Exam 2 Review
This process makes all animal life possible
Describe the big picture significance of photosynthesis:
Fixations- enzyme rubisco plucks carbon atoms from CO2 molecules in the air. The carbon atoms are attached to an organic molecules Sugar creations- Organic molecule is modified into a small sugar called G3P, using energy from ATP/NADPH. Some molecules of G3P are combined to form 6carbon sugars (glucose/frucose) Regeneration- Some molecules of G3P are used to regenerate the original organic molecule, using energy from ATP Describe
Describe the details of each, making sure to notate any critical enzymes:
Thylakoid
In which part of the chloroplast would chlorohyll be found?
Water
Once oxygen has performed its specific function, it combines with H+ ions, ultimately producing _________
Fermentation; yeast and some bacteria
Some organisms produce all the ATP they need just from glycolysis. Give a few examples of these sorts of organisms
Potential Energy
Stored energy ex- streaching a rubber band and drawing a bow
Plants covert atmosphere CO2 into sugars
The CO2 you are exhaling will soon be utilized by plants. What will the plants ultimately do with the CO2?
Stroma
The Calvin cycle occurs in the ______ of the chloroplasts
Potential
The chemical energy stored in chemical bond is a specific type of _________. energy
At the end of the chain, the lower-energy electrons are handed of to oxygen, which then combines with free H+ ions to form water
The electron transport chain is considered an aerobic process because it requires oxygen. This oxygen have very specific job which is to:
NADH FADH
The electron transport chain serves as the sire of the big ATP pay off cellular respirations. The high-energy electrons needed for this step are delivered by ___________ and _______________, which are produced in glycolysis
2 net ATP NADH molecule Hydrogen ions
The end result of glycolysis is 2 molecules of ________, which continue to the citric acid cycle, molecule of _______, which move to the electron transport chain, and ___________ molecule, which can immediately be used for energy
Energy cannot be created or destroyed
The first law of thermodynamics states:
NADPH Oxygen/ATP
The first photosystem produces ________, while the second photosystem produces
Stroma Thylakoids
The fluid located in the chloroplasts is called_____. The membrane-enclosed network of discs floating in the fluid are called__________
Photon
The longer the wavelength, the _______(more or less) energy the light carries
Chloroplast
The organelle responsible for photosynthesis is the _________
Energy conversion is inefficient; some of the unable energy is converted to less useful heat energy
The second law of thermodynamics states:
Light To collect energy over "broad" range of wavelength and concentrate it to one molecules
The term "photo" means____________ Explain what happens to the photo reactions:
Combine 2 or more reactant combine to form a single product A + B -> AB
The term "synthesis" mean __________ Explain what happens in the synthesis reactions:
Electrons replenishment from PS II and ETC
The terminal location of the electrons after they pass through both photosystems
1. Sugar: light + water + CO2 = sugar 2. Oxygen: Energy from the sun is captured + stored, released oxygen
There are 2 outputs produced during photosynthesis. Explain how each is created during photosynthesis and what will happen to each
Lactic acid ethanol
Under anaerobic conditions, cells can potentially use 2 fermentation pathways to survive. Once of these pathways results in the production of ___________, while the other pathways produces __________
True
Using glucose and oxygen to perform cellular respiration is not the only option cells have for cellular respirations
Input- glucose/oxygen Output- CO2, H2O and ATP
What are the major inputs/outputs of cellular respirations?
Requires more energy + slow growth
What disadvantages come from using this method of photosynthesis?
It is used as an energy source for cell activity
What happened to the sugars produced at the end of the "synthesis" reactions?
Transport the hydrogen ions located in the stroma to the thylkoid building kinetic energy for ATP production
What is the role of proton (H+) pumps during electron transport chains?
Water loss minimized in warm climates
What is the trade-off in terms of energy for using this method?
All organisms
What sorts of organisms perform cellular respiration?
The original organic molecule could not be reproduced and the cycle could not repeat
What sorts of problems would occur if all of the G3P molecules were used to produce sugars for the plant
ADP Phosphate group
When an ATP molecule releases its energy, the resulting products are _______ and _________. How are these products recycled back to ATP?
