are the most desirable traits in a mate? - ex:*

-Traits that are similar to ourselves ex: Both sexes seek someone kind, understanding, honest, sense of humor, open, expressive

Value of love and commitment: -Heterosexuals: -Gay & bisexuals:

-Valued more by women than men -No sex differences

*What are maintenance strategies? - What do they include? - - - -*

-What couples do to keep a relationship going -Cognitive mechanisms -Accommodation of gender role attitudes -Emotional skills -Sexual activity

When is an affair most likely to end a relationship? -

-When women have affairs (male ends relationship)

Relationship feelings are a better predictor of maintenance behavior for who? -

-Wives than for husbands

*In general, who has higher relationship standards, men or women? -*

-Women

*Who shoes stronger disapproval of extramarital sex? -*

-Women

*Who has more negative sexual attitudes? - +meaning what? Including: - -*

-Women +More likely to give potential negative to sex, whereas men will give potential positives -Women show stronger disapproval of extramarital sex -Men more likely to "mote poach"

What are nine guidelines to "bonding fighting"?

1.) Leveling (raw truth) - Feeling, thought authentic 2.) Use "I" statement not "you" statement 3.) Avoid mixed double messages 4.) CHoose time and place to argue carefully 5.) Focus anger on specific issues 6.) ASk for specific change, but be open to compromise 7.) be willing to change oneself 8.) don't try to win, reach understanding, mutual win 9.) remember to end argument, too hurt or too frightened (don't let it end this way)

Give examples of the four horsemen of the apocalypse, plus belligerence.

1.)contempt-making disapproving judgements of partner 2.)criticism 3.)defensiveness-preparing to defend ones self against what a partner presumes to be an upcoming attack 4.)stonewalling-resistance to avoid discussing agreements 5.)belligerence-combative behavior (verbally and physically)

List Nick Stinnett's six family strengths.

1.Appriciation for one another 2. High degree of commitment 3. Arrange personal schedules (each member) 4. Deal positively with crisis 5. Spiritual orientation 6. Positive communication

What are the potential negative side effects of conflict avoidance as they relate to the individual and to the marriage relationship?

1.Reluctance to argue (making you point, expressing your feelings, thoughts, beliefs, and issues) may have destructive effects on the partners as individuals and their relationships 2.Denying expressed anger can lead A.To becoming passive-aggressive: Chronic criticism Chronic nagging Nit-picking Sarcasm B. Sabotage - one partner attempts to spoil or undermine an activity or interest of the other C. Displacement - person directs anger at people or things that the other partner cherishes

A study of 2000 Swedish online users found that _______ of men and women who use the Internet have engaged in cybersex.

1/3

The development of sexual and reproductive anatomy is complete at

12 to 14 weeks

The development of sexual and reproductive anatomy is complete in a fetus at

12 to 14 weeks.

The standard definition of giftedness is based on an intelligence test score of at least

130.

Approximately _______ of programs watched by teens mention the risks and responsibilities associated with sexual behaviors.

14%

hostile work environment

2nd type of sexual harassmentHostile work environments involve men making unwanted sexual gestures toward female employees or creating an atmosphere that is somehow threatening or offensive to women. Examples of behavior that might occur in a hostile work environment include male employees commenting on the bodies of female employees, the presence of visible pornography, and so forth.

*Women in the US are referred to as the "______ _______" of relationships - What does this mean? - ex: *

="Emotional barometer" -Her emotions can signal the status of the relationship ex: If the woman is displaying high negativity, the relationship is likely in distress.

Virtually every expressive trait

A study of US couples, divorced, compared to men, women spent.... A. more than twice as many hours per week on household chores B. An average of 5 more hours more per day on household chores C. Almost four times more hours per week on household chores D. An average of 10 more hours per week on household chores

Children, especially girls, are most often sexually abused by.... A. Someone they know and trust B. Babysitters C. Strangers D. Other children

What is stressor overload? Give an example.

A series of small or big stressor that pile up

Which of the following statements about the Sambians of New Guinea is NOT TRUE?

A sizable minority of adult Sambian men prefer to maintain sexual relationships with men and women.

More male-to-female than female-to-male transsexuals undertake transition, probably due to

All the above: rules for masculinity more restrictive than those for femininity; feel more of a need to have a sex change, in order to act and be treated as women. surgery to create a penis is more complicated than the surgery to remove one. it is easier for females to act like a man and have hormone injections than to try to have a working penis constructed.

Attachment

An intimate relationship which develops between the caregiver (almost always a mother) and the child -Critical periods of development A variation on maternal instinct: bonding -Depends on innate components in the early interaction between infant and caregiver between infant and caregiver and is important in the infant's survival. Infants who fail to form attachments fail to thrive. The related concept of bonding is a variation on maternal instinct that proposes that a permanent bond forms on the basis on contact during the first few days after birth. Despite the popularity of the concept, research has failed to substantiate claims based on the notion of bonding.

Anger and Aggression

Anger: internal emotion Aggression: behavioral reaction to anger Expression of anger more closely related to gender role than gender: Masculinity -> more likely Femininity -> less likely should have a strong relationship, with anger being the emotion and aggression the behavioral expression of anger. The two, however, have a far from perfect relationship. Contrary to early theory, frustration does not always lead to aggression. According to surveys in the U.S. and other countries, anger is a very common emotional experience, but physical aggression is not. Gender-related differences exist in the expression of anger, with gender role rather than gender being more strongly related to the expression of emotion.

A group of house husbands studied by researchers considered which of the following to be an advantage to their lifestyles? A. the ease of housework with new "gadgets" B. The increased involvement with their children C. giving their wives a chance to earn money D. the knowledge gained from watching daytime tv

Research documenting _____ is often overlooked, while research documenting ____ is sought and publicized A. Gender differences; gender similarities B. Gender similarities; gender differences C. Masculinity; femininity D. Feminity ; masculinity

Societies in which men are allocated more power and higher status are referred to as.. A. Matriarchal B. Patriarchal C. Monarchical D. Partisan

The belief men are allowed to have a variety of sexual experiences, but women should save their sexuality for marriage, is known as.. A. The double bind B. the double standard c. the double whammy

The ideal Images of women make.. A. Thin men actually like women more B. Women of color invisible C. Are strongly attainable D. Women of all ethnic groups empowered

The practice of using children in commercial sex work is called.. A. Dumping B. Trafficking C. Associating D. Stigmatization

Though people often ask why a battered woman doesn't just leave. research shows that a woman is more likely... A. To leave when she is afraid of her partner B. To be injured or killed after she leaves her partner C. To leave when her partners abuse is cyclical D. All the above are correct

Violence is often used... A. to express passion or commitment B. As a means of control in sexual encounters and romantic relationships C. By men who hold traditional protective beliefs about women D. By people who have more effective communication skills they choose not to use

Which of the following is not true about stereotypes? A. Targets of stereotypes are easily identified and relatively powerless B. Stereotypes are easy to modify when encountering disconfirming examples C. People largely agree about the characteristics of a stereotype group D. Stereotypes imply a covert comparison between groups to the disadvantage of the stereotyped group

_____ Can be defined as the traits making up masculinity and feminity A. Sex B. Gender C. Gender identity D. Sexual Identity

The text discusses several alternatives to power politics. Which is Not one of those?

