oceanography exam #1
When was the term "oceanography) first coined?
1870s
the precision depth recorder (PDR) was developed in the
1950s
the deepest part of the ocean is the Mariana Trench; it has been visited by humans twice in which two years?
1960 and 2012
the oldest part of the Great Barrier Reef is around ____ years
25 million
how old were the micro-fossils of bacteria from the deep-water marine rocks that support the idea of life's origin on the deep-ocean floor?
3.2 billion years
the mid-ocean ridge forms Earth's longest mountain chain, extending across approximately _____ miles of deep-ocean basin
46,000
new satellite data suggest that the Earth's magnetic field is losing strength at a rate of about _______ per decade
5%
Archaeological evidence suggest that boat technology was developed about _______ years ago
50,000
what is the approximate age of the detroit seamount
80 million years old
what percent of volcanic activity takes place on the sea floor?
85
how many volcanic peaks are known to exist on the Pacific sea floor
>20,000
which of the following is an example of an oceanic-continental convergent plant boundary
Andes Mountain
Which ocean is the smallest and shallowest?
Arctic Ocean
which of the following represents Earth's low-density, mostly silicate layer
Crust
which of the following is an example of the embryonic stage of the Wilson Cycle?
East Africa
Who was killed in the Philippines during his last sea voyage after a skirmish with local people?
Ferdinand Magellan
The European Age of Discovery ended with _________
Ferdinand Magellan's circumnavigation of the globe
what is a linear sea floor feature that is seismically inactive, occurs beyond offset mid-ocean ridge segments, and the relative movement between two points on either side of the feature is in the same direction
Fracture zone
which comet was not analyzed for its chemical composition
Helena
Examine the five words and/or phrases and determine the relationship among the majority of words/phrases. Choose the one option that does NOT fit the pattern.
Hydrothermal vents (island arc; mountains; oceanic trench; hydrothermal vents; volcanoes)
Which group of rock is affected by Earth's magnetic field?
Igneous
Examine the five words and/or phrases and determine the relationship among the majority of words/phrases. Choose the one option that does not fit the pattern.
Indian (Indian; Mediterranean; Adriatic; black; Caspian;)
who was killed in Hawaii during his last sea voyage after a skirmish with local people?
James Cook
Examine the five words and/or phrases and determine the relationship among the majority of words/phrases. Choose the one option that does NOT fit the pattern.
Oceanic Trench (divergent plate boundary; rift valley; rifting; oceanic trench; seafloor spreading)
Which layer of the Earth is composed of a liquid?
Outer core
which European navigator was known for using a simple method for determining latitude in the Northern Hemisphere
Pytheas
which of the following is an example of a continental-continental divergent plate boundary
Red Sea
the fossil remains of Mesosaurus where found only on which two landmasses?
South America and Africa
which ocean is the shallowest in the world?
The Arctic Ocean
Which ocean is the deepest ocean in the world?
The Pacific Ocean
where are the majority of ocean trenches found
The Pacific Ocean
which ocean's name comes from a word meaning peace?
The Pacific Ocean
which ocean is actually part of three other oceans?
The Southern Ocean
to find the largest area of the ocean with the oldest ocean crust, you should go to the
The Western Pacific
what was one line of evidence that Alfred Wegner could not explain with continental drift?
The mechanism for the movement of the plates
which ocean is the deepest ocean in the world
The pacific ocean
who is credited with being the first European to see the Pacific Ocean?
Vasco Nunez de Balboa
Who sailed from Europe around the tip of Africa to India and established a new trade route?
Vasco da Gama
most of the explorations by northern and western Europeans during the Middle Ages were undertaken by ______
Vikings of Scandinavia
the East Africa Valleys are an example of _______ plate boundary
a continental-continental divergent
the Red Sea is an example of ______ plate boundary
a continental-continental divergent
Examine the five words and/or phrases and determine the relationship among the majority of words/phrases. Choose the one option that does not fit the pattern.
abyssal hill
radioactive materials can sometimes be used to determine the _______
ages of rocks
the Eltanin Fault is an example of _______ plate boundary
an oceanic transform
the Mendocino Fault is an example of ______ plate boundary
an oceanic transform
The Andes Mountains are an example of _________ plate boundary
an oceanic-continental convergent
isostatic adjustments are the result of the buoyancy of Earth's lithosphere as it floats on the ________ below which is denser and plastic like
asthenosphere
which of the following is Earth's plastic layer, which flows when a gradual force is applied to it?
asthenosphere
oceanic crust is primarily
basalt
Earth's atmosphere became oxygen rich about 2.45 _______ years ago
billion
Judge the following sentence according to the criteria given below: seismologists prefer the well-known Richter scale over the moment magnitude scale BECAUSE the Richter scale is better for larger-magnitude earthquakes
both the assertion and the reason are incorrect
Earth's primordial atmosphere most likely included_______
carbon dioxide, water vapor, sulfur dioxide, and methane
Satellites use microwave beams to measure sea level to an accuracy of four ________.
