Exam 2 Psychology

Which of the following is an example of functional fixedness?

Albert cannot find another use for his leftover shingles.

Which of the following is a way to improve short-term memory?

Chunking

_____ is a learning process in which a neutral stimulus becomes associated with an innately meaningful stimulus and acquires the capacity to elicit a similar response.

Classical conditioning

_____ is the conscious recollection of information, such as specific facts or events and, at least in humans, information that can be verbally communicated.

Declarative memory

____refers to the formation of a number of different connections around a stimulus at any given level of memory encoding.

Elaboration

Which of the following describes the trait of a critical thinker?

Grasping the deeper meaning of ideas

Which element of sensory memory would be most useful to Stan, who is quickly scanning a map of the United States to learn where each state fits?

Iconic memory

In the context of short-term memory, which of the following is true of rehearsal?

Information can be retained indefinitely if rehearsal is not interrupted.

Which of the following is true of classical conditioning?

It occurs without awareness or effort, based on the presentation of two stimuli together.

Which of the following is one of the main reasons that rehearsal does not work well for retaining information over the long term?

It often involves mechanically repeating information.

Which of the following scenarios best illustrates a flashbulb memory?

Joseph remembers what he was doing when he heard that his wife was in an accident.

While preparing for a biology test, Aaron studies the human heart by closing his eyes and forming a picture of it in his mind, just as it is shown in the textbook. He also labels each part in his mind as it is in the textbook. Which of the following encoding processes is Aaron using in this scenario?

Mental imagery

_____ in operant conditioning occurs when the frequency of a behavior increases because it is followed by the removal of something undesirable

Negative reinforcement

Which of the following is true of modeling or observational learning?A. In observational learning, the learner does not reproduce the actions of another person.

Observational learning is one way in which human infants acquire skills.

Jackie is amazed at how fast Eric's fingers move over the keyboard when he plays computer games. Eric doesn't have to look at the keypad to recall the placement of each key. His fingers automatically move to the keys meant for controlling his in-game character while he focuses on game strategies. Which type of memory is primarily responsible for Eric's dexterity with the keyboard?

Procedural memory

Which of the following best explains being cognitively flexible?

Recognizing that options are available and adapting to the situation

Which of the following statements about the retrieval of memory is true?

Retrieval is heavily dependent on the way a memory was retained.

Thomas is playing his video game and is about to complete the last level. He seems unaware that his mom has been calling him for long. Which of the following is Thomas demonstrating?

Selective attention

Jacob asks his little brother Boris to play a game of chess with him. As Boris has never played chess before, Jacob explains the rules of the game to him. What type of long-term memory has primarily helped Jacob to recount his knowledge of chess to Boris?

Semantic memory

Jackie walks through her neighborhood park every evening because she finds the experience stimulating. She hears dogs barking, children laughing, and people talking. She smells flowers, trees, and sometimes, rain. She sees couples in love, families together, and nature in full bloom. Which of the following systems of memory is responsible for holding this information from the world in its original form?

Sensory memory

_____ is the system of memory that holds information for time frames of a fraction of a second to several seconds.

Sensory memory

Roger witnesses a burglary. On being questioned by the police, Roger provides a vague description of the burglar, mentioning his approximate build and height, but he is unable to recall specific details. Which of the following is most likely the highest level of processing that Roger has engaged in while encoding information about the burglar?

Shallow

In the context of the processes involved in memory, which of the following best describes encoding?

Taking in the information

Which of the following statements is true of REM sleep?

The longer the period of REM sleep, the more likely the person will report dreaming.

_____ refers to the tendency to recall the items at the beginning and end of a list more readily than those in the middle.

The placebo effect

In the context of memory retrieval, which of the following refers to better recall for items at the beginning of a list?

The primacy effect

Two years ago, Naomi played the part of Lady Macbeth in a talent show. She recited an entire monologue from one of the scenes of the play. Now, Naomi can only recollect the opening lines of the same monologue. Which of the following tendencies is Naomi displaying in this scenario by recalling only the opening lines?

The primacy effect

_____ memory refers to a combination of components that include short-term memory and attention that allow individuals to hold information temporarily as they perform cognitive tasks.

Working

According to Sigmund Freud, a dream is:

a person's unconscious desire that he/she wishes to fulfill.

People adapt very quickly to the procedures and behaviors that are appropriate in a church setting. This preexisting mental framework that tells people how to behave in church is an example of _____.

a schema

Drugs, trauma, fatigue, hypnosis, and sensory deprivation produce:

altered states of consciousness.