Potential
When an electron in chlorophyll absorbs a photon, the electron gains energy, which increases the _______ energy of the chlorophyll
Without cellular respiration there cannot use the energy they have stored
When oxygen is unavailable, other organisms are unable to progress with additional steps in cellular respirations. Why does this present a problem for most organisms?
Ions is produced in the kerbs cycle when farming NADH
Where does the CO2 that you are exhaling right now come from?
To create energy (ATP) to fuel cell activity
Why do organisms perform cellular respiration?
They are used in photosystem II
Why is the passing of electrons a critical first step in photosynthesis?
1. Some energy is transferred to a nearby molecule. where it excited another electron 2. Excited electron is transferred to a nearby molecule
2 possible fates of an excited electron are:
1. Light energy- sun, energy captured + stored then used to build sugar molecules 2. Water- Absorbed from ground, energy captured + energy 3. Carbon dioxide- Absorbed from atmosphere, energy used to build sugar molecules
3 Inputs are needed for photosynthesis to occur. Explain where each of these inputs come from and what it will be used for in photosynthesis
1. As each pyruvate is broken down a pair of electrons (and a proton) are passed to NAD, producing NADH 2. Carbon and 2 oxygen atoms are released as carbon dioxide 3. Coenzymes A attaches itself to the remaining molecule, creating acetyl-coA
3 modifications to pyruvate must occur before the citric acid cycle they are:
Glycolysis (2 ATP)
A lack of oxygen has major consequences for how cells perform cellular respiration. When oxygen is in short supply, a certain step of cellular respiration is impeded. The step is the ________________
ATP = Potential ADP = Kinetic
ATP is considered to be a source of __________ energy. When ATP is converted to ADP, __________ energy is released
Kinetic Energy
Ability to work, grow, move, reproduce ex- releasing the arrow from the bow and shooting a rubber band
1. Ribose (sugar) 2. Adenine (nitrogenous base) 3. Chain of 3 negatively charged phosphate
Adenosine Triphosphate is composed of 3 component molecules:
Mitochondria
Although glycolysis occurs in the cytoplasm of cells, the remaining steps occur in the _____________________ cell
Photon
An energy packet that is a type of kinetic energy is referred to as
32-34
Approximately _______ ATP molecules can be produced through cellular respiration from a single molecule of glucose
Water molecules are split + oxygen + hydrogen are released as by product
As electrons are continually passed to primary electron acceptors, they must be replaced. How does this electron replacement work?
Orange
Chlorophyll production in deciduous tress halts in the fall. At this point _______ pigments can be seen in the leaves
NAD ATP NADH FADH
Citric acid cycle involves many rearrangements of molecules that allow for the transfer of high-energy electrons. The molecules that are ready to accept these electrons are called __________ and ________. When these molecules actually pick up the electrons, they are called _______________ and ___________-
1. Each step in ETC sequence of handoffs, the electrons fall to a lower energy state, releasing a little bit of energy 2. Energy is used to power proton pumps, which pack hydrogen ions from mitochondrial matrix into the intermembrane space 3. At the end of chain, lower energy electrons are handed off to a oxygen, which then combines with free H+ ions to form water 4. Proton rush back into the mitochondrial matrix with great kinetic energy, which can be used to build 32-34 ATP
Describe the steps shown in this diagram
Adenosine Triphosphate (ATP)
Energy from the sun and food cannot be directly used to fuel the chemical reactions in cells. Instead, this energy must captured in the bonds of ___________, which is a universal source of energy for all living things
1. Reduction in Calvin cycle 2. Glycosis stage 3. Regeneration in Calvin cycle
Exemplify 3 situations in your own body where ATP would be utilized
1. A new molecule is formed - an acetyl0coA molecule enter the cycle/binds to oxaloacetate, creating a 6-carbon dioxide 2. High energy electron carrier (NADH) are made or CO2 is exhaled - 6-carbon molecules denates electron to NADH+, creating NADH. 2 carbon dioxide molecule are released into atomosphere 3. oxaloacetate is re-formed ATP is generated and more high-energy electron carries are formed- remaining 4 carbon molecule is rearranged to form oxloacetate in process ATP is form and electrons are passed to NADH and FADH2
