EXAM 2 NUT PT. 2

The American Academy of Pediatrics recommends that all infants, including those who are exclusively breastfed, should be given ______ of supplemental vitamin D per day until intake from food sources reaches this amount.

400

Once enrolled, the infants were randomly assigned to one of two groups: consumption of at least 6 grams of peanut protein per week or peanut avoidance. The study participants remained on their assigned treatments until ______ months of age.

60

Examine Table 4. What does the data indicate about the effects of folic acid fortification of the food supply?

Areas of Canada with the highest rates of NTDs prior to folic acid fortification experienced the greatest reductions in prevalence of NTDs as the food supply was fortified.

The causes of hunger are multifaceted. Classify the following examples of causes of hunger.

Environmental- inappropriate Infrastructure- poor network Financial- a history Reproductive- relatively Geopolitical- internal Disease- insufficient

The current level of folic acid fortification of grain products leads to an intake of about 100 extra micrograms of folic acid per day. Why doesn't the fortification program mandate higher levels of folic acid to more effectively meet requirements?

Excessive folic acid can mask a vitamin B-12 deficiency.

Gestation is divided into three 13- to 14-week periods called trimesters. Determine whether the events of pregnancy described occur in the first, second, or third trimester.

First-neural tube, most spontaneous Second- this is the first, in this trimester Third- the majority, fetus doubles

Examine Figure 1 in the research article. What conclusions can you draw about the effects of folic acid fortification on prevalence of NTDs from this figure?

Fortification with folic acid was associated with a decrease in prevalence of NTDs.

Kelly is concerned about the growth of her daughter Quinn. At Quinn's last pediatrician appointment, the doctor assured Kelly that Quinn's head circumference indicates adequate growth. What does head circumference measure in a child?

Head circumference is a means of assessing brain growth.

To ensure food safety when preparing meats, a thermometer should be used to gauge the internal temperature. Put the four meats in order of lowest recommended minimum internal temperature (left) to highest recommended minimum internal temperature (right).

Heat to 160°F-ham Heat to 145°F-steak Heat to 140°F-beef

The researchers observed a tenfold difference in the rate of peanut allergies between Jewish children in the United Kingdom and Israeli children. What was one major dietary difference between these two populations of children?

Jewish children in the UK were not exposed to peanut protein until after 1 year of age, whereas Israeli children were introduced to peanut protein around 7 months of age.Correct

Jim's grandmother was hospitalized recently and Jim was surprised to see "anorexia" on her list of diagnoses. He asked the attending physician if his grandmother had an eating disorder, and the physician explained the difference between "anorexia" and "anorexia nervosa." What does the word "anorexia" mean?

Loss of apetite

There are a number of federally subsidized programs that supply food aid to people in need in the United States. Match the population group with the nutrition program available to assist them.

Low-income families- snap Low-income children of school age- national Low-income pregnant/lactating women, infants, and children less than 5 years old who are at nutritional risk- WIC Those aged 60 or older who are homebound- home delivered

Are foods labeled as "organic" free of synthetic pesticides?

No; organically-raised produce may be subject to synthetic pesticides carried in air or water from neighboring farms and waterways.

Based on each woman's prepregnancy BMI, determine the appropriate amount of weight she should gain by the end of her pregnancy. Assume each mother is carrying just one fetus.

Should gain 28-40 pounds by the end of her pregnancy-5'4 Should gain 25-35 pounds by the end of her pregnancy-5'8 Should gain 15-25 pounds by the end of her pregnancy-5'5

Some foods contain naturally-occurring substances that can cause illness. Match the substance with its effects.

Solanine- potato Avidin- egg Oxalic acid- spinach Comfrey- tea

There are many myths about the role of caffeine in the body. Determine whether each caffeine statement is true or false.

TRUE: caffeine can increase, in people, heavy caffeine

While some adults may opt to follow a low-carbohydrate, high-protein diet for short-term weight loss, a high-protein diet is dangerous for an infant. What is the consequence of feeding an infant a diet that is too high in protein?

The excess nitrogen and minerals of a high-protein diet stress the baby's kidneys.

Feeding a child excessive calories or fat can lead to an increase in the number of adipose tissue cells and obesity problems later in life. Paying attention to a child's calorie and fat intake is important to prevent over- or underfeeding. Match the percentage of calories that should come from fat with the corresponding life stage.

a. 30 grams of fat per day: Infants 6 to 12 months b. 30-40% of calories from fat: Children 1 to 3 years c. 25-35% of calories from fat: Children over 3 and teenagers

Educational outcomes included

all the choices

Financial support for urban agriculture comes from

all the choices

How does AIDS contribute to malnutrition?