Both partners agree not to argue.

What is the double remarriage? How does it differ in stability from single remarriage?

Both partners have been divorced previously. Their probability of another divorce increases by 50%. If both have children, this is by far the most complicated family form.

The Media and Gender Development

Both print and electronic media provide models of gendered behaviors that influence children, adolescents, and adults. Media portrayals can be so powerful that they become the standard for people's lives, cultivating what people accept as normal and desirable. Massive influence -"Cultivates" belief of the world -Synthesized realism

During the phallic stage the personality development of girls and boys differs,

Boys: -Oedipus complex: Attraction to their mother Hostility for their father -Castration complex: Boys fear their father will remove their penises Leads to identification with the father Girls: Penis envy Girls believe that they have already been castrated and feel inferior due to their lack of a penis. To resolve the Oedipus complex, both boys and girls must stop pursuing their other-gender parent and identify with the same-gender parent.

Goals of aggression

Boys: exert control over others, gain social recognition, get money Boys tend to use more confrontational and direct aggression Girls: loss of self-control, avoid victimization Girls tend to use more indirect or relational aggression

A "two person career" is typically described as one in which A. There is a family business, allowing parents to alternate work and childcare B.The couple recognizes homemaking as an important job. sharing the work. C. A wife is an unofficial contributor to her husbands work D. none of the above

In socieities that have a third gender, individuals of that gender are usually... A. men trying to pass as men B. women trying to pass as men C. individuals who dress in a manner that includes both female and male clothing and who follow behavioral rules considered appropriate for their third-gender status

Mens success is most often attributed to ability and intelligence. Womens success is most often attributed to ... A. Ability and intelligence B. Good looks and her husband C. Luck and hardwork D. Sexual Bargaining

Saying psychological knowledge about women is mostly androcentric means the information is considered... A. Created by men B. anti-woman C. Male- centered D. misogynistic

Some women become so disempowered by abuse there's a kind of post-traumatic stress disorder called... A. Cyclical disorder B. Patriarchal trauma C. Battered womens syndrome D. Cyclic redundancy

Mathematical and Quantitative Performance

Complex pattern of findings Before age 13, slight advantage for girls By age 13, slight advantage for boys Other assessments show no difference Men's performance shows more variability Standardized exams (e.g., SAT, GRE) may exhibit testing bias

Researchers who adhere to the differences tradition believe that psychology and its theories have failed women by

Devaluing their strengths

The word pair "lord/lady" is an example of

Devaluing women

Which Theory is Best?

Development is complex—none of the theories explains all the data! Social Learning theory Concepts do not appear incrementally Cognitive Developmental theory Does not allow for differences in boys'/girls' development Gender Schema theory Does not address differences in schemata between girls and boys

Implications of Gender-Related Differences

Differences in abilities seem larger than suggested by research data Confidence levels may be mediated through social beliefs Stereotypes lead to incorrect conclusions Small distinctions can lead to differential expectations for boys and girls The gender differences in several cognitive abilities should produce some differences in occupations but not the magnitude of difference that exists. Janet Hyde has argued that the publicity given to gender differences in mental abilities has led to the acceptance of these differences as large when they are not.

Over the past decade, gay, lesbian, bisexual, and transgendered roles have become increasingly stereotyped.

False

Spatial Performance

Even greater variety of tasks than verbal and math; yields a greater diversity of findings: Spatial perception: Identify and locate planes Mental rotation: Visualize objects as they would appear if rotated Spatial visualization: Identify the relationship of objects in space Spatiotemporal ability: Tracking objects moving through space

wage gap

Even when women and men are equated on factors such as level of education, quality of education, hours worked, and overall productivity, women earn less than men.Many people underestimate the importance of the wage gap. It is not a women's issue. It is a societal issue. Many families depend on women to earn all or much of the family's income. Underpaying women hurts families, including the men and the children who are depending on them. Everyone suffers when women are underpaid.

Over the past decade, researchers have learned a great deal about the contexts in which people accept, adopt, and apply television to their lives.

False

Which of the following is NOT a trend found recently in music videos?

Explicit depictions of sexual intercourse are now allowed as long as an erect penis is not shown.

In ancient Greece, husband-wife relationships were considered the highest form of love.

FALSE

Most current movies show a comparable amount of male and female nudity.

FALSE

Most users of cybersex become "hooked".

FALSE

Television has a rating system with one ratings board regulating all content.

FALSE

The most sexually explicit commercials generally advertise cars.

FALSE

Transsexuals are people who are born with ambiguous genitalia.

FALSE

When sitcoms deal with sexuality, they usually involve a violation of a major sexual taboo.

FALSE

All cultures divide human beings into only two genders: male and female.

False

Wechsler scales

Focused interest on various mental abilities and the findings that women tend to score higher on verbal tasks, whereas men tend to score higher on performance tasks. Verbal Performance consists of a variety of tasks that require a verbal response. Various reviews suggest that the advantage for girls and women is small and may be too small to be of any practical value. However, their advantage in writing performance is large. Mathematical and Quantitative Performance show no gender differences during elementary school. Beginning during junior high school, the definition of mathematical ability changes, and boys begin to outperform girls on some standardized mathematics tests. Tests such as the SAT underpredict women's and overpredict men's math performance in college, suggesting that these tests are biased. Attitudes toward math differ more than performance does. Girls feel that math is less important to their future, feel less confident about their math ability than boys, and receive less encouragement from parents and teachers. Boys and girls tend to perceive that math is a male domain. Spatial Performance has been defined in an even greater variety of ways than have verbal and mathematical performance, leading to a great diversity of findings. Spatial perception includes the ability to identify and locate the horizontal or vertical in the presence of distracting information, and boys and men show a small advantage on this type of task. Mental rotation includes the ability to visualize objects as they would appear if rotated in space, and boys and men have a large advantage in such tasks. Spatial visualization refers to the ability to process spatial information so as to understand the relationship between objects in space, such as the ability to see a figure embedded in other figures, and this spatial task does not always show gender differences. Spatiotemporal ability involves judgments about moving objects in space, and the limited research suggests that men do better than women at these tasks. Research indicates that experience is a factor in all of these types of spatial performance, and boys may get more experience with these tasks than girls, explaining their advantage in several of these tasks. Other Mental Abilities include memory, creativity, musical ability, and nonverbal communication. As the headline story suggested, women and men use different strategies to find their way. Men are more successful in navigating in laboratory situations, but both are equally successful when navigating around in the world. Gender-related differences that appear in performance on memory, creativity, musical ability, and nonverbal communication tend to be attributable to gender role expectation rather than mental abilities. For example, gender differences in communication style, especially in the ability to interpret nonverbal cues, may be more related to status and power than to gender. SOURCE OF THE DIFFERENCE could be structural or functional differences in the brain, socialization, or conformity to gender expectation. Assess a range of abilities Women score higher on verbal subtests Men score higher on performance subtests

Intelligence testing 1916: Terman adapts Stanford-Binet Intelligence Test for use in US

Found no gender differences Contrasted the societal assumption of women's intellectual inferiority

Freud and Women

Freud's theory was uncomplimentary and biased against women Viewed women as "failed men" Freud was accused of sexism by his female colleagues, but he never changed his theory to a more positive view of women.

