Exam 2 Review- CH 4,5,6

Rickets can be caused by __________. a deficiency of vitamin E a deficiency of vitamin D a deficiency of vitamin C a deficiency of vitamin A

a deficiency of vitamin D Rickets results from a deficiency of vitamin D and/or calcium. Scurvy is caused by a vitamin C deficiency.

The region deep to the skin is the __________. epidermis dermis stratum functionalis hypodermis

hypodermis From deep to superficial, the main regions of the skin are the dermis and the epidermis. Deep to the skin is the hypodermis.

Adipose tissue is concentrated in which of the following layers? stratum lucidum hypodermis papillary layer of the dermis stratum corneum stratum basale

hypodermis The hypodermis acts as an insulator because it contains a substantial quantity of adipose tissue.

Melanoma is particularly dangerous because __________. it is the most common type of skin cancer it never has symptoms it is a cancer of the keratinocytes it grows rapidly and metastasizes

it grows rapidly and metastasizes Cancer of the melanocytes (melanoma) is the most dangerous type of skin cancer since it is resistant to chemotherapy and it readily spreads (metastasizes). Melanoma accounts for only 2-3% of skin cancers.

The epidermis is composed of which of the following tissues? adipose connective tissue stratified columnar epithelial tissue areolar connective tissue dense irregular connective tissue keratinized stratified squamous epithelial tissue

keratinized stratified squamous epithelial tissue The superficial layer of the skin, the epidermis, is composed of thick keratinized stratified squamous epithelium.

Which of the following cells would NOT be present in the dermis? neutrophils mast cells fibroblasts keratinocytes macrophages

keratinocytes As is typical with connective tissue, the dermis possesses mast cells, fibroblasts, macrophages, and scattered white blood cells.

Which of the following epidermal components possess(es) a waterproofing glycolipid that functions in preventing water loss? keratin tonofilaments melanin lamellar granules keratohyaline granules

lamellar granules The lamellar granules contain a waterproofing glycolipid that is secreted into the intercellular space and is the major factor in slowing water loss across the epidermis.

Why are histological sections stained? to make the specimen thin enough to transmit light or electrons to avoid microscopy artifacts to enhance contrast to preserve the specimen

to enhance contrast

Which of the following is a role of connective tissue? hormone production sensory detection energy production transportation of bodily substances

transportation of bodily substances

Interstitial growth __________. occurs when cartilage-forming cells in the surrounding perichondrium secrete new matrix against the external face of the existing cartilage tissue occurs when the lacunae-bound chondrocytes divide and secrete new matrix, expanding the cartilage from within increases bone diameter/thickness occurs when cartilage-forming cells in the matrix break down bone

occurs when the lacunae-bound chondrocytes divide and secrete new matrix, expanding the cartilage from within Appositional growth occurs when cartilage-forming cells in the matrix secrete new matrix against the external face of the existing cartilage tissue. Interstitial growth occurs when chondrocytes divide and form new matrix, expanding the cartilage tissue from within. (Note: Inter means "between" and stitial means space; these are common roots for anatomical terms.)

What type of connective tissue provides support and protection for body structures and is a site for synthesizing blood and fat storage? cartilage muscle tissue osseous tissue reticular connective tissue blood nervous tissue

osseous tissue Because of its rocklike hardness, bone has an exceptional ability to support and protect body structures. Cartilage provides secondary support because it is not as hard as bone. Muscle tissue is soft and does not provide support. Reticular connective tissue is found in soft tissues and does not provide primary support. Blood is a liquid tissue and does not provide support. Nervous tissue is soft and does not provide support.

Which type of connective tissue stores fat and synthesizes blood cells? osseous tissue areolar tissue adipose tissue cartilage tissue

osseous tissue (because of bone marrow) adipose is not correct since it does not synthesis blood cells even though it stores fat

the formation of bone

ossification

Which of the following bone cell types is primarily responsible for initiating ossification of bone? osteoblasts osteocytes osteoclasts chondroblasts

osteoblasts (matrix synthesizing cell, responsible for bone growth; ossification= formation of bone) osteocytes is incorrect since it a mature bone cell that monitors and maintains the mineralized bone matrix osteoclasts is incorrect since it is a bone resorbing cell chondrobalsts is incorrect since it is a cell type in growing cartilage

Bone is broken down by __________. osteoclasts chondrocytes osteogenic cells osteoblasts

osteoclasts Osteoblasts are bone-forming cells. Osteoclasts are bone-destroying cells.

Parathyroid hormone stimulates __________ activity. osteoblast osteocytes osteoclasts osteogenic cell

osteoclasts Parathyroid hormone is released when blood calcium levels are low and it stimulates bone reabsorption.

The lacunae of bone contain __________. chondroblasts yellow marrow osteocytes red blood cells osteons

osteocytes Lacunae are small chambers found between narrow sheets of calcified matrix, and osteocytes (bone cells) are found in lacunae.

The cells that maintain mature compact bone are __________. lacunae osteocytes osteoblasts chondrocytes osteoclasts

osteocytes Osteocytes are mature bone cells that are embedded in the matrix.

Spongy bone contains all of the following EXCEPT __________. collagen fibers osteons hydroxyapatite trabeculae

osteons Only compact bone contains osteons.

A condition that produces a reduction in bone mass sufficient to compromise normal function is __________. osteomalacia osteitis osteopenia osteoporosis osteomyelitis

osteoporosis Osteoporosis, or porous bone, occurs when the rate of bone reabsorption exceeds the rate of bone formation. The loss of bone mass makes bones so porous and weakened that they become deformed and prone to fracture.

Bone-forming cells originate from __________. osteoprogenitor cells osteoblasts osteocytes osteoclasts

osteoprogenitor cells Osteoprogenitor cells differentiate into osteoblasts (bone forming cells) that lay down the bone tissue.

