Exam 2 Material: Units 5-8

Which statement about Head Start is true?

children from low-income families, or in rural areas, or with disabilities benefit the most

One study examined three children's programs focused on low-SES families in different parts of the country and found which long-term benefit of intensive, early-intervention programs

children had higher math and reading achievements at age 10

according to theory-theory:

children need explanations of things they see and hear

Which specific strategy or experience can help children learn to read?

code-focused teaching

Three-year-old Tate gets very upset when his mother calls his little sister "handsome" instead of pretty. He shouts, "Only boys are handsome, mom!" Tate's understanding of gender roles reflects _____ theory

cognitive

_____ theory explains gender differences through the concept of gender schema, or children's understanding of sex roles and differences

cognitive

Rebecca is 6 years old. What math skill is she likely to have developed by now?

comprehension of numbers and counting

Gary is 7 years old. He pours the remaining orange juice from the pitcher in the refrigerator into a small juice glass and understands that the amount of juice remains unchanged. Gary can understand:

conservation

Gardner is a left-handed adult. It is MOST likely that he has a thicker-than-normal:

corpus callosum

The _____ allows communication between the 2 hemispheres of the brain

corpus callosum

George, who is 3 years old, seems to talk almost constantly, even if no one is listening. George also seems not to notice mistakes in his language, such as stuttering. This illustrates the importance of _____ to language learning in early childhood.

egocentrism

Which characteristic is controlled by the right half of the brain?

emotional and creative impulses

One of the most outstanding psychosocial accomplishments between the ages of 2 and 6 is

emotional regulation

Tabitha is crying at the day care as her mother is leaving. Stephen goes up to his teacher and says in a worried voice, "Tabitha is sad because her mommy went to work." Stephen is displaying

empathy

Kindergarteners play "boys chase the girls" on the playground. The teacher has observed that, over the course of the year, the girls have begun to act more "girly" and almost flirtatious with the boys, and the boys have gradually acted more "macho" as they play this game. This apparent natural desire for the children to be desirable to each other and the subsequent development of sex roles would be BEST explained by _____ theory

evolutionary

Billy and Tish do not believe that it is right to expect their children to exhibit self-control or to take responsibility for most of their behaviors. This aspect of Billy and Tish's parenting would fall into which of Diana Baumrind's dimensions of parenting?

expectations for maturity

Jessica's husband works on car engines as a hobby. When she thinks about his hobby, Jessica often fails to figure out exactly what a particular part is, but she has the general idea of what it does and places it in an appropriate mental category. This is an example of:

fast-mapping

Wally has a book about birds and has quickly learned many new words, but they are sometimes inaccurate. This rapid ability to learn is called:

fast-mapping

Tommy is 4 years old. He is MOST likely to model his sex roles after his:

father

Elizabeth is 5 years old, and she likes to help her mother when it is time for supper. However, her mother is often quick-tempered at the end of the day, scolding Elizabeth when she tries to help. Her mother finds that she can get things done more quickly if Elizabeth stays out of the way. Based on Erikson's theory, Elizabeth may develop

feelings of guilt

overregularization demonstrates a child's understanding of

grammar

Yvette, who is 5 years old, has improved dramatically in her ability to throw and catch a baseball. Which aspect of her brain development contributed MOST to enable these abilities by enhancing communication among the brain's various specialized areas?

growth of the corpus callosum

All through her childhood, Ellie never seemed interested in playing. Some researchers predict that as Ellie gets older she may

have emotional and academic problems

Typical 2- to 5-year-olds tend to view themselves

idealistically

Montessori school emphasize

individual prise and accomplishment

A major problem with most state early-intervention programs is that:

insufficient funds are allocated to produce quality programs

An example of scaffolding is:

joint reading with a child; explaining, pointing, listening

Bobby was repeatedly abused by his father. The authorities removed Bobby from his father's care and placed the boy with his maternal grandparents. This type of foster care is known as _____ care

kinship

The specialization in certain functions by each side of the brain is called

lateralization

Nathan has a cat, and has also seen catfish in his pond, and recognized that both have whiskers. So, when Nathan saw his grandpa's new mustache, he promptly referred to him as "cat grandpa." Nathan is demonstrating:

logical extension: after learning a word children use it to describe other objects in the same category

Current research evaluating Head Start children found that academic benefits faded by first grade. One possible explanation is that:

many of the children in the comparison group are now enrolled in some other early-childhood program