_____________ lead/s to selective attention and selective memory.

Gender Schemas

Sexual Violence

Gender difference is large Rape is a common crime Women report 15.4% since age 14 Another 12.1% met legal definition Reluctance to report rape Only 30% perpetrated by strangers Related to the stigma and victim-blaming The stigma is even more severe for male rape victims Result: official crime statistics are underestimates Women fear rape, but they fear stranger rape when acquaintance rape is far more common but less reported. The reluctance to report rape is related to the stigma and victim blaming associated with this crime, and the stigma is even more severe for male rape victims. Research with rapists indicates some common beliefs, for example, they believe that they have the right to control women and to treat women violently. Research has linked hostile masculinity and high frequency of uncommitted sex to increased likelihood of committing rape. Feeling entitled to have sex puts men at risk for committing rape.

Considering Diversity

Gender identity disorder (GID) Must meet four of five DSM criteria: 1. cross-sex behaviors 2. cross-sex toy and activity preferences 3. cross-sex peer affiliation 4. cross-dressing 5. a stated desire to be the other sex

_____________ views gender typing as a way to organize the world based on gender associations.

Gender schema theory

______________________ uses a cognitive approach to explain gender typing

Gender schema theory

Peers and Gender Development

Gender segregation is a prominent feature of children's interactions during middle childhood, and this same-gender interaction tends to preserve and magnify gender differences. -Peers are highly influential -Around age 3, children develop preference for same-gender peers -Differences in activities -Boys are rougher, more competitive, form hierarchies Peers may act as the "gender police" to curtail gender flexibility, but peers may also act to promote gender flexibility. -Curtailing cross-gender behaviors Especially in early, middle childhood -Or may act to promote gender flexibility As is often the case in older youth, e.g., college age

Boys score higher only on advanced standardized Math tests; girls get better math grades overall

Girls higher academic achievement is rarely interpreted to mean girls are more intelligent suggesting instead, girls get their higher grades by being quiet and neat

Indirect aggression

Harm through indirect means Behind the scenes Getting someone blamed for a bad outcome Mocking someone's behavior/actions

Which of the following is true about gender differences and coronary heart disease?

Heart disease is decreasing for men but is increasing for women

What is the difference between "his" and "her" divorce?

Her: women may lose the identity associated with their husband's status. His: Divorced men miss having daily contact with their children and are concerned with possible qualitative changes in they parent-child relationship.

Relatively low role ambiguity has been associated with

Higher remarital satisfaction, especially for wives.

Horney's Theory of Personality

Horney replaced the biological emphasis with a social one. She reformulated the masculine bias in Freud's theory, eliminating the concept of penis envy and postulating that men's assertion of women's inferiority exists to keep men from contending with their own feelings of inferiority. Horney rejected women's masochism as normal and contended that society's role for women is the source of many of women's problems. -New interpretation of feminine masochism -Argued against male bias in psychoanalytic theory -Replaced penis envy with womb envy -Men see women as inferior to keep them from dealing with their own feelings of inferiority

explain the principle of "least interest"

In a relationship, the person with the least interest has the most control.

Which is most emotionally charged sexual abuse?

Incest

Contemporary Psychodynamic Theories of Personality Development

Include attempts to remove the sexist elements from traditional psychoanalytic theory as well as to reformulate psychoanalytic concepts -Nancy Chodorow -Ellyn Kaschak

Verbal Performance

Includes a variety of tests related to language, reading, and writing Girls and women have a small advantage -May be too small to be of any practical value Only 1% of the variance attributable to gender 99% of the variance to something OTHER than the gender of the participants Females' advantage in writing performance is larger

Andrew Cherlin calls the remarried family

Incomplete institution

Wechsler scales VERBAL Subtests

Information - general knowledge Similarities - verbal reasoning; categories Arithmetic - numeric Vocabulary - word meanings Comprehension - social judgment Digit Span - short-term auditory memory

*What is the demand/withdrawal pattern? - The demander is more likely to: - - The withdrawer is more likely to be: - -*

Interaction characterized by one person demanding, if not nagging, and the other person not responding, or withdrawing. -Initiate problem discussion -Be a women (60%) -Avoid problem discussion -Be a man (30%)

What features of the legal divorce make marital breakups especially painful?

It creates the need to grieve and and the adversary system creates great strain

Developmental Gender Differences in Aggression

Longitudinal studies of aggression Aggression tends to decrease For some children, a high level of aggression is a stable trait Boys more likely to be higher in aggression Affected by parenting styles/television are difficult to confirm before elementary school, but boys may be more aggressive even during early childhood. Longitudinal studies of aggression indicate that it is a stable behavior pattern, and children who are aggressive during elementary school tend to grow into aggressive adolescents and adults. Fewer girls than boys are physically aggressive, but girls tend to use social and relational aggression, which produces harm but no physical violence. Boys, however, are more likely to be involved in physical confrontations and to use weapons, making their aggression more dangerous. Aggressive boys and girls may seek different goals, with girls wanting to avoid victimization and boys wanting money and status.

Chodorow's Emphasis on Mothering

Mothering replaces the Freudian emphasis on the trauma of the Oedipal conflict with a concentration on the pre-Oedipal period, concentrating on how the mother-infant relationship is key to personality development Chodorow hypothesized that boys and girls have different experiences in separating themselves from their mother, with boys having to strive for separation and girls neither striving for nor attaining the same level of separation. Boys' and girls' experiences differ -Separating themselves from their mother -Boys having to strive for separation -Girls neither striving for nor attaining the same level of separation

How are television portrayals of sexuality different from those seen in the movie theater?

Movies depict more frequent and a wider range of sexual behaviors.

Gender Differences in Aggression during Adulthood

Men are more aggressive --in everyday contacts --when physically attacked --when frustrated Women are more aggressive --when responding to insults, including impolite treatment and rude comments tend to be manifested in terms of style. Women are not less aggressive than men under all circumstances, but men use physical aggression more readily than women, especially when women perceive the likelihood of retaliation. Women are more likely to cause harm to others by using social or indirect aggression. When considering this type of aggression, women are as aggressive as men. When considering physical aggression, substantial gender differences exist; women's experiences with fights tend to be relationship violence, whereas men are more likely to fight with other men.

However, women and men do navigate differently...

Men orient to directions and forming an abstract map of the area. Women are more likely to use landmarks to find their way.

Which of the following is true regarding behavioral differences between girls and boys?

Most children demonstrate a preference to play with same-gender friends by age two or three.

Considering Diversity: Intelligence and Cognitive Abilities

Most of the research on cognitive abilities focuses on European Americans in the United States Cross-cultural research indicates that other groups show different patterns Few gender differences are as large as cultural differences in cognitive processes leads to a complex picture of gender differences in mental abilities in which culture as well as gender affect performance on spatial tasks. The male advantage appears in many cultures, but the women in some cultures score higher on spatial tasks than the men in other cultures. Richard Nisbett proposed that people in Eastern and Western cultures think differently, which leading to cultural differences in thought and memory that are much larger than gender-related differences.