Collagen fibers do NOT __________. provide resistance to stretching forces on bone provide tensile strength to bone provide resistance to twisting forces on bone provide for bone hardness

provide for bone hardness The exceptional hardness of bone, which gives it the ability to resist compression, is attributed to the presence of inorganic hydroxyapatites. Hydroxyapatites such as calcium phosphates are particularly important for bone hardness. Organic substances such as collagen fibers contribute to tensile strength, not hardness. Collagen fibers help to prevent bone fractures by allowing for flexibility of the bone as well as resistance to stretching and twisting.

You observe a tissue that has cells of varying heights. At first glance, it appears that the tissue has multiple cell layers, but upon closer investigation you see that all of the cells attach to the same basement membrane. What classification would you give to this epithelial tissue? transitional epithelium stratified squamous epithelium pseudostratified columnar epithelium simple cuboidal epithelium stratified columnar epithelium

pseudostratified columnar epithelium

Which of the following is NOT a function of the skin? protection preventing unnecessary water loss regulation of body temperature excretion respiratory gas exchange

respiratory gas exchange Although the skin functions in protection, excretion, preventing unnecessary water loss, and the regulation of body temperature, respiratory gas exchange is a function of the respiratory system.

Neurons are cells that are involved in __________. responding to stimuli structural support insulating the body forming muscle tissue

responding to stimuli

What is the primary function of melanin? to waterproof the skin to produce vitamin D to provide protection against the sun's UV rays to produce sebum uptake of calcium from the diet

to provide protection against the sun's UV rays Melanin forms a protective layer that screens out a portion of the sun's cancer-causing UV rays.

What is the role of an exocrine gland? to secrete hormones to secrete substances into the blood to secrete substances into lymph to secrete substances onto body surfaces or into body cavities

to secrete substances onto body surfaces or into body cavities Exocrine glands secrete their products onto body surfaces (skin) or into body cavities. Endocrine glands are generally responsible for secreting hormones and other substances into the blood and lymph.

Which of the following statements is NOT true of apocrine sweat glands and sebaceous glands? They are both composed of epithelial tissue. They are both widely distributed over most of the body. Their function increases at puberty. They both typically secrete their contents into hair follicles. They are both exocrine glands.

They are both widely distributed over most of the body. Apocrine sweat glands are concentrated in the axillary and anogenital regions, while sebaceous glands are widely distributed over most of the body.

All connective tissues arise from a common embryonic tissue called mesenchyme. True False

True

Polarity is a property of all normal epithelial tissues. True False

True

The appendicular skeleton includes the upper and lower limb bones. True False

True

Match the following terms to their functions. 1. bone formation 2. blood cell formation 3. formation of cartilage 4. formation of connective tissue proper 5. body's defense system

1. osteoblasts 2. hematopoietic stem cells 3. chondroblasts 4. fibroblasts 5. white blood cells

Match the following epithelia with their functions. 1. protection from wear and tear 2. filtration and diffusion 3. secretion and absorption 4. stretching

1. stratified squamous 2. simple squamous 3. simple cuboidal 4. transitional

Match the following glands with their secretions. 1. sudoriferous glands 2. sebaceous glands 3. ceruminous glands 4. mammary glands

1. sweat 2. sebum 3. cerumen 4. milk

Match each of following with the correct function. 1. sensory detection 2. skin anchoring 3. protection from ultraviolet (UV) radiation 4. activation of the immune system 5. production of fibrous protein for skin protection

1. tactile (Merkel) cells 2. hypodermis 3. melanin 4. dendritic (Langerhans) cells 5. keratinocytes

Homeostatic blood calcium levels should range from __________. 1 to 10 milligrams per 100 milliliters 9 to 11 milligrams per 100 milliliters 10 to 15 milligrams per 100 milliliters 20 to 25 grams per 100 milliliters

9 to 11 milligrams per 100 milliliters Normal blood calcium levels should range from 9 to 11 milligrams per 100 milliliters of blood.

What type of mole or pigmented spot on the skin would be the most concerning? A uniformly colored mole that has been on the skin for 10 years and is now shrinking in size. A uniformly tan mole that is 2 millimeters in diameter. A small, perfectly round, uniformly red freckle. A spot with varying colors and irregular borders.

A spot with varying colors and irregular borders. The ABCD rule can be used to check skin growths. Benign growths exhibit symmetry, regular borders, uniform coloration, and they are usually less than 6 millimeters in size.

Which of the following statements concerning the periosteum of a bone is NOT true? The periosteum is important for bone growth in width. Blood vessels enter bone through the periosteum. All bone surfaces in the body are covered by the periosteum. The periosteum consists of an outer, dense connective tissue layer and an inner osteogenic layer. The periosteum provides strong attachment and continuity from tendon to bone.

All bone surfaces in the body are covered by the periosteum. The periosteum does not cover sesamoid bones or the articular surfaces of bones, and it does not extend around tendon and ligament insertions on bone.

Which of the following statements about collagen is true? Collagen is a fibrous elastic material that allows certain connective tissues to resume their original length and shape upon being stretched. Collagen is a substance that forms delicate networks around blood vessels. Collagen is a protein designed to help tissues retain fluids for tissue cushioning. Collagen is a gel-like substance that is found in the extracellular matrix of certain connective tissues. Collagen is a fibrous protein that provides tensile strength to certain connective tissues.

Collagen is a fibrous protein that provides tensile strength to certain connective tissues.

All of the body's organs are derived from three primary germ layers. Which of the primary germ layers can produce epithelial tissues? mesoderm only endoderm only ectoderm only Ectoderm, endoderm, and mesoderm can all give rise to epithelial tissues.

Ectoderm, endoderm, and mesoderm can all give rise to epithelial tissues.

True or False: Epithelial tissues are innervated and usually vascularized.