centimeters
the _____ is a transition zone between the continental slope and the deep-ocean floor compromised of a huge submerged pile of debris
continental rise
where does the deep-ocean basin begin along a passive continental margin?
continental slope
the Himalayan mountains and Alps are geographic examples of which type of plate boundary?
convergent
the mid-atlantic ridge is an example of a _____
divergent plate boundary
All continents fit together with the least number of overlaps and gaps when the continents are matched along:
edges at around 2,000 meters depth
The first person we are aware of who determined the circumference of the Earth using trigonometry and the angle of sunlight at Alexandria, Egypt, was:
eratosthenes
who is credited with being the first person to accurately determine Earth's circumference?
eratosthenes
Coral reefs that initially develop along the margin of an island or continent where environmental conditions are suitable are called:
fringing reefs
continental crust is predominantly composed of the igneous rock called
granite
what s the main rock type of continental crust?
granite
a tablemount is another name for a(n) ______
guyot
Underwater volcanic peaks that resemble volcanoes on land except that they are flat on top are called ________.
guyots
Examine the five words and/or phrases and determine the relationship among the majority of words/phrases. Choose the one option that does NOT fit the pattern.
heterotrophs (heterotrophs; photosynthesis; chemosynthesis; plants; autotrophs)
which gas is being emitted from hydrothermal vents
hydrogen sulfide
coral reefs ______
include atolls, barrier, and fringing reefs
tectonic plates are pieces of the ________ that float on the more fluid _________ below
lithosphere; asthenosphere
Examine the five words and/or phrases and determine the relationship among the majority of words/phrases. Choose the one option that does not fit the pattern.
magellan (eratosthenes; magellan; ptolemy; herodotus; pytheas)
in terms of heat flow from the Earth's interior, which area would have increased heat flow?
mid-ocean ridges
which epoch is NOT part of Paleogene
miocene
the Hawaiian islands are located where the Pacific plate is
moving over a hot spot or mantle plume
the mechanism by which populations evolve and new species develop is called
natural selection
most large earthquakes occur along which of the following
ocean trenches
the gently sloping and fast-spreading parts of the mid-ocean ridge are called
oceanic rises
Earth's second atmosphere formed from _______
outgassing
Which of the following was not used as evidence for continental drift?
paleomagnetic reversals
what was name of the supercontinent about 200 million years ago
pangaea
the seafloor magnetic pattern is best described as ___________
parallel to and symmetric about mid-ocean ridges
fossils of ancient polar plants are currently found near the equator because the _______
plants lived near the poles, but landmasses have drifted to current locations
the method of determining latitude in the Northern Hemisphere by measuring the angle between an observer's line of site to the North Star and line of site to the northern horizon was developed by ___________
pytheas
the earliest forms of life probably ______
required an external food supply
Large volcanoes on the seafloor that are cone-shaped on top because they never reached sea level are called:
seamounts
Stanley Miller's 1952 experiment created ______ from the chemicla ingredients thought to exist in Earth's early ocean
simple organic compounds
_______ is generated by the pull of the weight of a plate as it sinks underneath an overlying plate
slab pull
based on the map of what the world may look like in 50 million years from now, the Pacific Ocean will become _______ while the Atlantic Ocean will become _______
smaller; larger
Examine the five words and/or phrases and determine the relationship among the majority of words/phrases. Choose the one option that does not fit the pattern.
stanley miller (frederick vine; stanley miller; alfred wegener; drummond matthews; harry hess)
which of the following continental margin features is illustrated in the image?
submarine fans
the Himalaya Mountains are an example of the ________ stage of the Wilson Cycle
suturing
volcanoes on the seafloor that are flat-topped because of wave erosion are called _______
tablemounts
Based on definition, it is more appropriate to consider which ocean as a sea?
the Arctic Ocean
which ocean is mostly, but not entirely, in the southern hemisphere
the Indian Ocean
Judge the following sentence according to the criteria given below: the radiometric age bands in the Pacific Ocean are narrower than those found in the Atlantic and Indian Oceans
the assertion is correct, but the reason is incorrect
Frederick Vine and Drummond Matthews determined that new ocean floor was being produced at ocean ridges by examining:
the magnetic pattern of rocks on the seafloor
Plate tectonics and evolution, which are held with a high degree of confidence because of rigorous testing and verification, are examples of______
theories
transform active margins are associated with which type of boundary
transform
Earth's mantle is exposed on the ocean floor in great slabs of rock between widely-spaced volcanoes in _____
ultra-slow spreading centers
current scientific knowledge indicates that the msot likely origin of most of Earth's oceans was due to ________
water vapor released water from the core
tectonic plates move about as fast as
your fingernails grow