Jennifer suffered a stroke at the age of forty-nine years. Since the stroke, she has not been able to form any new memories or process new information. However, she remembers all her friends and family members and can recount stories from her past with great accuracy. In this scenario, Jennifer most likely has _____.

anterograde amnesia

States of consciousness that require little attention and do not interfere with other ongoing activities are called

automatic processes.

Sharon can type a text message on her cell phone without even looking at the keypad. This is an example of

automatic processing

Jessica loves to travel by air. She enjoys being in an airplane and experiencing the excitement of flying. However, Jessica's last three flights were highly turbulent and made her anxious and physically sick. Consequently, Jessica now fears flying. In this scenario, in the context of classical conditioning, Jessica's fear of flying is a(n) _____.

conditioned response

Many smokers like to associate themselves to the late George Burns, a famous actor who smoked cigars continuously for many years and lived to be nearly a hundred, as evidence that smoking is relatively harmless. These individuals tend to ignore the thousands of people who die every year from lung cancer. They are illustrating:

confirmation bias.

An individual's awareness of external events and internal sensations under a condition of arousal is called

consciousness.

Recalling the names of the members of a famous football team is an example of _____.

declarative memory

Ashley is in the habit of listening to music while studying. She usually puts her headphones on when she's reading through a textbook. In this scenario, Ashley is demonstrating _____.

divided attention

The first step in memory is _____.

encoding

Best friends Kate and Diana are at the park, watching their children play together. Kate reminds Diana about the time that they had a big fight on the same playground as children and didn't talk to each other for almost a week. In the context of long-term memory, Kate's recollection of this event best exemplifies the use of her _____ memory.

episodic

At the top level, long-term memory is divided into the substructures of _____.

explicit memory and implicit memory

In operant conditioning, _____ means performing a reinforced behavior in a different situation.

generalization

If Professor Wagner were to build a robot that functions using only automatic processes, we would expect it to make decisions using _____.

heuristics

After the outcome of an election is announced, George states that he knew all along what the outcome would be. This is a form of:

hindsight bias.

Positive reinforcement in operant conditioning _____.

increases the frequency of a behavior

Narcolepsy is a sleep disorder characterized by

irresistible urge to sleep

In _____, the organism learns through experience with negative stimuli that it has no control over negative outcomes.

learned helplessness

Liam is studying in his room for an exam but is disturbed by the loud music from his neighbor's house. He closes the window so that he can no longer hear the loud music. In this scenario, Liam's behavior demonstrates _____ in operant conditioning.

negative reinforcement

Being receptive to other ways of looking at things is referred to as _____.

open-mindedness

Morphine and heroin are derivatives of:

opium

Cognitive psychologists are interested in examining the process of:

problem solving.

In the context of the processes involved in memory, storage refers to the process of _____ information.

retaining

Ryan, a high-school football player, received a head injury during a game. Following recovery, Ryan was unable to remember anything that happened before the injury. However, he was able to form new relationships and new memories. In the context of forgetting, Ryan's condition best exemplifies _____.

retrograde amnesia

A preexisting mental concept or framework that helps people organize and interpret information is called a(n) _____.

schema

In the context of operant conditioning, a reinforcer that acquires its positive value through an organism's experience is a _____ reinforcer.

secondary

David, a sales representative, earns an extra $1000 every time he is able to sell $10,000 worth of merchandise in a week. In the context of operant conditioning, this bonus acts as a(n) _____ for David.

secondary reinforcer

Short-term memory can store information for a longer period of time than _____ memory.

sensory

While auditioning for a play, Theodore insists that he will audition either first or last. He believes that there are greater chances of him making a lasting impression if he is either first or last. In this scenario, Theodore is adhering to the _____.

serial position effect

A person is most likely to store a seven digit phone number in his or her _____ memory.

short-term

Sarah's grandfather takes a nap in his recliner while snoring loudly. When he suddenly stops snoring, Sarah looks to see if he is fine. He appears not to be breathing. For a moment Sarah wonders if he's dead, but suddenly he coughs and resumes snoring. Sarah's grandfather appears to suffer from:

sleep apnea.

While attending a lecture, Lea starts yawning and fights hard to stay awake. She reclines in her chair and within minutes she falls asleep with her head jerking upward at short intervals. Lea is in

stage 1 sleep

Helen works night shift at a local grocery store every other day. She has trouble sleeping, which is most likely due to

the fact that her circadian rhythms do not follow a 24-hour cycle

The concept of mindfulness refers to:

the state of being alert and mentally present for one's everyday activities.

Valium and Xanax are:

tranquilizers