False Epithelial tissue is an innervated but typically avascular tissue. Epithelial tissue is also highly regenerative

Keratin protects the skin from the damaging effects of ultraviolet (UV) radiation. True False

False Melanin absorbs and dissipates the harmful UV rays that can damage the DNA of your skin cells. Keratin is a fibrous protein that helps to protect skin from abrasion.

Spongy bone contains osteons. True False

False Osteons are in compact bone, not in spongy bone.

Follicles that give rise to eyebrows remain active longer than follicles of the scalp. True False

False The follicles of the scalp remain active for up to 10 years while those of the eyebrow are only active for up to 4 months. Because of this difference in follicle activity, the hair on your head can grow longer than the hair of your eyelashes.

For humans, food is the only source of vitamin D. True False

False The skin is like a solar powered "chemical factory." The epidermis participates in the process of converting a modified form of cholesterol into vitamin D when exposed to rays from the sun.

Red marrow can revert to yellow marrow if a person is anemic and more red blood cells are needed by the body. True False

False Yellow marrow can revert to red marrow if, for example, a person is severely anemic.

__________ are important and common unicellular exocrine glands. Goblet cells Apocrine glands Holocrine glands Alveolar exocrine glands Tubular exocrine glands

Goblet cells

If an individual were unable to produce sebum, what problem would he or she most likely develop? He or she would be unable to make keratin. He or she would have excessively oily skin. He or she would be less likely to get sunburns. He or she would have brittle, more easily broken hair.

He or she would have brittle, more easily broken hair. Sebum serves as a lubricant that prevents hair from becoming brittle and breaking, an antibacterial agent, and a protection against water loss when humidity is low. Sebum does not protect the skin from UV radiation; that is the role of melanin.

Which of the following correctly characterizes epithelial tissue? It exhibits polarity. It has a low rate of regeneration. It is vascularized. It has loosely compacted cells. It lacks innervation.

It exhibits polarity. All epithelia have an apical surface and a lower attached basal surface and exhibit apical-basal polarity. Epithelial tissue has a high rate of regeneration. Epithelial tissue is avascular. The cells of epithelial tissue are tightly compacted and form a continuous sheet. Epithelial tissue is innervated.

Which of the following is true of mucin? It is an enzyme secreted by mucous cells. It is a water-soluble salt secreted by goblet cells. It is a complex glycoprotein found in mucus. It is a hormone found in mucus.

It is a complex glycoprotein found in mucus.

Which of the following characteristics of skeletal cartilage limits its thickness? It is resilient. It is avascular and receives most of its nourishment from the perichondrium that surrounds it. It has a girdle of perichondrium that resists outward expansion when it is compressed. It is primarily composed of water.

It is avascular and receives most of its nourishment from the perichondrium that surrounds it. The cartilage is avascular and receives its nutrients by diffusion from the blood vessels in the perichondrium. This limits the thickness of the cartilage.

Which of the following cells is part of the immune system? keratinocyte Merkel cell melanocyte Langerhans cell

Langerhans cell The Langerhans cell is a fixed macrophage.

Which of the following statements about macrophages is true? Macrophages release antibodies during inflammation. Macrophages are phagocytic cells. Macrophages are the same as mast cells. Macrophages are cells that cannot wander through the body; they must remain fixed in a given tissue.

Macrophages are phagocytic cells.

Which of the following cells function as sensory receptors for touch? melanocytes keratinocytes Merkel cells Langerhans cells

Merkel cells

Which of the following statements is FALSE? Skin acts as a biological barrier. There are substances in sweat that can kill bacteria. Low pH of the acid mantle protects the skin. Skin does not have a role in regulating body temperature.

Skin does not have a role in regulating body temperature.

Most bones below the base of the skull form by endochondral ossification. True False

True Endochondral ossification forms the majority of bones below the base of the skull. Intermembranous ossification leads to the formation of cranial bones.

Keratin is found in hair and nails. True False

True The primary component of hair and nails is hard keratin.

You observe a multicellular gland with branched ducts and saclike secretory areas. What type of gland would this most likely be? a simple exocrine gland a compound tubuloalveolar exocrine gland a compound alveolar exocrine gland a compound tubular exocrine gland a holocrine gland

a compound alveolar exocrine gland

A sunburn is generally classified as being __________. a first-degree burn a third-degree burn a second-degree burn a zero-degree burn

a first-degree burn Sunburn is typically a first-degree burn. A first-degree burn involves only the epidermis. A second-degree burn results in damage to the epidermis and the upper region of the dermis. A third-degree burn involves the entire thickness of the skin.

Which of the following descriptions best describes a squamous-shaped cell? a cell that is taller than it is wide a cell that possesses the ability to change its shape a flattened, scale-like cell a spherical cell a cell that is as wide as it is tall

a flattened, scale-like cell

A sebaceous (oil) gland of the skin must completely rupture to release its secretory products. Thus, this type of gland is considered to be __________. an alveolar exocrine gland a holocrine gland an apocrine gland a merocrine gland

a holocrine gland

Which of the following exocrine glands stores its secretion until the gland ruptures? an endocrine gland a merocrine gland a holocrine gland an apocrine gland

a holocrine gland An endocrine gland secretes its product directly into the bloodstream. A merocrine gland excretes its secretion by exocytosis without rupturing the cell. An apocrine gland stores its secretion but only loses the top part of the cell when secretion takes place.

The best classification of adipose tissue is __________. a fibrous connective tissue a dense connective tissue an osseous connective tissue a loose connective tissue

a loose connective tissue

Yellow marrow is useful as __________. a tissue that may revert to red marrow if a person becomes very anemic and needs more red blood cells a red blood cell reserve a cartilage reserve a calcium reserve

a tissue that may revert to red marrow if a person becomes very anemic and needs more red blood cells In adults, yellow marrow is located in the medullary cavity of the long bones. Yellow marrow can revert back to red marrow and produce blood cells.