In males, __________________ prevents the embryo's internal structures from developing into female organs.

Mullerian duct inhibiting hormone

give three examples of how resources are unevenly distributed between the sexes in a marriage

Older spouse= more power. More resources=more power. Wife when children are born=more power.

Other Cognitive Abilities

Overall, research yields no consistent gender-related differences in Memory Creativity Musical ability Non-verbal communication Any difference found tend to be attributable to gender role expectations

Discuss the changes that have taken place in the child support award procedures.

People used to not pay their child support but laws have change that situation considerably

How has research found the life satisfaction and general mood of divorced and separated persons to be compared with that of married persons?

People with a partner are least likely to be depressed

Wechsler scales PERFORMANCE Subtests

Picture Completion - memory/ visual detail Coding - visual-motor skills Picture Arrangement - visual sequential reasoning Block Design - visual abstraction Object Assembly - part-whole reasoning Mazes - planning, visual-motor coordination

Describe the double ABC - X model of family crises. Include a discussion of "pileup"

Pileup- letting multiple stressors build up without being resolved could be disastrous

Describe three suggestions for prospective stepparents to help them negotiate the transition from single-parent to stepfamily status.

Plan ahead, give children time to adjust, be realistic, kind, and courteous.

Role of MTV and music video culture

Popular music and music videos shape perceptions of reality, especially for youth; Music videos provide important visual cues for selling music and creating images; Videos rely on gender, racial, and sexual stereotypes and scripts to cut through need for deep descriptions; 1980's stereotypes from rock music; today same stereotypes persist, but hip hop culture

how does the relative "love and need" theory explain marital power?

Powered from each persons investments. If imbalance in love, one person gets all the power. If needs/investments aren't equal, then that gives power over the other person.

Which of the following statements about the development of gender is INCORRECT?

Pressure for conformity to gender roles occurs earlier for boys than girls

Evaluating the pleasure derived from child careis complicated by the situation that few men are involved in such activities in the same ways and to the same extent as are women.

Research indicates that fathers enjoy their limited role in childcare more than women enjoy their moreextensive and demanding one. When men are as involved as women in childcare, research suggests that they feel the same satisfactions and frustrations!

In the majority of the world, which of the following is NOT true about marriage and love?

Romantic love is seen as necessary to marriage.

Once children have learned gender schema, they pay more attention to ________ models than _______ models.

Same-gender; other-gender

Which of the following statements about same-sex relationships in ancient Greece is accurate?

Same-sex relationships between an older man and a young adolescent male were considered the highest form of love.

Biological Evidence for Gender Differences in Cognitive Abilities

Selection differences during evolution: Empirical confirmation is not possible Influence of prenatal hormones: Creates only small differences in performance Brain imaging technology (PET, fMRI): Some differences in left hemisphere activation There is often more difference within genders than between them! The appeal of a biological basis for gender differences in mental abilities is strong, but the research evidence is weak. The influence of prenatal hormones creates small differences in performance, and empirical confirmation for an evolutionary view of behavior is not possible. The research on functional imaging of living brains has shown some gender differences in patterns of activation, but the results show more individual variation than gender variation. Men's and women's brains are more similar than different.

In the mid-1800's in the US, a First Wave feminist movement emerged. It reached its peak with the ____________, then lost momentum in the ____________.

Seneca Falls Declaration of 1848; 1920's after women won the vote

Considering Diversity in Emotion

Six universal basic human emotions Happiness, surprise, fear, sadness, anger, and disgust Cross-cultural differences Individualistic vs. Collectivistic cultures Acceptance of anger varies Differ in display rules CONSIDERING DIVERSITY, emotions show both consistency and differences across cultures. On an abstract level, many similarities appear across cultures, and Paul Ekman and his colleagues have investigated the ability of people from a variety of cultures to recognize facial expression associated with basic emotions. In terms of specific situations and behaviors, enormous cultural differences appear. People in collectivist cultures tend to differ from those in individualist cultures, but emotional expression differs for collectivist cultures in Asia and Africa. Some cultures discourage the display of anger, whereas others allow it. Cultures vary both in restricting and prescribing what emotions men and women should experience under what circumstances.

Why is it important for both spouses to feel comfortable with a marriage counselor when the seek help from one?

So that the spouses don't feel like they're being attacked an agreement can be reached

Cognitive Theories of Gender Development

Social learning theory -criticized as too passive -Evidence suggests that children actively organize information about their gender -Emphasis on cognition: -Cognitive Developmental Theory -Gender Schema Theory

Kaschak's Antigone Phase Men's Oedipal role Unresolved

Social power & status -Proprietary over women -Women: subservient Patriarchal terrorism -Control, major goal Sexually self-centered

how does the resource hypothesis explain relative power between spouses?

Spouse with more resources generally has more power in the marriage (economically, knowledably)

Gender Identity Development during Childhood

Starts at birth, with different treatment for boys and girls Infants as young as 7/9 months can distinguish between women's and men's faces, but they attend primarily to hair length as the distinguishing cue. By age 24 months, toddlers exhibit some knowledge of gender-typical activities.

Which of the following is NOT true about stereotypes?

Stereotypes are easy to modify when encountering disconfirming examples.

What is the potentials attract hypothesis? - Evidence from research on this has found what? - -

The idea that attractive women will be linked to wealthy, high-status men -That physically attractive women were no more likely than physically unattractive women to be paired with a financially well-off mate. -Instead, there was a strong support that mates matched on physical attractiveness and education.

Overall, how do the rates of re-divorce compare to the rates of divorce?

The rates of re-divorce are even higher than the 50% divorce rate of 1st time marriages

Children and Media

The types of bias in adult programming appear in children's television, promoting stereotypical views of gender-related behaviors. Movies, videos, and children's books all tend to portray gender in stereotypical ways. Children average about 30 hours of television viewing per week Stereotypic gender roles common in: --programming biases --commercials targeted at youth Many groups advocate for media education to reduce negative effects of gender stereotyping

How may courtship differ in remarriage than it did in first marriages?

There is a smaller pool of eligibles with a wider range of any given attribute.

Which of the following is NOT TRUE of "cybersex"?

There is no legal prohibition of any sexual material.

Overall, how does marital happiness of remarriages compare with marital happiness of first marriages?

There tends to be more troubles and problems with a remarriage.

Despite changes in ideals of feminine beauty over the years, one thing remains constant

They all require alterations of women's natural appearances through products

Which of the following is NOT a possible result of intersexuality?

They are all possible.

What do many counselors recommend that people wait at least two years after divorce before entering into another serious relationship?

To completely recover from the divorce; forget ex, resolve anger or guilt and regather yourself.

occupationally segregated

Today, women have gained access to nearly every occupation, yet women are disproportionately represented in occupations such as teaching, secretarial work, waiting tables, nursing, and housekeeping. Some people have referred to these nearly exclusively female and relatively low-paying jobs as pink-collar jobs. When the workforce within an occupation is comprised of at least 70 percent of people from one gender, it is categorized as occupationally segregated. Occupational segregation has been decreasing since the 1970s, but there are still quite a few jobs that are almost exclusively held by women or men. In 1997, it was estimated that 50 percent of women would have to change jobs in order to desegregate the workforce fully.