all the choices

Organic fruits and vegetables must be grown without the use of

all the choices

The current weight gain recommendations are designed to

all the choices

The results of this study imply that health services for new HIV-positive mothers should

all the choices

Whether they chose breastfeeding or formula-feeding, mothers were advised to maintain exclusivity with their chosen feeding regimen for the first few months of life because studies show mixed feedings result in higher rates of MTCT of HIV. Mothers who were able to maintain exclusive feedings throughout the study

all the choices

Which of the following are effects of iodine deficiency?

all the choices

Which of the following are problems that could be associated with excessive fruit juice consumption?

all the choices

Which of the following were limitations of the study?

all the choices

Which of these population groups should especially avoid eating raw sprouts?

all the choices

Why are sprouts common vectors of foodborne illness?

all the choices

How common are food spoilage microorganisms?

almost all of our foods contain them

Match the following terms with their definitions.

anorexia nervosa- extreme bulimia nervosa- followed by binge-eating disorder- not followed by purging disorder- repeated night eating syndrome- eating

Above 100° C (212°F) most bacteria

are destroyed

In this animation, on which day does the room temperature orange begin to show spoilage?

day 8

In general, a longer gestational period and greater birth weight

decrease the likelihood

Last summer, Lorraine's garden yielded more food than her family could eat. She chose to extend the life of many of her fruits and vegetables by preserving them. What do most preservation methods have in common?

decrease water

The subjects in this trial were infants at high risk for development of peanut allergy. What criteria were used to classify infants as "high risk"?

eczema

The results of this study indicate that

even moderate

Sabita is a new mother living in a poor village in Nepal. She is receiving some conflicting information from her mother-in-law, who says that formula feeding her baby is superior to breastfeeding. The Female Community Health Volunteer in her village says that breastfeeding is superior to formula feeding. Which of the following statements are correct?

everything except formula

Economists predict that worldwide food production will eventually lag behind population growth, leading to food shortages. Identify some reasons for this trend in the food/population ratio.

everything except per capita

Worldwide, daily hunger is a reality for almost 1 billion people. Check all of the statements that apply to world hunger.

everything except sub-saharan

Opponents of genetic engineering cite a number of limitations to bioengineering the food supply. Why do genetic engineering opponents believe genetically modified foods should not be included in the food supply?

everything except the FDA

One researcher estimated that a 10 x 10 meter city plot could yield a household's yearly vegetable needs and make a significant contribution to meeting requirements for vitamin A, vitamin C, B-vitamins, and iron. However, negative health consequences of urban gardening may include

exposure

Based on the results of the LEAP trial, caregivers should delay introduction of potentially allergenic foods to all infants for prevention of food allergies.

false

Current food aid programs in the United States are sufficient to meet the needs of hungry and food insecure Americans.

false

Foods grown in accordance with the criteria set forth by the Organic Foods Production Act of 1990 must bear the USDA organic seal.

false

Iodine status in this cohort of pregnant women in Tasmania was related to socioeconomic status.

false

Natural food sources of folate are better absorbed than the synthetic folic acid found in supplements and fortified foods.

false

Pregnant teenagers should gain more than the recommended ranges of gestational weight gain.

false

At what point in pregnancy is the neural tube formed?

first

What was the main problem that led to foodborne illness in this scenario?

food was held

The effects of iodine deficiency are most severe when the deficiency occurs during

gestation

This cohort of children born in Tasmania between 1999 and 2001 was unique because

gestation

Dana is pregnant for the first time and she is reading a book about healthy pregnancies. The book says that the goal of pregnancy is to achieve optimal health for both the baby and the mother. Two widely accepted criteria for a healthy pregnancy are

gestational period longer than 37 weeks and birth weight greater than 5.5 pounds.

This animation shows that food spoilage microorganisms can be classified by their

growth temperature

Examine Figure 1 from the article. Which of the following were reasons these HIV-positive mothers who planned to exclusively breastfeed stopped exclusively breastfeeding?

health clinic

It is not required that caffeine content be listed on food and beverage packaging or labels; therefore, it is difficult to tell how much caffeine per day you might be ingesting. Put the drinks in order of highest caffeine content per serving (left) to lowest caffeine content per serving (right).

highest to lowest redbull, tea, chocolate, decaf

Jacob is 8 years old and his family experiences food insecurity. He is short for his age and his teacher has recently noticed that Jacob is falling asleep during class and seems unable to concentrate on his tasks. A deficiency in what nutrient is likely at the root of these deficits in growth, physical stamina, and mental ability?