The principal component of bone that contributes to its hardness is ________. a. hydoxyapatite b. collagen c. osteoid d. organic

a. hydoxyapatite 2 types of bone components: organic and inorganic organic- cells and osteoid (osteoid is made up of collagen) inorganic- minerals

Which of the following conditions would NOT be seen from overexposure to UV light? clumping of elastin fibers in the dermis depleted folate in the body activation of the immune system increased pigmentation of the skin in fair people

activation of the immune system Overexposure to UV light will depress the immune system. Overexposure to UV light will cause clumping of elastin fibers in the dermis and thus, the skin will become leathery. Overexposure to UV light will destroy folate stores in the body and could cause damage to the fetus in pregnancy. Overexposure to UV light will lead to an increase in the melanin pigment production by melanocytes, which causes an increased pigmentation of the skin in fair people, or a "tan."

A multicellular gland with round secretory cells and branching ducts is described as __________. alveolar, compound, and exocrine alveolar, simple, and exocrine tubular, simple, and exocrine tubular, compound, and endocrine

alveolar, compound, and exocrine Multicellular exocrine glands with round secretory cells are alveolar, and if the ducts branch, they are considered compound. endocrine glands are ductless glands simple glands have unbranched duct tubular- secretory cells form tubes

A flat, sheetlike tendon that connects muscle to bone is known as __________. elastic connective tissue an aponeurosis a tendon a ligament

an aponeurosis Connective tissue that contains a large amount of elastic fiber is known as elastic connective tissue, is almost identical to cartilage, and can have many forms. A tendon is a cord of connective tissue that attaches muscles to bones. A ligament is a cord of connective tissue that attaches bones to each other.

Microvilli are found on the __________ surface of the epithelial cells. lateral basal apical medial

apical Microvilli are present on the free surface of the cell, which is the apical surface.

Which integumentary gland is believed to function as a sexual scent gland? sebaceous gland ceruminous gland eccrine sudoriferous gland mammary gland apocrine sudoriferous gland

apocrine sudoriferous gland Apocrine glands start to function at puberty under the influence of androgens. Their activity is increased by sexual foreplay, and they enlarge and recede with the phases of a woman's menstrual cycle.

At the end of secondary ossification, hyaline cartilage can be found __________. in the medullary cavity at the epiphyseal plates where red marrow is produced where yellow marrow is produced

at the epiphyseal plates At the end of secondary ossification, hyaline cartilage can only be found at epiphyseal plates and epiphyseal surfaces (articular cartilages).

The bones in the long axis of the body make up the __________ skeleton. appendicular sagittal medial axial

axial The skeleton is divided into the axial and appendicular skeleton. Axial refers to the center of the body.

What is a key feature of the hypodermis? a. produces keratin b. consists primarily of adipose tissue c. lies intermediate to the epidermis and the dermis d. contains stem cells for hair growth

b. consists primarily of adipose tissue Answer choice C is incorrect since hypodermis is deep to both the epidermis and dermis Answer choice D is incorrect the hair matrix would do that Answer choice A is incorrect that would be a keratinocyte most epidermal cells are keratinocytes are keratinization happens in the epidermal layer stratum granulosum

A group of concentric rings in bone matrix, comprising the functional unit of long bones, is called a(n) _______. a. lamella b. osteon c. pillar system d. sharpey's system

b. osteon (key part: group, functional unit of long bones) lamella is the single bone matrix tube in a osteon. multiple lamella (lamellae) makes as osteon.

Apocrine sweat glands __________. begin functioning puberty are smaller and more numerous than eccrine glands are unable to carry out exocytosis make watery secretions that are deficient in fats and proteins

begin functioning puberty Both apocrine and eccrine sweat glands use exocytosis to make their secretions. Eccrine glands function throughout life, while apocrine sweat glands begin to function at puberty. Apocrine sweat glands are located deeper in the dermis than eccrine glands. Compared to the watery secretions of eccrine glands, apocrine sweat glands have secretions that are enriched with fats and proteins

A hematoma in the skin appears as __________. black and blue marks a localized brown pigmentation an overall blue discoloration of the skin an overall reddish discoloration of the skin

black and blue marks A localized brown pigmentation of the skin is known as a freckle or pigmented mole. An overall blue discoloration of the skin is known as cyanosis. Reddish discoloration of the skin is referred to as erythema, or flushing.

Terminal hair is located in all of the following areas EXCEPT the __________. axillary region of adult males scalp of males and females pubic region of adult males body hair of females face of adult males

body hair of females The body hair of women and children is the fine, short, vellus variety, while the adult male's body hair is the terminal variety.

Adding new bony matrix to injury sites is known as _______. bone sizing bone deposition bone resorption bone addition

bone deposition (deposit new bone matrix) bone resorption is incorrect since breaks down bone matrix

Fossae are __________. joints bone projections irregular bones bone depressions

bone depressions

The final step in fracture repair is __________. bone remodeling hematoma formation fibrocartilaginous callus formation bony callus formation

bone remodeling From start to finish, a fracture is repaired by: (1) formation of a hematoma, (2) formation of a fibrocartilaginous callus, (3) formation of a bony callus, and (4) bone remodeling. Use the mnemonic HFBR (His Femur Better Repair!) to help you remember the order. H = hematoma, F = fibrocartilaginous callus, B = bony callus, and R = remodeling.

Bones serve as an important reservoir of __________. vitamin A protein cholesterol glucose calcium

calcium Bones serve as stores of phosphate and calcium. Fat can also be stored in bones and used for energy by the body.

The exceptional hardness of bones is largely due to the presence of __________. collagen fibers calcium phosphate elastic fibers calcium only

calcium phosphate Hydroxyapatites, largely composed of calcium phosphates, are primarily responsible for bone's hardness.

Osteocytes maintain contact with the blood vessels of the central canal through __________. the periosteum perforating canal canaliculi concentric lamellae interstitial lamellae

canaliculi The lacunae and central canal are continuous through canaliculi.