The Sequence of Childhood Gender Role Development

Under 18 months: fail at gender labeling 24 months: most are correct in labeling includes learning to apply gender labels correctly, which occurs between 2 and 3 years. By age 3 many children can form grouping based on gender but still lack gender constancy: a complex concept that includes gender stability, the belief that gender is a permanent personal feature, and gender consistency, the belief that people retain their gender even when they undergo other physical changes. By age 4, most children have a concept of gender-typed activities and some gender stereotypes. During the first few grades of elementary school, children can be misled into making mistakes of gender consistency by the transformation in physical appearance or proper name, indicating how difficult this aspect of gender knowledge is for children to acquire. -Gender as permanent, unchangeable -Comprised of -Gender stability: Gender as a stable personal-characteristic -Gender consistency: Retain gender even when physical features/behaviors change

Distinguish between resilient and vulnerable families

Vulnerable : Families that are having a difficulties or functioning less than effectively before onset of an additional stressor Resilient: families capable of doing well in the face of adversity

mentors

Women also have increasing access to mentors. Mentors are established people who are active in helping less established people achieve their goals. Mentoring relations are associated with increased job satisfaction and likelihood of staying in a job. One major function that mentors may serve is to introduce their protégées to informal social networks embedded in the workplace. Many business deals and hiring decisions are made outside the office in social settings. Therefore, it is important for women to infiltrate the social networks that exist in the professions, as well as creating their own. Women need to be part of informal social interactions in order to gain parity with men.

Media Images of Women and POC

Women and men of color are shown less than White women, men in the media; Women and men of color appear primarily in situation comedies

Stereotypes about men and women include which of the following?

Women are seen as affective, whereas men are seen as instrumental

After a divorce, how does the well-being of remarried persons compare to the well-being of persons who remain single?

Women increase finances and men decrease finances.

How do individuals, particularly women, lose out by no-fault divorce legislation?

Women lose financially in divorce

Cognitive Abilities Prevailing view 19th - 20th centuries

Women were not as intelligent as men

Sexuality stereotypes

Women who are particularly strong in physical skills or personality traits tend to be stereotyped as lesbians; Men who are more effeminate and enjoy "girly" pursuits such as fashion and decorating are stereotyped as gay.

Personality traits

Women —Affective and communal—concerned with feelings and other people; (warm, expressive, sensitive)Typical feminine traits considered more childlike, connected to immaturity, nurturing, caregiving, weakness vs. Men —Instrumental and agentic—active agent , effective "doer"; Typical masculine traits more active, independent, aggressive, dominant, competent; Masculine traits are socially-desirable and more closely associated w/ adult roles, leadership

___________ report more emotions of powerlessness than ________.

Women; men

____________ report more emotions of powerlessness than ________.

Women; men

Physical stereotypes

Women—dainty, soft, graceful vs. Men—tall, strong, sturdy

What are the essential components of a "remarriage agreement"?

You must agree to assume all of the roles that come with marriage and most prepare to fulfill them.

sex differentiation region of the Y chromosome

a gene that case the embryonic sex glands to grow and develop into testes

congenital adrenal hyperplasia

a genetically inherited malfunction of one or more of the enzymes needed to make the steroid hormone cortisol, causes the mother's body to overproduce other hormones

Grandmother roles provide many women with

a meaningful and important place in their families

token

a member of a group that is less than about 15 percent of the larger group. female firefighters and male nurses

sexual orientation

a multidimensional concept involving erotic attraction, affectional relationships, sexual behavior, erotic fantasies, and emotional attachments

transgender movement

a social movement for the acceptance of more than 2 sex categories

Aging men tend to talk about their bodies ____________ while women speak of ____________.

as wholes; parts of their bodies

When people become gender-typed, they

ascribe to themselves cultural traits, behaviors, and roles normative for people of their sex.

gender typed

ascribing themselves the traits, behaviors, and roles normative for people of their sex in their culture.

Although psychologists like to do experiments because they can show causation,

behavior in a laboratory may not be representative of behavior in other situations

Later Development

continues during later childhood, adolescence, and adulthood, but most of the research has concentrated on developing gender flexibility. People experience an increased ability to be more flexible concerning gender and a greater tolerance of atypical gender-related behaviors. Increasing gender knowledge forms the basis for this flexibility, but women tend to be more gender flexible than men, and people tend to allow for more flexibility for self than for others. -For most children, gender development is complete by age 6 -Around age 11, boys spend more time in gender-typed activities -By middle childhood, children exhibit some stability in terms of gender-typed patterns of activities

The difference tradition in feminist theory and politics stems from

cultural feminism.

A feminist who focuses on the differences between women and men and who feels "feminine" characteristics should be recognized as valuable rather than be devalued is most likely a

cultural feminist

The liberal feminist perspective is less likely to emphasize the value of so-called feminine traits than the

cultural feminist perspective.

The ability to recognize the emotions expressed by others is called

decoding ability.

liberal feminism

deeply held beliefs about equality an orientation that connects it to political liberalism. from this perspective a feminist is a person who believes that women are entitled to a full legal and social equality with men an who favors changes in laws customs and values to achieve the goal of equality.fostered research on such topics as how people react to others when they violate gender norms,how children are socialized to accept gender roles, and sex discrimination in employment.

Matriarch

domineering, aggressive, strong, unfeminine; often portrayed as a hostile, tongue-lashing nag that drives men away and bullies everyone else

ambivalent sexism

double edged way of thinking in which woman are sometimes treated with contempt and sometimes adored if someone is describing someone as an ambivalent sexist, that would mean he/she is uncertain whether they are sexist or not. A lot of words for nothing.

2. The belief that women are old earlier than men is a

double standard of aging

independent self

each individual is unique, the task of each individual is to fulfill his or her potential and become and autonomous person

pornography

efers to audio, visual, or written materials that combine sex with degradation or violence (typically against women). Pornography almost exclusively is portrayed through the male gaze. It focuses on male pleasure; female pleasure is generally depicted only as a way to please men. Some pornography is especially virulent, featuring images of women being raped, tortured, or humiliated for the sexual pleasure of men. These forms of pornography are disturbing not only because of the subject matter but also because they desensitize viewers to violence against women

gonads

embryonic sex glands

socialist feminism

emphasizes that there are many kinds of divisions between groups of people that can lead to oppression. believe that acts of discrimination based on social class,race, and gender are equally wrong . believes that these forms of discrimination are inseparable.

Steven is a master creator of mass media depictions of sexuality. If his productions are typical, they are most likely intended to:

entertain and exploit public perceptions of sexuality.