An experimenter who begins with two equal balls of clay and then changes the shape of one is testing for conservation of:

matter

When sleep becomes more regular, emotions become more appropriate for certain stimuli and contexts, and temper tantrums subside; these are clear indications of:

maturation of the prefrontal cortex

young children who never play:

may have emotional and academic problems later

Vygotsky's term for a person who has more knowledge and directs a child's learning, understanding, and skills is:

mentor

Which development MOST directly contributes to improved coordination between the two sides of the body in early childhood?

myelination of the corpus callosum

Zone of Proximal Development

needs assistance to be learned

Child _____ is defined as the failure to meet a child's basic physical, educational, or emotional needs

neglect

Yvelise is 3 years old and tells her father that, when she grows up, she is going to turn into a man. Yvelise's confusion about sexual differences would be described developmentally as

normal

It is believed that _____ is universal as children are eager to explore and want to learn from and replicate their mentor's behavior

overimitation

Researcher Diana Baumrind traced the effects of _____ on child development, and her findings continue to be very influential

parenting

Janine is an adult who is unhappy and lacks self-control. According to some longitudinal research, she may have had parents who would be labeled _____ by Diana Baumrind

permissive

Speaking to his brother, Randy simply states, "Close the window." Speaking to his aunt, however, he politely asks, "Could you please close the window." Randy's linguistic knowledge exemplifies:

pragmatics: knowing which words, tones, and grammatical forms to use with whom

Caroline is 15. After a head injury she is no longer able to plan ahead and prioritize properly. MOST likely her _____ was injured

prefrontal cortex

The part of the brain in which neurological advances significantly affect the ability to regulate emotion is the

prefrontal cortex

Children in the _____ stage typically engage in activities such as playing "house," a game in which one child might be the "mommy" and another child the "daddy." Such pretend play illustrates that children in this stage have the ability to engage in _____.

preoperational; symbolic thought

A lawmaker drafts a bill proposing temporary income supplements for at-risk families experiencing financial instability. This is an example of _____ prevention of child maltreatmen

primary

Outside the school that Nalah's children attend there are speed bumps in the road, a sign that states the 15-mph speed limit, and another sign that states the fine for speeding. This is an example of _____ prevention

primary

Gail says to her son, "After all the cooking and cleaning I've done for you, you are not considerate enough to pick up your toys! Mommy is not going to love you if you don't pick up your toys." This discipline technique is

psychological control

Terrance says to his daughter, "If you don't tell me that you love me, then I may go away and never come back." This discipline technique is called

psychological control

Two-year-old Derek's neighbors notice that the boy is often dirty, wearing improper clothing for the weather, and left unattended on the family's porch. They call family services to report that they suspect the boy is being abused or neglected. At this point, before an investigation has taken place, Derek's condition is known as:

reported maltreatment

when the case of child maltreatment has been reported, investigated, and verified

substantial maltreatment

_____ helps explain animism, which is the belief of many young children that natural objects are alive and that nonhuman animals have the same characteristics as the child

symbolic thought

the goal of _____ programs is to prepare children for formal education

teacher-directed

A 4-year-old girl states, "When I grow up, I'm going to marry Daddy." According to Sigmund Freud, this is evidence of

the Electra complex

Sigmund Freud postulated that young boys have an unconscious desire to replace their fathers and win their mother's exclusive love. He called this

the Oedipus complex

lateralization

the process by which each side of the brain specializes in different functions

As compared with the corresponding rate among 6- to 10-year-olds, the rate among 2- to 5-year-olds of serious injury in car crashes is

twice as high

A valuable trait of young children that aids in language development is that they:

uncritically talk a lot

piaget has been criticized for:

underestimating conceptual understanding during early childhood

Non-Head Start children caught up with Head Start children in other areas by elementary school, EXCEPT in the area of:

vocabulary

when children develop folk psychology, they're trying to respond to questions that revolve around:

what others think

Research on active Head Start programs found that such programs' benefits were MOST evident for children:

with the lowest family income

Gender-role stereotypes become apparent around the age of _____ years

4

Which of these is a recent goal of Head Start?