Which type of muscle tissue has intercalated discs and is involuntarily controlled? cardiac muscle uterine muscle smooth muscle skeletal muscle

cardiac muscle

Which of the following pairs is NOT correct? skeletal muscle : striated cardiac muscle : voluntary cardiac muscle : striated smooth muscle : involuntary

cardiac muscle : voluntary

Which cells secrete the ground substance of cartilage? chondroblasts hematopoietic cells fibroblasts osteoblasts

chondroblasts Hematopoietic cells make blood cells. Fibroblasts secrete the ground substance of connective tissue proper. Osteoblasts secrete the ground substance of bone.

Which of the following apical epithelial cell structures function(s) in the movement of materials across the surface of the cell? reticular lamina microvilli flagellum keratin cilia

cilia The cilia on an epithelium bend and move in coordinated waves, pushing mucus and other substances over the epithelial surface.

The twisting of a long bone is prevented by which of the following? lacunae circumferential lamellae Volkmann's canals Sharpey's fibers

circumferential lamellae Circumferential lamellae expand all around long bones and prevent their twisting. Lamellae of Haversian systems are also effective in resisting twist. The alternating arrangement of collagen fibers among lamella layers of any kind resists torsion.

Which fiber is the strongest, with the greatest tensile strength due to cross-linked fibrils? collagen elastic basilar reticular

collagen

A patient is brought to the emergency room with a broken bone. According to the X ray, the bone is fragmented into three pieces. This would be considered a __________. compound fracture comminuted fracture compression fracture spiral fracture

comminuted fracture When a bone fragments into three or more pieces, the bone is said to have a comminuted fracture.

The two types of osseous tissue are __________. compact bone and spongy bone dense bone and compact bone lamellar bone and compact bone long bone and short bone bones and cartilage

compact bone and spongy bone

Which of the following tissue is the most abundant and widely distributed? epithelial connective muscle nervous

connective (think of all the different types of connective tissue- connective tissue proper, bone, blood, cartilage- with their subclasses)

The skin is a __________ membrane. mucous synovial cutaneous serous

cutaneous

Adjacent osteocytes communicate via gap junctions found within ________. a. lacunae b. Volkmann's canals c. Haversian canals d. canuliculi

d. canuliculi Haversian canal is incorrect because it is a central canal Volkmann's canal is used for communication between osteons Lacunae is between lamellae

The reticular layer of the dermis is composed of which tissue type? reticular connective tissue stratified squamous epithelial tissue dense regular connective tissue dense irregular connective tissue areolar connective tissue

dense irregular connective tissue The deeper reticular layer, which accounts for about 80% of the thickness of the dermis, is composed of dense irregular connective tissue.

The principle tissue found in the reticular layer is _______. dense irregular connective tissue stratified squamous epithelium dense regular connective tissue areolar connective tissue

dense irregular connective tissue areolar connective tissue is in the papillary layer stratified squamous epithelium is in the epidermis dense regular connective tissue is found in tendons (example is achilles tendon)

What type of tissue forms tendons? dense regular connective tissue adipose areolar elastic cartilage dense irregular connective tissue

dense regular connective tissue

Striae in the skin are caused by __________. exposure to heat an area of increased pigmentation dermal modifications dermal tears

dermal tears When skin is exposed to heat, the epidermis separates from the dermis, forming a fluid-filled pocket known as a blister. An area of increased pigmentation is known as a freckle or pigmented mole. Dermal modifications produce flexure lines, not striae.

A fracture in the shaft of a bone would occur in the __________. epiphysis metaphysis epiphyseal line diaphysis

diaphysis The parts of a long bone include the diaphysis, or shaft, and epiphysis, or end.

The epidermis develops from which embryonic germ layer? periderm mesoderm endoderm intraderm ectoderm

ectoderm The epidermis develops from the embryonic ectoderm. The dermis and hypodermis develop from embryonic mesoderm. None of the integumentary layers develop from endoderm. periderm and intraderm is not an embryonic germ layer.

You would expect to find _________ fibers in area that undergo a lot of stretch and rebound. elastic collagen reticular white

elastic

Long bone growth at the epiphyseal plate is similar to __________. the process of forming a hematoma the process of osteopenia endochondral ossification intramembranous ossification the process of healing a fracture

endochondral ossification In a long bone, bone elongation occurs at the epiphyseal plate, where new cartilage is formed and eventually replaced by osseous tissue. This is similar to endochondral ossification, where the embryonic cartilaginous skeleton is replaced by osseous tissue.

Which of the following structures are primarily responsible for fingerprints? papillary layer and epidermal ridges reticular layer and sweat pores sweat pores and dermal ridges epidermal ridges and sweat pores dermal ridges and epidermal ridges

epidermal ridges and sweat pores Sweat pores open along the crests of the epidermal ridges, leaving distinct fingerprints on touched surfaces.

An injection is administered through the skin using a hypodermic needle. Identify the first integumentary structure through which the needle will pass. papillary layer hypodermis epidermis reticular layer

epidermis A hypodermic needle would first pass through the superficial layer of the skin, the epidermis. It would then pass through the two layers of the dermis, the papillary layer and the reticular layer, before penetrating the hypodermis.

The basement membrane is located between which of the following tissue types? epithelial and muscle tissues connective and muscle tissues nervous and connective tissues epithelial and connective tissues muscle and nervous tissues

epithelial and connective tissues Epithelial tissue secretes the superficial basal lamina region of the basement membrane, whereas connective tissue produces the deeper reticular layer of the basement membrane.