Research suggests ___________ greatly improve/s older people's health and feelings of well-being as they age.

exercise

self-fulfilling prophecy

expectations can make the expected events come true

self fulfilling prophecy

expectations can make the expected events come true. powerful and lasting effects.

embodied experiences

experiencing the world inside ones own skin, in the moment as opposed to looking at oneself as if from afar. ex) pleasure at the feeling of warm sand under your feet or enjoyment of the flavor and texture of biting into a ripe peach

Men are more likely than women to try to take over the conversation using

intrusive interruptions.

faceism

form of objectification .Scientists have examined the composition of thousands of media images and have determined that images of men were significantly more focused on faces, whereas images of women were significantly more likely to show their bodiesThe face conveys the most information about a person's individuality, yet for women it is likely to be downplayed in media portrayals. Face-ism sends a subtle message that women are less valuable, interesting, and worthy of respect. It objectifies women and makes a clear point that the female body is more important than the female herself.

Lesbians named _________ as their number one source of support.

friends

A study on stereotype threat and math performance (Spencer, Steele, & Quinn, 1999) showed

gender differences in math performance may be partly due to stereotype - influenced beliefs and expectations

A study on stereotype threat and math performance (Spencer, Steele, & Quinn, 1999) showed

gender differences in math performance may be partly due to stereotype- influenced beliefs and expectations

social constructivism

gender is a creation of culture

gender consistency

gender is a permanent condition

"Aggressive female" is an example of which sexist language practice?

gender making

gender schematic

gender typed people have a well developed gender schema and rely on it spontaneously in making sense of the world

People who are ______________ rely more on schemas besides those for gender.

gender-aschematic

parents teach

gendered emotions to children

gender intensification

girls become increasingly adherent to gender roles in adolescence focusing on appearance and abandoning previously enjoyed masculine pursuits

A feminist focusing on concerns like sweatshop labor conditions, unequal access to healthcare and education, and forced prostitution is a

global feminist

gender stereotypes

groups of gender schema that are shared by many people -woman are bitchy

A large-scale study of Tennessee kindergartners found that placing a teacher's aide in regular-size classes

had no impact on reading and math achievement.

Mammy

happy slave whose huge breasts and perpetual smile symbolize her as a nurturer, while her dark complexion, bandanacovered hair, broad features and fat body mark her as asexual

GENDER IN THE EXPERIENCE AND EXPRESSION OF EMOTION

has been proposed as the key to gender differences in emotionality, with men failing to express the emotions they feel. Only by concentrating on fear and sadness in women and by overlooking aggression in men could women be considered more expressive than men. The gender difference in expressivity can be understood as a difference in display rules: Men and women are supposed to restrain displays of certain emotions yet are free to show others. These display rules allow (and even demand) that people enact their gender roles, resulting in the expression of different emotions in boys and men compared to girls and women. leads to an emotional double standard -women seen as emotional - men as rational These stereotypes do not apply to all emotions: men are associated with emotions associated with power women with emotions associated with powerlessness. Research on the experience of emotion indicates few gender differences in anger, but men experience more excitement and calm and women more sadness and anxiety. The expression of emotion clearly varies according to social display rules that govern which are appropriate emotional behaviors to show in what contexts.

partial androgen insensitivity

have an external sex organ that could be classified as either a small penis or a large clitoris, internally they have male testes located in the abdomen or in the labia

Feminist psychologists believe that, with regards to equality with men, women

have not yet achieved full equality.

The most effective treatment for ADHD is a combination of medication and

interventions that model appropriate academic and social behavior.

The Myth of Maternal Instinct

holds that nurturing behaviors of mothers toward their children are determined by biological factors and are largely insensitive to environmental or experiential effects. Although the concept of instinct fell into disfavor as a way to explain behavior, belief in maternal instinct continues, and the rise of evolutionary psychology has brought the concept of instinct into consideration once again. Nurturing offspring is of paramount importance, but the extent to which these behaviors are instinctive is questionable. Nurturing behaviors of mothers -Very Darwinian -Determined by biological factors Reinforces intellectual inferiority Largely insensitive to environment or experiences The concept of instinct fell into disfavor -Lack of empirical support Belief in maternal instinct continues

Gender Schema Theory

hypothesizes that children develop schema for gender, a cognitive structure that organizes and guides perception. In this view gender-related behaviors appear not only as a result of general cognitive development but also due to the adoption of specific schemata related to gender. Children come to understand masculinity and femininity, and they attend to and come to behave in ways consistent with their schema. Gender schemata influence information processing, memory, and attitudes, which leads to gender stereotyping. Children develop schema for gender: -The cognitive structure that organizes and guides perceptions -MORE important to identity than other schema! -Gender-related behaviors appear: -As a result of general cognitive development -Due to the adoption of specific schemata related to gender

androcentrism

idea that men are somehow the standard version of human kind and that woman are a variant of men

Differences tradition

idea there are fundamental differences between women and men that should be recognized and honored

Similarities tradition

idea women and men are very much alike in intelligence, personality, abilities, and goals

social comparison process

idealized beauty images make women feel bad because their own appearance suffers by comparison

monozygotic twins

identical

Gender identity:

identifying and accepting the self as male or female. Factors in the development of gender identity include the ability to distinguish between the sexes and label each, knowledge of gender roles, and how each individual fits into these categories.

gender intensification

increased pressure to conform to gender roles beginning in early adolescence

motherhood penalty

increases with each child. woman of childbearing age regardless of whether they have children may also encounter discrimination because employers are reluctant to hire workers who may need to take maternity leave.

Experiencing Emotionality

independent self, interdependent self

Women who become gender-typed

internalize the subordination and devaluation of their social role and adopt behaviors that are a consequence of subordination.

erotica

is a term that refers to materials that contain nudity or consensual acts of sexuality and are designed to elicit sexual arousal. Erotica, unlike pornography, does not seem to have negative effects on male consumers' attitudes toward women. Erotica is more difficult to find than pornography, but several lines of erotic products designed for and by women are available on the market today. use of erotica can be a healthy behavior for women, men, and couples. It would be a good thing for women if erotica became more available. It would be a great thing if it started to replace pornography.

The idea that men are unceasingly and unapologetically violent in abusive relationships

is belied by the cyclical pattern of most domestic violence.

Selective abortion of female fetuses

is consistent with cultural practices permitting female infanticide

In Native American families, the grandmother

is the center of the family and the one who holds it all together

comparable worth

is the idea that jobs with similar requirements and value should pay similarly. Comparable value is difficult to assess, but companies are increasingly attempting to do so. Some companies have started examining the jobs they offer and rating them in terms of the skill and education required, as well as workload and other factors. Jobs are then assigned scores and pay for jobs with the same scores are equated. This is quite complicated and, not surprisingly, has not been implemented by many employers.

pay equity

is the simple idea that the pay for a given job should be the same, whether it is done by a man or a woman.

while psychology has traditionally focused on changing individuals,

it can also contribute to social change.

Many grandmothers who are full-time caregivers of grandchildren report

it was a nondecision as the children's parents were somehow incapacitated.

variability hypothesis

it was asserted that men, as a group, are more variable---in other words, although men and women may be similar on average, there are more men at the extremes of human behavior

Feminist critiques of the proposition males are biologically predisposed to be better in math than females include findings

items in standardized tests tend to appear in contexts more familiar to boys, such as sports

Feminist criticisms of traditional psychotherapy include

its focus on the individual as the source of his or her problems.