A teacher-directed program approach should be implemented

What was the curricular approach in the three early-intervention programs described in the text?

a combination of child-centered and teacher-directed

The textbook describes a U.S. program that subsidized early child care so that low-SES mothers could enter the labor force. The program:

allowed immigrant children to become better readers

Because the _____ is not well connected to more reflective parts of the brain, many children may become terrified of something in their imagination.

amygdala

research on intrinsic and extrinsic motivation contends that

if an extrinsic reward stops, the behavior may stop unless it has become a habit

Erikson's 3rd developmental stage during which a strong self-concept develops:

initiative vs guilt

fast-mapping

learning a word after one exposure

After noticing that her 4-year-old brother was having difficulty putting a jigsaw puzzle together, Rose helped him with the task by praising his successes and helping him to stay focused so that he could be successful. From Vygotsky's perspective, this as an example of:

scaffolding

A needle-exchange program focused on a neighborhood with a high number of intravenous drug users is an example of _____ prevention

secondary

Gail realizes that her son's family is struggling financially since he has been laid off. She sees that her son and his wife are under a great deal of stress trying to give their children the things they need. She notices that her son and his wife argue frequently and recognizes signs of depression in her daughter-in-law. Gail wants to ease their burden and so she gives her son a loan to help them until he finds work. This is an example of _____ prevention of child maltreatment

secondary

child-centered programs stress children's development and growth through:

self-direction and discovery

According to Piaget, preoperational children's thinking lacks

-conservation -centration -irreversibility

during each year of early childhood, the average child grows about:

-grows 3 inches & gains almost 4.5 lbs -by age 6, child in developed nation is at least 3.5 ft tall, weighs 40-50lbs, looks lean and has adult proportions

Kindergarten is typically funded locally and therefore is not always available. Approximately _____ of the 50 United States are required to offer all parents the option of full-day kindergarten

13

Which child is MOST likely to engage in play with peers rather than toys?

6-yr-old

By age 6, the brain weighs _____ percent of what it will weigh in adulthood

90%

Which researcher is known for sociological studies regarding stages of play?

Parten

Piaget's term for thinking/cognitive devlopment during ages 2-6

Pre-operational

Henry attends a preschool where there is a low teacher/child ratio, ample opportunity for creative expression, and he is engaged in a long-term art project of his own choosing in which he is making dinosaurs out of clay. Which approach does Henry's preschool MOST resemble?

Reggio Emilia

In the puppy-in-the-box experiment described in the text, what was the reason for MOST 3-year-olds thinking that Max the puppet would look in the blue box upon his return?

They confused what they know with what they once thought and what they think someone else thinks

Child-centered programs that recognize that children learn through play with other children are MOST consistent with the views of:

Vygotsky

In 4-year-old Austin's school, he plays outdoors and learns to appreciate nature. He learns together which children of various ages because older children serve as mentors for younger ones, and the curriculum follows the interests of the child, not the age. Austin is attending a _____ school

Waldorf

In _____ schools, children of various ages learn together because older children serve as mentors for younger ones, and the curriculum follows the interests of the child, not the age of the child.

Waldorf

Tommy is 5 years old, and he likes to help his father rake the leaves in the yard. Although Tommy's father is often tired at the end of the day, he never fails to reinforce Tommy's efforts with a "Good job!" Based on Erikson's theory, Tommy is likely to develop:

a tendency toward initiative

when are children at their slimmest?

ages 5-6

In order to foster balanced bilingualism, what do children need?

all of these: -scaffolding in both languages -appreciation of both languages and cultures -regular opportunities to speak both languages

The terms injury control and harm reduction refer to practices that are aimed at

anticipating controlling, and preventing dangerous activities

An older child may serve _____ to a younger one on a playground. The older child might help with using the swings and slides properly.

as a mentor

Vygotsky proposed that an important role of language is to:

assist with cognitive development

Shaylee is 4 years old and is not receiving much education in her home. Her mother works two jobs, and Shaylee is often left at home with her teenage sisters, who make sure her basic needs are met, but do not spend time reading or playing with Shaylee. There are no books in the home, and there are no crayons or paper for Shaylee to color with or to practice writing. She spends most of her time watching television. For Shaylee:

attending a quality preschool would be especially beneficial

Keeva believes that she needs to show her children that she is in charge and has many strict rules about their conduct. At times, she spanks her kids in order to get them to do what she wants. According to Diana Baumrind, what style of parenting is this?

authoritarian

Discipline and expectations of maturity are both moderate in _____ caregiving

authoritative (balanced one)

Jarell is 6. He is 3 feet, 7 inches tall. Jarell's height is:

average

children benefit in cognitive flexibility when they:

become equally fluent in two languages

punishment and rewards meant to instill gender roles is reflective of:

behaviorism

Which would BEST explain why a preoperational child would not be able to understand that cats can be both pets and wild animals?

centration