iron

For dinner, you prepare roasted chicken breast, steamed green beans, and mashed potatoes. When it's time to eat, Lila refuses to eat the green beans. You should

let her decide

Review the Results section of the research article. Compared to offspring born to women who gained the recommended amount of weight during pregnancy, the offspring of women who gained less weight than recommended by IOM during pregnancy had

lower school entry

Throughout her pregnancy, Dana has been experiencing heartburn. A friend who is a Registered Dietitian Nutritionist explained that hormones produced by the placenta relax muscles in her GI tract, which can cause heartburn, but that there are a number of things she can do to alleviate the discomfort. All of the following help prevent or lessen pain associated with heartburn except

lying down

Dana is pregnant and she is dining at a restaurant with her husband. She has been reading about foodborne illness risk during pregnancy and knows which foods to avoid. Which meal choice is the best for her as it is the least likely to cause foodborne illness?

medium well steak

By keeping food cold, the growth of microorganisms is

minimized

How did the researchers collect data on factors that contributed to exclusive breastfeeding or formula feeding?

open-ended interviews

The leading cause of undernutrition in the United States is

poverty

What is the significance of "Ana" with regard to eating disorders?

role model for disordered eating behaviors

Before randomization, the study participants were separated into two groups based on the results of a skin-prick test. With a skin-prick test, the skin is lanced with a needle and a drop of allergen (in this case, peanut protein) is applied to the site. The appearance of any wheal (red, swollen, itchy area of skin) is measured. A positive skin-prick test indicates

sensitization

The USDA Food Safety and Inspection Service has simplified consumer food safety practices into four key behaviors: clean, separate, cook, and chill. Indicate which food safety principle has been violated in each of the following scenarios.

separate- ray chill- chuck cook- christine clean- lindsey

Most picky eating behaviors during the preschool years are a result of

slow rate of growth

In this analysis, maternal iodine status during gestation was most strongly related to

spelling scores

Lorraine's mother-in-law is babysitting Lorraine's kids and mentions she is going to give them fruit and honey for dessert at lunchtime. Lorraine points out that her baby cannot have honey. Children under age one should avoid honey because it may contain ______ that cause ______ in young children with immature immune systems.

spores,...

The results of the recipe-based restaurant cohort study identifed that all the people who developed cases of foodborne illness had consumed

sprouts

At freezing temperatures, most bacteria

stop growing, but are not dead.

Which of the following is a clinical sign of bulimia nervosa?

swollen

HIV can be transmitted from mother to fetus, and approximately 1/3 of infected infants will die within a few years of birth. The risk of mother-infant transmission can be significantly reduced if the infected mother ______ while she is pregnant.

takes highly

What is the most important environmental factor influencing bacterial growth?

temperature

The primary outcome of the study was

the proportion

Until 2008, health authorities recommended delaying introduction of peanuts to the diets of children as a way to prevent peanut allergies, but after 2008, these restrictions were relaxed. Why did clinical practice guidelines change?

there was no

Data on parental occupation and smoking status were collected because

these were potential

During which trimester does the fetus gain the most weight?

third

Heredity accounts for some of the risk for developing eating disorders.

true

It is possible to be both overnourished and undernourished at the same time.

true

Protein-calorie malnutrition is a likely cause of stunted growth among the children in the village.

true

Some organic fruits and vegetables have higher nutrient content than conventional produce.

true

After age ______, children should switch from whole milk to reduced-fat or skim milk.

2

At 18 months of age, Lila weighs 24 pounds. Calculate her approximate kcal needs based on the formula provided in your text.

900kcal

Dana is 33 years old and pregnant for the first time. She is concerned that she might be too old to have a healthy pregnancy. Her obstetrician informed Dana that the ideal age range for pregnancy is

20-35

The following are some physical effects of anorexia nervosa. Click and drag to identify the cause of each physical effect.

Reduced metabolic rate- underproduction Intolerance to cold- loss Increased risk of infection- low Muscle tears and stress fractures- decreased

The main objective of the study was to

assess the impact of Canada's folic acid fortification program on prevalence of NTDs.

Urban agriculture influences local communities and economies by increasing

availability

United States residents participating in the Supplemental Nutrition Assistance Program (SNAP) are authorized to use an Electronic Benefit Transfer card to purchase certain items. Determine whether each of the following items can or cannot be purchased using SNAP benefits.

can buy- garden seeds, cereal, fruit

Only certain foods are FDA-approved to be irradiated as a food preservation method. Determine whether each food can be irradiated or cannot be irradiated to promote food safety in the United States.

cannot: milk, yogurt

Which of the following has the largest impact on the spread of infectious diseases in the developing world?

contaminated water

Which of the following behaviors is likely to have the greatest effect on food safety?

cooking foods

As children age, time spent in physical activity generally

decreases

For HIV-infected mothers and their infants who have access to antiretroviral therapy, WHO recommends

exclusive breastfeeding for the first six months of life followed by introduction of solid foods and mixed feedings (i.e., breast milk and infant formula).

A high-glycemic load diet causes acne.

false

E. coli is the only type of bacteria associated with raw sprouts.

false

"What is a good source of iron for a person following a lactoovovegetarian diet?"

kidney beans

The study design is best described as a

medical record