Exam 2 Review Questions
most radial arm mazes have ___. a. 8 or more arms radiating out from a central starting area b. 8 or more arms radiating out from a central goal area c. 8 arms that continuously revolve d. no goal areas e. no starting areas
a. 8 or more arms radiating out from a central starting area
the open-field test is usually conducted in ___. a. a large, empty chamber b. the animal's natural habitat c. an open space in the animal's natural habitat d. a thigmotaxic chamber e. Iowa
a. a large, empty chamber
which of the following drugs is a diuretic? a. alcohol b. marijuana c. nicotine d. morphine e. cocaine
a. alcohol
which contrast X-ray technique is designed to locate vascular abnormalities in the brains of human patients? a. cerebral angiography b. X-ray photography c. pneumoencephalography d. CT scans e. PET scans
a. cerebral angiography
a method of measuring changes in the extracellular concentrations of various neurochemicals in particular sites in the brains of active lab animals is ___. a. cerebral dialysis b. the 6-OHDA histological technique c. in situ hybridization d. immunocytochemistry e. electroencephalography
a. cerebral dialysis
although ___ is extremely addictive, there are few serious withdrawal symptoms once a binge has been abruptly terminated. a. cocaine b. alcohol c. nicotine d. morphine e. opium
a. cocaine
the impure residue left after boiling away a solution of cocaine hydrochloride and baking soda is ___. a. crack b. smack c. lidocaine d. procaine e. both A and B
a. crack
illustrated here* is a paradigm that is used to study addictive drugs: the ___. *shows a rat in a small container pressing a lever with a tube labeled "from infusion pump" attached to his head a. drug self-administration paradigm b. contingent tolerance paradigm c. conditioned place paradigm d. intracranial electrical self-stimulation paradigm e. conditioned tolerance paradigm
a. drug self-administration paradigm
which method provides structural and functional info about the living human brain on the same image? a. functional MRI b. angiography c. PET d. CT e. EEG
a. functional MRI
which paradigm is illustrated here*? *shows a rat in a small container pressing a lever with an electrode attached to his head that leads out of the box and attaches to a box labeled "stimulator" a. intracranial self-stimulation b. conditioned place preference c. contingent tolerance d. drug self-administration e. Pavlovian conditioning
a. intracranial self-stimulation
the wave of absolute refractoriness that follows an action potential ___. a. keeps the action potential from spreading actively back along an axon towards the cell body b. increases the firing rate c. increases the speed of axonal transmission d. produces a second, negative action potential e. produces saltatory conduction
a. keeps the action potential from spreading actively back along an axon towards the cell body
many early studies of intracranial self-stimulation focused on the stimulation of the ___. a. lateral hypothalamus or septum b. cortex c. amygdala d. hippocampus e. striatum or substantia nigra
a. lateral hypothalamus or septum
a hangover is a ___. a. mild alcohol withdrawal syndrome b. form of alcohol psychosis c. fetal alcohol syndrome d. form of alcohol dementia e. mild alcohol sensitization effect
a. mild alcohol withdrawal syndrome
which neurotransmitters are often released from string-of-beads axons? a. monoamines b. amino acids c. glutamate and GABA d. soluble gases e. peptides
a. monoamines
which of the following drugs is now a commonly prescribed analgesic? a. morphine b. caffeine c. cocaine d. alcohol e. heroin
a. morphine
which of the following is the strongest psychoactive ingredient of opium? a. morphine b. codeine c. heroin d. cocaine e. methadone
a. morphine
endorphins are ___. a. neuropeptides b. monoamines c. cholinergic d. adrenergic e. serotonergic
a. neuropeptides
neuroscientists insert specific opsin genes into particular neurons so that exposure to light influences their activity. this technique is generally referred to as ___. a. optogenetics b. immunochemistry c. brainbow d. in situ hybridization e. autoradiography
a. optogenetics
in neurons without axons, conduction occurs entirely in the form of ___. a. passive, decrementally conducted potentials b. action potentials c. all-or-none potentials d. saltatory conduction e. excitation
a. passive, decrementally conducted potentials
individuals who suffer drug withdrawal symptoms when they stop taking a drug are said to be ___. a. physically dependent b. psychologically dependent c. tolerant d. intoxicated e. both B and C
a. physically dependent
after release, most neurotransmitters are deactivated by ___. a. reuptake b. synaptic enzymes c. the postsynaptic receptors d. deactivating enzymes e. ribosomes