An area in the body exposed to external enviroment would be composed to which of the following tissue types? epithelial tissue connective tissue muscle tissue nervous tissue

epithelial tissue skin consists of epithelial tissue

Embryonic ectoderm develops into which of the following major tissue types? nervous tissue and muscle tissue muscle tissue and epithelial tissue connective tissue and epithelial tissue connective tissue and muscle tissue epithelial tissue and nervous tissue

epithelial tissue and nervous tissue Nervous tissue develops solely from embryonic ectoderm, while epithelial tissues develop from ectoderm, endoderm, and mesoderm embryonic tissue. Muscle and connective tissue develops from mesoderm

Mary is 50 years old. During a checkup, a bone scan reveals that portions of her skeleton show signs of osteoporosis. After reviewing the test results, her physician suggests hormone therapy. What hormone is prescribed for Mary? thyroid hormone parathyroid hormone estrogen calcitonin growth hormone

estrogen In postmenopausal women, the decreased production of estrogen can cause osteoporosis. Estrogen is secreted by the ovaries; it maintains normal bone mass by inhibiting the stimulatory effects of parathyroid hormone on osteoclast activity.

Hirsutism is a condition that is characterized by __________. hair loss a decrease in androgen production graying of the hair hair thinning excessive hairiness

excessive hairiness

he menisci of the knee are made of __________. hyaline cartilage fibrocartilage dense connective tissue similar to ligaments and tendons elastic connective tissue

fibrocartilage fibrocartilage consists of bundles of collagen which is good for compression and has strong tensile strength

Which of the following types of cartilage is compressible and resists tension well? hyaline cartilage elastic cartilage fibrocartilage articular cartilage

fibrocartilage (because of the bundles of collagen)

During the process of tissue repair, which of the following processes produces scar tissue? secretion regeneration clotting fibrosis inflammation

fibrosis During the process of tissue repair, fibrosis involves the proliferation of a fibrous connective tissue called scar tissue.

During fetal intramembranous ossification, bone develops from __________. fibrous connective tissue membranes lamellae hyaline cartilage the medullary cavity the epiphyseal plate

fibrous connective tissue membranes Intramembranous ossification begins at approximately the eighth week of development. Cells cluster within the mesenchymal membrane and become osteoblasts (bone-forming cells).

Before eight weeks, the skeleton of the human embryo is composed of __________. lamellar bone compact bone fibrous membrane spongy bone

fibrous membrane Before eight weeks, the skeleton of the human embryo is composed of fibrous membrane and hyaline cartilage.

Which of the following are NOT considered critical burns? third-degree burns on over 10% of the body second-degree burns on 25% of the body third-degree burns on the face first-degree burns on 30% of the body third-degree burns on the feet or hands

first-degree burns on 30% of the body First-degree burns are not considered critical because they typically heal in a few days without any special attention.

A narrow, slitlike opening in a bone is referred to as a __________. spine trochanter fissure crest

fissure

Intramembranous ossification __________. is the most common way bones are formed forms cranial bones is responsible for long bone formation begins with a cartilaginous precursor

forms cranial bones Some flat bones form from a membrane by intramembranous ossification.

Depressions if bones include _______. fossae trochanters tubercles tuberosities

fossae trochanters, tubercles, tuberosities are types of projections

If dermal papillae were missing, then __________. excess water loss would occur sebum secretion would be absent keratin could not be produced in the skin friction ridges would be absent

friction ridges would be absent Peglike projections, called dermal papillae, are made by the papillary layer of the dermis. These projections indent the epidermis to form friction ridges.

Which of the following is a unicellular gland associated with mucus production? plasma cell chondrocyte macrophage goblet cell fibroblast

goblet cell Goblet cells, located between columnar epithelial cells, function in producing the protein mucin, which, when combined with water, forms mucus.

Which of the following is NOT strictly a component of the integumentary system? epidermis dermis sudoriferous glands hair hypodermis

hypodermis The hypodermis, deep to the skin, shares some of the skin's functions, but it is not a part of the integumentary system.

ne main difference between thin skin and thick skin is that __________. in thin skin, keratinocytes are absent in thin skin, the stratum lucidum appears to be absent in thin skin, there are no melanocytes in thin skin, the stratum corneum appears to be absent

in thin skin, the stratum lucidum appears to be absent

The role of microvilli is to __________. move substances along the tissue surface strengthen the tissue protect the tissue serve as a tissue boundary increase surface area

increase surface area

Which of the following "sets the stage" for tissue repair? inflammation regeneration organization fever

inflammation The steps in tissue repair are inflammation, organization, and regeneration.

Growth of cartilage in which chondrocytes within the matrix proliferate is known as __________. appositional growth interstitial growth hypertrophic growth endochondral growth

interstitial growth Growth within the tissue is known as interstitial growth.

Which of the following are NOT composed of hyaline cartilage? costal cartilages respiratory cartilages nasal cartilages intervertebral discs

intervertebral discs Hyaline cartilage is the most abundant type of cartilage in the skeleton. Skeletal hyaline cartilages include the articular, costal, respiratory, and nasal cartilages. Vertebral cartilage is a fibrocartilage.

The primary functional cell found in nervous tissue is the _______.

neuron

When the epiphyseal plate is completely replaced by bone, __________. appositional bone growth begins long bones have reached their adult length puberty begins interstitial bone growth begins the bone becomes more brittle

long bones have reached their adult length When the epiphyseal plate is completely replaced by bone (ossified), the epiphyseal plate closes, becoming the epiphyseal line, and growth in bone length ceases.

Which of the following is a canal-like passageway allowing vasculature and nerves to move through the bone? meatus condyle fossa tubercle

meatus Of the listed features of bone, only the meatus is a hole or canal-like passageway. fossa is a depression and tubercle is a projection

In an adult, yellow marrow is located in the __________. trabeculae of the diaphysis trabeculae of the epiphyses medullary cavity of the epiphyses medullary cavity of the diaphysis

medullary cavity of the diaphysis In adults, the medullary cavity, located in the diaphysis of long bones, typically contains yellow marrow.