Explain 3 major outcomes that are happening in the figure
Carbon uptake requires additional energy
Explain how C4 photosynthesis is different from typical C3 photosynthesis
Chlorophyll A- primary photosynthetic pigment, absorbs blue-violet + red wavelength Chlorophyll B- Absorbs blue + red-orange wavelength; reflects yellow-green wavelengths
Explain how chlorophyll A and chlorophyll B are different fro each other
1. Mitochondira "bag-within-a-bag" structure creates H+ concentration gradients (potential energy) 2. Electron carries organized within the inner "bag" creates electron transport chain; ATP production
Explain the 2 features of the mitochondrial structure that contribute to its ability to produce energy in the electron transport chain
A and B both captured electrons but A is the primary one
Explain the difference between how chlorophyll A deals with excited electrons in the photosystems are compared to chlorophyll B and other pigments
1. Electrons move through the ETC releasing little energy and falling to a low energy state 2. Released energy powers the proton pumps which move hydrogen ions from the stroma to the thylakoid 3. Protons rush out of the thylakoid with great kinetic energy used to build ATP
Explain what is happening in the diagram (fig.5.19)
Chorophyll a molecule
From what molecule does the primary electron acceptor in each photosystem collect its electrons?
ATP is used as energy to break down glucose molecule
Glycolysis actually requires an ATP investment in order to begin the reactions, even through the goal of cellular respirations is to produce ATP,. What is the initial ATP investment used for and why it is neccessary?
Preperation for Kerbs cycle ETC
Glycolysis is the first step of cellular respiration for all organisms. The remaining steps of cellular respiration that follow glycolysis are the ______________ and the _________
More CO2 particles and more H2O particles could increase the productivity
How can an increase in particles in the atmosphere impact the process of photosynthesis?
Leaves are green because cells near the surface are packed full of chloroplast
How can you tell which parts of plant are photosynthesizing?
Recycled G3P; some molecules of G3P are combined to form 6-carbon sugars such as glucose or frucose
How do G3P molecules become sugars?
Light energy from the sun is absorbed by photosystem II and it is used to slit a molecule of water
How is oxygen gas produced in the "photo" reaction?
Night time- carbon uptake requires additional energy Day time- stromata closes during the day
How is the CAM photosynthesis unique?
Organized into waves of different lengths
How is the electromagnetic spectrum organized?
Black
If an item absorbs all wavelengths in the visible spectrum, what color will it appear?
Blue
If an object is reflecting the blue wavelength of light, what color will it appear?
First
In a chain of electron carrie molecules, would be the first or the last electron carrier molecule have a greater affinity for electrons?
Absorb light energy with pigments
In addition to making the photosynthesizing structures of a plant green, the role of cholorophyll is to :
CO2 + NADPH ADP
In order to carry out the Calvin cycle, the items needed from the "photo" reactions are _______ and _________
Chorophyll Thylakoid
Light-catching pigments that capture solar energy in the chloroplasts are called_____. This harvesting of solar energy occurs in the _______ of the chloroplasts
The enzyme rubisco
Other than the items needed from the "photo" reactions, what is the additional item needed by plants in oder to complete the Calvin cycle?
Plants Animals Fungi Bacteria Archaea Protozoa Algae
Plants are well-known photosynthesizers, but other organisms are also capable of performing photosynthesis. Some examples of those other organisms are:
Green Orange
Plants can only harvest certain wavelengths of solar energy. The wavelengths that plants can utilize correspond to the colors_____ and ____. Most of the light to which a plant is exposed os reflected and cannot be used for photosynthesis. Different types of plants have evolved different requirements for the amount of light they require in order to function optimally
Unlike animals, most plants do not need to find food, because they can make it for themselves. Plants use energy from sunlight to turn water and carbon dioxide into an energy-rich sugar call clucose
Plants must perform photosynthesis as a precursor to cellular respiration. Why don't you as an animal have to do the same?