a. reuptake
neuropeptides are synthesized in the cell body on ___. a. ribosomes b. the Golgi complex c. vesicles d. mitochondria e. microtubules
a. ribosomes
a problem faced by theories of drug conditioning is predicting ___. a. the direction of conditioned effects b. whether or not there is a conditional stimulus c. whether or not there is an unconditional stimulus d. whether conditioned or contingent tolerance will develop e. who will become addicted
a. the direction of conditioned effects
which of the following drugs produces Buerger's disease? a. tobacco b. morphine c. marijuana d. cocaine e. alcohol
a. tobacco
the elevated plus maze is commonly employed to study ___. a. memory in rats b. anxiety or defensiveness in studies of anxiolytic drugs c. aggression in drug experiments d. all of the above e. both A and C
b. anxiety or defensiveness in studies of anxiolytic drugs
marijuana contains over 80 ___. a. kinds of delta-9-tetrahydrocannabinol b. cannabinoids c. kinds of morphine d. kinds of cannabis sativa e. hemp
b. cannabinoids
unlike brain-imaging techniques, TMS permits the study of ___ between human cortical activity and cognition. a. links b. causal relations c. correlations d. neural connections e. communication
b. causal relations
MEG records ___. a. the time of particular EEG signals b. changes in magnetic fields on the surface of the scalp c. the frequency of particular EEG signals d. the latency of far-field potentials e. the P300
b. changes in magnetic fields on the surface of the scalp
which of the following drugs has effects like those of amphetamine? a. marijuana b. cocaine c. LSD d. morphine e. valium
b. cocaine
the process of neurotransmitter release is referred to as ___. a. excitation b. exocytosis c. synthesis d. metabolism e. expulsion
b. exocytosis
technological developments led to the discovery of ___ throughout the mammalian brain; they seem to link the activities of inhibitory interneurons of the same type. a. neuropeptides b. gap junctions c. multipolar neurons d. chemical synapses e. G-proteins
b. gap junctions
repetition priming tests are tests of ___. a. explicit memory b. implicit memory c. episodic memory d. semantic memory e. consolidated memory
b. implicit memory
which method was used to record this* signal? *image shows a graph with one distinct spike a. extracellular unit recording b. intracellular unit recording c. electroencephalography d. integrated multiple unit recording e. plethysmography
b. intracellular unit recording
autoreceptors of a neuron are sensitive to the neuron's own ___. a. EPSPs b. neurotransmitter c. IPSPs d. second messengers e. APs
b. neurotransmitter
globally, more than 1 billion people are addicted to ___, and more than 76 million are addicted to ___. a. heroin; marijuana b. nicotine; alcohol c. heroin; cocaine d. heroin; prescription drugs e. marijuana; heroin
b. nicotine; alcohol
lab animals have frequently been shown to self-administer microinjections of addictive drugs directly into the ___. a. raphe nucleus b. nucelus accumbens c. basal forebrain d. hippocampus e. striatum
b. nucleus accumbens
after termination of exposure to some drugs, there are withdrawal effects that are usually ___. a. similar to the initial effects of the drug b. opposite to the initial effects of the drug c. similar to the initial effects of the drug, but much more severe d. similar to the initial effects of the drug, but much less severe e. no longer than a few minutes in duration
b. opposite to the initial effects of the drug
which of the following biopsychologists would be most likely to study cortical ERPs in human volunteers? a. neuropsychologist b. psychophysiologist c. physiological psychologist d. psychopharmacologist e. comparative psychologist
b. psychophysiologist
the fact that the intensity of stimulation is related to the rate of neural firing is attributable to the ___. a. absolute refractory period b. relative refractory period c. voltage-gating in the buttons of the neuron d. sodium-potassium pump e. ligand-gating in the buttons of the neuron
b. relative refractory period
acetylcholine is ___. a. a large-molecule neurotransmitter b. synthesized by adding an acetyl group to a choline molecule c. an indolamine d. all of the above e. both B and C
b. synthesized by adding an acetyl group to a choline molecule
many chemicals are kept from passing from the circulatory system of the CNS into the CNS neurons by ___. a. reflexology b. the blood brain barrier c. tolerance d. the cerebrospinal fluid e. withdrawal
b. the blood brain barrier
drugs that do not penetrate the blood brain barrier can be administered to particular neural structures ___. a. by SC injection b. through a stereotaxically positioned cerebral cannula c. through an intracerebral microelectrode d. by IV injection e. by injection into a carotid artery