What is the only pigment synthesized in the skin? carotene keratin melanin collagen hemoglobin

melanin Melanin, synthesized by melanocytes in the deepest layer of the epidermis, is present in several varieties, ranging from yellow to reddish to brown to black.

All connective tissues share what features in common? polarity and fast regeneration rate mesenchymal origin and secretion of ground substance chondroblasts and fibroblasts secretion of ground substance and elastic fibers mesenchymal origin and fibroblasts

mesenchymal origin and secretion of ground substance

Connective tissue arises from which of the following embryonic tissues? mesoderm epiderm ectoderm endoderm

mesoderm Epiderm is not an embryonic tissue. Ectoderm does not give rise to connective tissue. It gives rise to nervous tissue. Endoderm does not give rise to connective tissue. It gives rise to epithelial tissue.

Which of the following is NOT a function of areolar connective tissue? holding body fluids defending the body against infection storing nutrients as fat support and binding of other tissues movement of body parts

movement of body parts While areolar connective tissue holds body fluids, stores nutrients, supports and binds other tissues, and defends the body against infection, movement of body parts is a task performed by the three different types of muscle tissue: skeletal, cardiac, and smooth.

Which of the following regulates and controls body functions? cartilage blood muscle tissue nervous tissue epithelial tissue

nervous tissue Nervous tissue sends electrical signals to control the body.

Sebaceous glands are located in all of the following areas EXCEPT the __________. axillary region brachial region palms and soles abdominal region scalp

palms and soles Sebaceous glands occur over the entire body, with the exception of the palms and soles of the feet.

When Ca2+ concentration in the blood becomes lower than normal, __________. parathyroid hormone is released growth hormone is released calcium salts deposit in the blood vessels testosterone is released

parathyroid hormone is released A decrease in Ca2+ concentration in the blood is detected by the body; in response, PTH (parathyroid hormone) is released. The release of PTH activates osteoclasts. Osteoclasts then resorb bone, releasing Ca2+ to restore calcium homeostasis.

Which of the following structures anchor(s) the periosteum to the underlying bone? a nutrient foramen perforating fibers yellow bone marrow diploë

perforating fibers Perforating fibers, also known as Sharpey's fibers, anchor the periosteum to the bone.

Keratinocytes in the stratum spinosum are known as __________. prickle cells Langerhans cells melanocytes Merkel cells

prickle cells Keratinocytes in the stratum spinosum are known as prickle cells because of their spiny appearance under the microscope from an artifact produced by staining where desmosomes become more apparent.

The role of ceruminous glands is to __________. produce earwax produce melanin produce mucus produce sweat produce sebum

produce earwax

The stroma of most lymphoid organs is composed of ___________. fibrocartilage dense connective tissue areolar connective tissue reticular connective tissue

reticular connective tissue Reticular connective tissue forms the stroma, or foundation, of most solid organs. Fibrocartilage is found in intervertebral discs. Dense connective tissue is found in tendons and ligaments. Areolar connective tissue serves as a packing material between tissues.

Which of the following bones belong to the axial skeleton? leg bones bones of the shoulder arm bones ribs

ribs The axial skeleton forms the long axis of the body and includes bones of the skull, vertebral column, and rib cage.

If a breastfeeding mother becomes vitamin D deficient, what disease is most likely to develop in the nursing infant? rickets osteoporosis Paget's disease dwarfism

rickets Although rickets is very rare in the United States, most cases occur when a breastfeeding mother becomes vitamin D deficient.

What structure(s) enables hair to assist n touch sensation? the glassy membrane the arrector pilli sebaceous glands root hair plexus

root hair plexus (makes us feel the sense of touch on our hair) the arrector pilli is incorrect since it gives us goosebumps. it is a muscle- cannot give us the sense of touch. It pulls the hair follicle upright.

Skin eruption produced by dilated small blood vessels of the face, especially on the nose and cheeks, is descriptive of which skin disorder? melanocyte activity rosacea cyanosis port wine stain Raynaud's disease

rosacea Skin eruption produced by dilated small blood vessels of the face may indicate rosacea, especially when it appears to worsen in conjunction with intake of alcohol, spicy foods, or after a hot bath or sun exposure. Melanocyte activity increases production of melanin but does not cause sudden flushing. Cyanosis causes the skin to appear blue when blood oxygen levels are abnormally low. Port wine stains are present at birth and do not appear suddenly. Raynaud's disease is characterized by the fingers and toes becoming white and painful because of poor blood flow.

In adolescence, the "growth spurt" that is observed is mainly attributed to an increase in __________. parathyroid hormone growth hormone calcitonin sex hormones

sex hormones During infancy and childhood, the single most important stimulus for bone growth (epiphyseal plate activity) is growth hormone. The action of growth hormone is modulated by thyroid hormones. In adolescents, sex hormones (testosterone and estrogen) spur bone growth. Later in life, sex hormones actually end longitudinal bone growth.

Sebaceous glands belong to which of the following classes? simple branched alveolar compound tubular compound tubuloalveolar simple coiled tubular simple alveolar

simple branched alveolar Sebaceous glands are simple branched alveolar glands with several alveoli opening into a single duct.

Which of the following tissues lines the majority of the digestive tract, from stomach to rectum? stratified cuboidal pseudostratified ciliated columnar simple columnar transitional simple squamous

simple columnar

Mucous that protects your stomach lining is secreted by which type of epithelial cell? stratified columnar simple cuboidal transitional simple squamous simple columnar

simple columnar These specialized simple columnar epithelial cells are goblet cells.

Which of the following epithelial tissue types is best adapted for the rapid transport of materials across its membranes? simple squamous pseudostratified ciliated columnar stratified cuboidal transitional stratified squamous

simple squamous Simple squamous epithelial tissue, composed of a single layer of flattened cells, occurs wherever small molecules must pass through a membrane quickly.