Television helps form our sexual perceptions through

its reinforcement of social norms and depiction of stereotypes.

cognitive development theory

jean piaget. belived children move through fixed stages in development

Around the world, women are _________________ to endorse benevolent sexism.

just as likely as men

Television sexism is exemplified by the

larger number of male than female characters shown.

What is likely to happen when couples engage in power politics for a long period of time?

leads to manipulation causing distance and loneliness for both spouses

About 5 to 10 percent of school-age children experience great difficulty with one or more aspects of learning, and can be appropriately classified as having

learning disabilities.

reinforcement

learning technique, behavior that is followed by desirable consequences is reinforced, and is more likely to occur in the future

Strong and athletic women are likely to be stereotyped as

lesbians

As adults, individuals with Gender identity disorder GID may develop gender dysphoria, depressive dissatisfaction with their gender.

not all children accept the gender role that matches their sex. Boys receive more pressure to conform to the male gender role, but more boys than girls are diagnosed with gender identity disorder in which they adopt cross-gender behavior and resist identifying with their own sex. As adults, these boys may grow into men with gender dysphoria, dissatisfaction with their gender, and some seek sexual reassignment, becoming transsexual or transgendered individuals. Although people tend to confuse gender dysphoria with homosexuality and tranvestism, these behaviors are separable. Gender identity disorder remains controversial and far from well understood. Some seek sexual reassignment, toward becoming transsexual individuals. It is a process during which "transgendered" is often preferred.

In their respective cultures, third-sex people are

not considered gay

In their respective cultures, third-sex people are

not considered to be gay

Attempts to change mental tests by eliminating verbal, fact-oriented items have

not raised the scores of ethnic minority children much.

When a woman feels that she is unlovable or unattractive because she hates or is embarrassed by some part of her body, she is

objectifying herself

According to Leonore Tieffer (1995), which of the following is NOT used as criteria for evaluating whether sexual behaviors are "normal" or "abnormal"?

objective criteria

faux lesbianism

occurs when two or more women engage in sexually suggestive or sexually explicit behaviors with one another for the purpose of entertaining or pleasuring men. Women engaged in faux lesbianism are not acting on their own desires or pursuing their own pleasure; they are putting on a show for men. Not surprisingly, scenes of faux lesbianism are presented through a pronounced male gaze.

Until recently, men controlled institutions of knowledge, and if and when women attended university and developed expertise, they still were

often denied legitimacy, the funds for large-scale research, or an actual degree.

Individuals with gender identity disorder

often feel that they are trapped in the wrong body

Individuals with gender identity disorder

often feel that they are trapped in the wrong body.

hierarchical

one or more dominant groups and other subordinate groups. dominant group has more of whatever society values

experimental research

one variable is manipulated and its effects on the other is measured *IV and DV -researchers begin their experiment with a hypothesis- their prediction about the variables

The tendency to generalize people who are members of the opposite sex and refer to them as being all alike and having similar qualities is called

outgroup homogeneity

The tendency to generalize people who are members of the opposite sex and refer to them as being all alike and having similar qualities is called

outgroup homogeneity.

Zimmerman & West (1975) found in male-female conversations

over 95% of interruptions were by men

Emotional Display Rules

overlearned habits about who can show what emotion to whom and when they can show it Make it possible to experience one emotion, but display another (or none at all) An emotional double standard -Women seen as emotional - Men seen as rational These stereotypes do not apply to all emotions -Men more often associated with anger Men and women experience emotions with similar frequencies, although they differ in which emotions: -Males -> excitement, calm -Females -> anxiety, sadness

Kaschak's Antigone Phase

replaces the Oedipus analogy with the female analogy of Antigone, Oedipus's faithful daughter. Kaschak took this character as a symbol of female development in a patriarchal family. Men who do not overcome the Oedipus phase of development treat women as extensions of themselves and their needs, and women who fail to overcome the Antigone phase fit into these subservient patterns, never acknowledging their own needs. Psychodynamic...BUT Social Role embodied? Oedipus symbolizes power and entitlement Antigone symbolizes women's self-sacrifice MEN's rights -Historically perpetuated by society

meta-analysis

researchers gather all of the existing studies on a topic and then use statistical methods to determine the overall size of relationships between variables -helps control for flaws in individual studies -facilitates the direction of gender similarities-important bc scientific method is designed to detect differences

Retaining a student for a second year in kindergarten or in one of the primary grades

reveals no learning benefits and suggests negative consequences for motivation, self-esteem, peer relations, and achievement.

The media reinforce the idea that it is socially acceptable to ______________ overweight women.

ridicule

Compare abuse among lesbians, gay males, and bisexual couples with family violence in heterosexual relationships

same sex couple violence is comparable to heterosexual violence. Same sex violence occurs at the same or higher rates

Cerebral cortex development in middle childhood contributes to what aspect of thinking?

second-order beliefs

conservatism

seek to keep gender arrangements as they have been in much of the recent past with males holding more public power and status and women being more or less defined by their sexuality and their roles as wives and mothers

conservatism

seek to keep gender arrangements as they have been much of the past, with men holding more public power and status

When people present themselves in a way confirming others' beliefs about them, they create a

self-fulfilling prophecy

In her research on how people used sex, race, and age to identify characteristics of the person from whom they bought a subway token, Grady (1977) found

sex was mentioned as the first or second characteristic 100% of the time.

The relationships presented in crime/action-adventure programs are based on

sex.

________ is to ___________ as nature is to nurture.

sex; gender

Male commentators often remark upon the _____________ of women athletes, a behavior that does not carry over to men athletes.

sexiness and physical appeal (or lack thereof)

History of gender

sexism, racism, and class bias were often intertwined and the brain often was the battle site

Because human sexual activity is manifest with such diversity, most sex researchers have advocated that in place of such terms as normal/abnormal or natural/unnatural we use the term

sexual variation.

List types of child abuse. which is the most prevalent?

sexual, physical, and sibling. Sibling being most pervasive

When a woman is reduced to her body and sexualized, she is being

sexually objectified.

9. Eloise turns 67 years old today. People she meets compliment her by saying; you don't look your age. The implicit assumption in this remark is that

she looks different than other people her age. There is a difference between her self-identity (her own subjective feeling of age) and her social identity (the way she looks to others).

Children of bilingual parents who teach them both languages in infancy and early childhood

show no special problems with language development.

Of the following, which is a major shortcoming of the componential approach to intelligence testing?

show no special problems with language development.

16. Studies of women's actual experiences with menopause

show that most women cope with the signs of menopause with little fuss and the transition is not the biggest thing in their lives.

In general, the cognitive abilities of males and females can be described as

similar

Although research suggests that a wife's employment makes no difference to marital quality, how may it negatively affect a relationship that could lead to divorce?

some men feel threatened id their wives earn more than they do

When stereotypes are activated by our culture, less prejudiced people

stop and think about the stereotypes and replace them with more accurate information.