b. through a stereotaxically positioned cerebral cannula
drug tolerance is a shift in the dose-response curve ___. a. upward b. to the right c. to the left d. both A and B e. both A and C
b. to the right
chronic use of which drug has been linked to bronchitis, emphysema, cancer, stroke, and heart attack? a. alcohol b. tobacco c. cocaine d. marijuana e. morphine
b. tobacco
which of the following is a test of language ability that employs objects of two shapes, two sizes, and five different colors? a. block-span test b. token test c. aphasia subtest of the Halstead-Reitan Neuropsychological Test Battery d. paired-associate test e. Wechsler Language Scale Test
b. token test
according to the text, people often start using a drug to see whether it will be useful to them in some way. in this approach, drugs are viewed as ___. a. repressors b. tools or instruments c. antipsychotic treatments d. therapeutic e. stimulants
b. tools or instruments
outside the membranes of resting neurons, there are many more ___. a. inhibitory neurotransmitters b. neurotransmitters c. Na+ ions d. K+ ions e. nuclei
c. Na+ ions
which of the following is a method used by cognitive neuroscientists to turn off part of the brain while the effects on cognition and behavior are assessed? a. 2-DG b. ERP c. TMS d. PET e. EEG
c. TMS
the level of 130/70 mmHg is ___. a. indicative of stress b. the ratio of diastolic to total systolic blood pressure c. a healthy human blood pressure d. indicative of hypertension e. both A and C
c. a healthy human blood pressure
penile erection is ___. a. a muscular response b. an electromyographic response c. a plethysmographic response d. a sphygmomanometric response e. an aberrant response
c. a plethysmographic response
the main difference between an average evoked potential (AEP) and a "raw" evoked potential is that ___. a. an AEP is usually unobservable b. an AEP is an alpha wave c. a raw evoked potential is often unobservable amidst the random noise of the ongoing EEG signal d. an AEP is a unit response e. a raw evoked potential is likely to be larger
c. a raw evoked potential is often unobservable amidst the random noise of the ongoing EEG signal
drugs that degrade vesicles and cause the neurotransmitter molecules to leak into the cytoplasm, where they are destroyed by enzymes, are ___. a. receptor blockers b. agonists of the neurotransmitter c. antagonists of the neurotransmitter d. autoreceptor blockers e. amino acids
c. antagonists of the neurotransmitter
in the sodium amytal test, injections are sequentially made into the left and right ___. a. language areas of the cortex b. speech areas of the cortex c. carotid arteries d. auditory cortex e. motor cortex
c. carotid arteries
the animal model that best approximates human drug addiction is the ___. a. conditioned tolerance model b. contingent tolerance model c. drug self-administration paradigm d. drug withdrawal syndrome e. conditioned place preference paradigm
c. drug self-administration paradigm
drug sensitization is the opposite of ___. a. drug withdrawal b. physical dependence on drugs c. drug tolerance d. conditioned drug withdrawal effects e. drug addiction
c. drug tolerance
illustrated here* is ___. *image showing electrodes placed around the patient's eye a. electroencephalography b. magnetoencephalography c. electrooculography d. plethysmography e. electromyography
c. electrooculography
which technique records the BOLD signal? a. MRI b. CT c. fMRI d. PET e. MEG
c. fMRI
most drugs that are taken orally enter the bloodstream through the walls of the ___. a. stomach b. mouth c. intestine d. esophagus e. lungs
c. intestine
cooling can be used to produce a functional or reversible brain lesion bc ___. a. the damage that it produces lasts only a few weeks b. the damage that it produces lasts only a day or two c. it can temporarily suppress neural activity in a particular area of the brain without damaging the brain d. it produces lesions that can be reversed with drugs e. the subjects usually survive
c. it can temporarily suppress neural activity in a particular area of the brain without damaging the brain
the mesotelenchephalic dopamine system comprises two pathways: the ___. a. fornix and nigrostriatal pathway b. MFB and the fornix c. nigrostriatal pathway and the mesocorticolimbic pathway d. MFB and the nigrostriatal pathway e. MFB and the mesocorticolimbic pathway
c. nigrostriatal pathway and the mesocorticolimbic pathway
positron emission tomography is a valuable research tool bc it ___. a. pictures the brain in fine detail b. involves angiography c. provides an image of brain function d. involves low levels of radioactivity
c. provides an image of brain function