Which of the following types of epithelial tissues is best suited for areas of the body where diffusion or filtration occurs? stratified columnar simple cuboidal simple squamous stratified squamous

simple squamous the thin layer allows for easy diffusion or filtration

Which of the following types of epithelial tissue lines the interior of blood vessels? simple squamous mesothelium transitional epithelium simple cuboidal epithelium simple squamous endothelium stratified squamous epithelium

simple squamous endothelium

Which type of muscle is unstriated, unbranched, involuntary, spindle shaped, and found in the walls of most hollow organs? epithelium cardiac skeletal smooth

smooth Epithelium is not a type of muscle. Cardiac muscle is striated, branching, and limited to the heart. Skeletal muscle is striated and voluntary.

Which muscle cells are spindle-shaped? skeletal muscle dense muscle cardiac muscle smooth muscle

smooth muscle (spindle-shaped is tapered on the ends like a cigar) dense muscle is not a muscle cell cardiac muscle have intercalated discs (branching), short skeletal muscle long, cylindrical

What type of skin cancer affects cells of the stratum spinosum? melanoma spiny cell carcinoma basal cell carcinoma squamous cell carcinoma

squamous cell carcinoma Squamous cell carcinoma, the second most common skin cancer, arises from the keratinocytes of the stratum spinosum. Melanoma is caused by cancerous melanocytes, which are located in the stratum basale. Basal cell carcinoma affects the stratum basale. spiny cell carcinoma is not a type of carcinoma.

Which of the following types of epithelial tissue provides the greatest amount of protection from rubbing, wear, and tear? pseudostratified ciliated columnar stratified columnar simple squamous stratified squamous transitional

stratified squamous Stratified squamous is the thickest form of epithelial tissue and is composed of multiple layers of flat cells.

Which of the following is found on the surface of the skin? stratified squamous epithelium simple columnar epithelium cartilage areolar connective tissue stratified cuboidal epithelium

stratified squamous epithelium The epidermis is stratified squamous epithelium.

The presence of keratin in integument provides a tough protective characteristic to __________. stratified squamous epithelium adipose tissue stratified cuboidal epithelium transitional epithelium

stratified squamous epithelium The stratified squamous epithelium, which forms the epidermis, contains keratin that allows it to be a tough protective cover for the body. adipose tissue, stratified cuboidal epithelium, and transitional epithelium do not contain keratin

Which of the following layers of skin is avascular and relies on capillaries in the underlying connective tissue to provide nutrients? dermis stratum basale stratum corneum hypodermis stratum lucidum

stratum basale The stratum basale of the epidermis is avascular and has to obtain nutrients from the vasculature in the underlying connective tissue of the dermis. The dermis has a supply of capillaries. stratum corneum is dead and does not require nutrients. The hypodermis does not rely on underlying connective tissue for its nutrient supply. stratum lucidum is dead and does not require nutrients.

A patient taking a drug that inhibits cell division (such as certain chemotherapy drugs) would expect which layer of the epidermis to be most affected? stratum corneum stratum lucidum stratum spinosum stratum basale

stratum basale (that is were cell division take place at)

Which of the following is the correct sequence of epidermal layers of thick skin, from deep to superficial? stratum granulosum, stratum corneum, stratum lucidum, stratum spinosum, and stratum basale stratum basale, stratum spinosum, stratum granulosum, stratum lucidum, and stratum corneum stratum basale, stratum granulosum, stratum corneum, stratum spinosum, and stratum lucidum stratum corneum, stratum lucidum, stratum spinosum, stratum granulosum, and stratum basale stratum spinosum, stratum lucidum, stratum corneum, stratum basale, and stratum granulosum

stratum basale, stratum spinosum, stratum granulosum, stratum lucidum, and stratum corneum

Which of the following thick skin strata is the thickest? stratum spinosum stratum granulosum stratum lucidum stratum corneum stratum basale

stratum corneum The superficial stratum corneum is many cell layers thick, much thicker than any other epidermal layer.

Which of the following strata is NOT visible as a distinct layer in thin skin? stratum basale stratum spinosum stratum lucidum stratum granulosum stratum corneum

stratum lucidum The stratum lucidum appears in thick skin, but it is not visible as a distinct layer in thin skin.

The touch sensors of the epidermis are the _______. keratinocytes tactile cells epidermal dendritic cells melanocytes

tactile cells keratinocytes would produce keratin melanocytes would produce melanin

The structural unit of compact bone is __________. the osteon or Haversian system the fascicle Volkmann's canal the osteocyte

the osteon or Haversian system

Which of the following is the site where bone marrow is routinely sampled in an adult? the head of the humerus the diploë of the skull bones the diaphysis of long bones the sternum

the sternum The sternum is the site of choice for a bone marrow biopsy in an adult because hematopoiesis continues to be very active within the sternum.

Which of the following is NOT a type of connective tissue?

transitional Blood is a connective tissue with a liquid matrix called plasma. Bone is a connective tissue with a solid matrix. Cartilage is a connective tissue that functions to cushion and support body structures. Transitional is a type of epithelial tissue that stretches readily and permits stored urine to distend a urinary organ such as the bladder.

Transitional epithelium can be found in which body system? cardiovascular respiratory urinary nervous lymphatic

urinary Transitional epithelium forms the lining of hollow urinary organs, which stretch as they fill with urine.

Which of the following is classified as a short bone? sternum vertebra finger bone wrist bone

wrist bone Examples of short bones are bones of the wrist and ankle. Short bones are roughly cube shaped.

Bones store energy as lipids in __________. the matrix of bone tissue the ground substance yellow marrow spongy bone red marrow

yellow marrow Yellow marrow is adipose tissue where energy is stored in the fat cells.

Which of the following individuals would have the greatest concentration of brown fat? young infants elderly females teenage males males or females between the ages of 30 and 60

young infants Brown fat is found in young infants, who lack the ability to produce body heat by shivering.