Relationships on soap operas are portrayed as

stormy.

correlational research

studies existing relationships no variables are manipulated or changed by the researchers -survey research

Learning Genderized Emotions

studies show parents are more likely to talk about people and emotions with their daughters rather than with sons;

neosexism

subtle form of sexism based on the beliefs that woman have already achieved equality- and woman who say otherwise are trying to gain an unfair advantage

When Ashley met a woman who was stronger and more athletic than many of her male friends, she reclassified the woman as an "athletic woman" rather than changing her stereotypes about women in general. "Athletic woman" is an example of a

subtype.

deficits theory

suggests that factors within the workplace make it more difficult for women to persist and succeed than men. The deficits theory gets its name from the idea that there are deficits in the work environment, rather than deficits in women themselves.

Biological Factors and Gender Development

the biology that underlies gender identity remains elusive. Recent research relating prenatal hormone levels to childhood masculinity and femininity suggests that prenatal hormone exposure may have an impact on developing gender identity. However, even children with intersex conditions usually develop a clear male or female gender identity. The evidence from individuals who have been sexually reassigned is not so clear. One famous case—the case of John/Joan—indicated that reassignment was unsuccessful and chromosomal sex dominated gender identity, but another similar case was successful, and the genetically male individual adopted a female gender identity. Biology may prime individuals to develop gender identity, but it is not clear that biology determines gender identity. -Configuration of external genitalia -Contributes to categorizing and identity -Evolutionary view: adaptations have shaped gender-related behaviors Girls: expressions of nurturing Boys: exploring the environment

body image

the mental picture one has of one's appearance and the associated feelings about the size, shape, and attractiveness of one's body

The range or "spread" of scores in a test is called

the range, or spread of dispersion

Although experimentation is the most respected paradigm for psychological research, it may not always be ideal for research on gender because

the researcher creates an artificial environment to manipulate participant experiences.

During the first month after conception,

the sex is already determined

assigned sex

the sex label of either female or male given to an infant

With regards to reproduction, sex refers to

the specialized structures, organs, and hormones creating one of two reproductive forms within a species.

vertical sex segregation

the tendency for women to be clustered at the bottom of the hierarchy within occupation -present when men tend to hold positions that have higher status and better pay within the occupation. ex) health care industry social worker=woman physician=man

Research on sexual attractiveness and aging suggests

there is a double standard of aging

Individually: thinking critically

there is much more variability within gender/sex than between the sexes on every cognitive skill, ability, or personality trait tested - ever.

If there is a genetic component to sexual orientation,

there is no single gene that determines whether one is gay, straight, or bisexual.

Girls may want to be tomboys because

they are aware of the status advantages of men.

According to the textbook, research on masculine generics has shown

they are not truly generic.

Research on ethnic minorities of both sexes is scarce except when

they are seen as creating social problems like teen pregnancy and crime.

Children between ages 7 and 10 are interested in collecting items like stamps, coins, and rocks because

they enjoy separating and rearranging objects into classes and subclasses.

affective and communal

traits considered characteristic of a women: describe a person who is concerned with feelings and other people

instrumental and agentic

traits traits considered characteristic of men: they describe a person who is active and effective

Although Lyn has a penis, he identifies as a woman. Lyn would most likely be classified as:

transsexual.

When a person has genitals of one sex but identifies as a member of the other sex, the condition is known as

transsexuality.

discrimination

treating people unfairly because of their membership in a particular group

For sexual pleasure, the men of ancient Greece

turned to hetaerae.

Zanna & Pack (1975) asked women to describe themselves to men whose "ideal woman" was supposedly traditional or non-traditional. When the men were attractive, the women

two are correct

Conservatism bases its belief of traditional roles for women on

two of the answers are correct: biology, religion

Most sex researchers believe that the most objective way to view particular sexual behaviors is as

typical or atypical.

In the US, the most common way for a woman to contract HIV is

unprotected sex with a man

Video games portraying sexual images typically show

unrealistically shaped and submissive women.

One example of sexist language is:

use of the term "man" to describe humans in general.

In interactions with peers, boys, in comparison to girls, have been found to

use physical dominance more than verbal persuasion

When talking to their daughters as opposed to their sons, parents

used a greater number of emotion words

display rules

used by a culture to govern which emotions may be expressed, under what circumstances, and how

meta-analysis

uses quantitative methods to summarize the results of research done by different people at different times

Meta-alaysis

using statistical methods to summarize results of multiple research studies, conducted by different people at different times

Don has unique sexual fantasies. Ruth has developed an unusual technique for masturbation. Silas and Patrick are most aroused if they make love during rainstorms. These examples demonstrate that human sexuality is characterized by

variety and diversity.

Cognitive Developmental Theory

views the acquisition of gender-related behaviors as part of children's general cognitive development, with its roots in Piaget's theory of cognitive development. Children below age 3 years have not developed a gender identity. These children often fail at gender labeling, both for themselves and others, and in the process of development, children learn the correct label for themselves before others. Cognitive developmental theory relies on the development of gender constancy as a basis for other gender-related knowledge, but research has indicated that the knowledge that one remains the same gender does not necessarily develop before other gender knowledge, a damaging piece of evidence for this theory. This theory correctly predicts the gender stereotyping that is common among children. Views the acquisition of gender-related behavior as part of general cognitive development -Occurs through interactions with the environment -Follows Piaget's theory of cognitive development -Children's abilities develop in stages

Situation comedies deal with what aspect of sexual behavior?

violation of mild taboos

The Wechsler Intelligence Scale for Children-IV test

was designed to downplay culture-dependent information.

Fiske et. Al., 1991?

• 1. When participants watch a video or discussion, more likely to mix up people of same gender than same age, same ethnic group, or same name • 2. Competent but not likeable, incompetent but likeable o Low status groups such as Latinos were judged likeable but incompetent o Suggest that people are threatened by high status out-groups and defend themselves by believing that members of such groups are unfriendly, and uncaring

Swim?

• College men & women were asked to keep diaries of sexist incidents and their impact in a series of studies • Women reported an avg. of 1-2 such incidents every week • Men reported about 1 every 2 weeks • Women more likely to hear degrading remarks

Harasty, 1997?

• College students in same sex pairs were asked to discuss American men for 5 min. each • Participants generalized more when talking about the gender outgroup than when talking about their own group • Male pairs made more comments "women are all like that" • Women pairs made more comments "men are all alike"

Boswell, 1979?

• Elem. & high school students asked about perceptions of people in math-related careers such as science, engineering & physics, described white coated loners, isolated in labs, etc.

Zuckerman and Kieffer, 1994?

• Face-ism index favored not only men over women but also European American over African American people. • Black women had lowest face-ism index

Hall, 1995?

• Interviewed a group of phone sex workers • Did not need clothes or anything but a sexy voice to fit the males' needs

Bargad & Hyde, 1991?

• Taking a single women's studies course led to a decrease in the passive acceptance of sexism • An increase of feminism, and plans for social activism

What is the no-power relationship

• WHEN PARTNERS HAVE EQUAL POWER AND HAVE THE ABILITY TO INFLUENCE AND BE INFLUENCED BY ONE ANOTHER

Grab & Hyde?

• White, Asian & Hispanic women had the same body dissatisfaction • African American women were slightly lower

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