according to the research of Siegel, heroin users are more likely to die from an overdose when they ___. a. take heroin in an environment in which they have frequently taken it before b. take heroin subcutaneously c. take heroin in an environment in which they have never taken it before d. take heroin in an environment in which they have often taken other drugs before e. buy heroin from a conspecific
c. take heroin in an environment in which they have never taken it before
according to ramsay and woods, the unconditional stimulus in drug conditioning experiments is ___. a. the drug b. what the experimenter measures c. the disruption of neural functioning that is directly produced by the drug d. the compensatory reactions to the conditional stimulus e. the test environment
c. the disruption of neural functioning that is directly produced by the drug
the primary defining feature of addiction is ___. a. physical dependence b. tolerance c. the inability to stop using a drug despite its adverse effects and efforts to stop d. sensitization e. both A and B
c. the inability to stop using a drug despite its adverse effects and efforts to stop
olds and milner argued that brain circuits that support intracranial self-stimulation are the same ones that mediate ___. a. fear b. addiction c. the pleasurable effects of natural rewarding stimuli such as food, water, and sex d. withdrawal effects e. electroconvulsive effects
c. the pleasurable effects of natural rewarding stimuli such as food, water, and sex
which drug has been shown to increase the rate of cancer and heart disease in nonusers of the drug who are living with users of the drug? a. alcohol b. marijuana c. tobacco d. heroin e. cocaine
c. tobacco
in large myelinated human motor neurons, impulses travel at about ___. a. the speed of light b. 186,000 miles per second c. 1 meter per second d. 60 meters per second e. 100 meters per second
d. 60 meters per second
which of the following are membrane potentials? a. EPSPs b. IPSPs c. APs d. all of the above e. both A and B
d. all of the above (EPSPs, IPSPs, APs)
evidence that the nucleus accumbens is involved in drug addiction comes form reports that ___. a. animals will self-administer microinjections of addictive drugs directly into the nucleus accumbens b. microinjection of addictive drugs into the nucleus accumbens can lead to the development of conditioned place preferences c. lesions to the nucleus accumbens reduce the rewarding effects of systemically administered drugs d. all of the above e. both A and C
d. all of the above (animals will self-administer microinjections of addictive drugs directly into the nucleus accumbens, microinjection of addictive drugs into the nucleus accumbens can lead to the development of conditioned place preferences, lesions to the nucleus accumbens reduce the rewarding effects of systemically administered drugs)
neuropsychological assessment is useful bc it can ___. a. assist diagnosis b. influence treatment c. be the basis for effective counseling d. all of the above e. both A and B
d. all of the above (assist diagnosis, influence treatment, be the basis for effective counseling)
which of the following is a weakness of the gene knockout technique as a method of biopsych research? a. most behavioral traits are influenced by many interacting genes b. elimination of one gene often influences the expression of other genes c. the effects of some gene knockouts are likely to depend on experience d. all of the above e. none of the above
d. all of the above (most behavioral traits are influenced by many interacting genes, elimination of one gene often influences the expression of other genes, the effects of some gene knockouts are likely to depend on experience)
modern theories of drug addiction suggest that addicts relapse after lengthy drug-free periods bc the effects of ___. a. stress b. drug priming c. exposure to cues related to drug effects by pavlovian conditioning d. all of the above e. none of the above
d. all of the above (stress, drug priming, exposure to cues related to drug effects by pavlovian conditioning)
psychoactive drugs are those that affect ___. a. the activity of the CNS b. subjective experience c. behavior d. all of the above e. psychotic behavior
d. all of the above (the activity of the CNS, subjective experience, behavior)
recent research suggests that during the transition from initial drug taking to habitual drug taking, ___. a. there are impairments in the function of the prefrontal cortex b. the control of drug taking is shifted from the nucleus accumbens c. the control of drug taking is shifted to the dorsal striatum d. all of the above e. none of the above
d. all of the above (there are impairments in the function of the prefrontal cortex, the control of drug taking is shifted from the nucleus accumbens, the control of drug taking is shifted to the dorsal striatum)
nondirected synapses ___. a. involve the release of neurotransmitter molecules diffusely into the extracellular fluid b. include string-of-bead synapses c. involve the movement of neurotransmitter molecules across gap junctions d. both A and B e. both B and C
d. both A and B (involve the release of neurotransmitter molecules diffusely into the extracellular fluid, include string-of-bead synapses)
according to the incentive-sensitization theory of drug addiction, as a drug-addict habitually consumes the drug, the ___. a. positive-incentive value of taking the drug increases b. hedonic value of taking the drug decreases c. positive-incentive value of taking the drug decreases d. both A and B e. both B and C
d. both A and B (positive-incentive value of taking the drug increases, hedonic value of taking the drug decreases)
the reason why radioactive flourodeoxyglucose is useful for revealing the level of activity of neurons in different parts of the brain is that flourodeoxygluclose ___. a. is absorbed by neurons in relation to their level of activity b. is metabolized by neurons in relation to their level of activity c. is not metabolized by neurons d. both A and C e. both A and B
d. both A and C (is absorbed by neurons in relation to their level of activity, is not metabolized by neurons)
the tips of intracellular recording devices are ___. a. about the size of a neuron b. too small to be seen with the naked eye c. less than one thousandth of a millimeter in diameter d. both B and C e. none of the above
d. both B and C (too small to be seen with the naked eye, less than one thousandth of a millimeter in diameter)
in rats, boxing (rearing up and pushing with the forepaws) is usually a sign of ___. a. sexual motivation b. aggression c. predation d. defense against conspecific attack e. a lack of sexual motivation in alpha males
d. defense against conspecific attack
electrooculography is a technique for monitoring ___. a. penile engorgement b. cortical activity c. blood pressure d. eye movement e. muscle tension
d. eye movement
intracellular unit recording is particularly difficult in ___. a. humans b. monkeys c. rats d. freely moving animals e. higher species
d. freely moving animals
about how many neuropeptides are currently classified by most experts as neurotransmitters? a. 2 b. 4 c. 9 d. just over 100 e. almost 3,000
d. just over 100
in the middle ages, marijuana was commonly used by Europeans to ___. a. keep the sailors happy on long voyages b. suppress sexual urges during long voyages c. treat scurvy d. make rope e. feed pigs
d. make rope
the substantia nigra and the ventral tegmental area are both mesencephalic nuclei of the ___. a. lateral forebrain bundle b. nigrostriatal pathway c. mesocortical limbs d. mesotelencephalic dopamine system e. mesotelencephalic serotonin system
d. mesotelencephalic dopamine system
the method by which the experimental devices are accurately positioned in subcortical structures of human patients and animal subjects is ___. a. autoradiography b. cyrogenesis c. perfusion d. stereotaxic surgery e. aspiration
d. stereotaxic surgery
which of the following provides the most detailed 3D view of the structure of the living human brain? a. CT b. PET c. angiography d. EEG e. MRI
e. MRI
cirrhosis and korsakoff's syndrome are two of the consequences of chronic ___ consumption. a. nicotine b. morphine c. cocaine d. marijuana e. alcohol
e. alcohol
stereotaxic surgery in human patients typically requires ___. a. a stereotaxic atlas b. a stereotaxic instrument c. a head holder d. an electrode holder e. all of the above
e. all of the above (a stereotaxic atlas, a stereotaxic instrument, a head holder, an electrode holder)
the severity of withdrawal symptoms depends upon the ___. a. particular drug in question b. dose of the preceding drug exposure c. duration of the preceding drug exposure d. speed with which the drug is cleared from the body e. all of the above
e. all of the above (particular drug in question, dose of the preceding drug exposure, duration of the preceding drug exposure, speed with which the drug is cleared from the body)
which of the following WAIS subtests are perceptual reasoning subtests? a. picture completion b. digit symbol c. block design d. object assembly e. all of the above
e. all of the above (picture completion, digit symbol, block design, object assembly)
the modern customized-test-battery approach to neuropsych testing typically begins with a ___. a. test of memory b. test of speech c. test of motor function d. test of emotion e. battery of tests
e. battery of tests
lesions restricted to structures in one half of the brain usually have effects that are much less severe than do comparable ___. a. unilateral lesions b. bipolar lesions c. cryogenic lesions d. aspiration lesions e. bilateral lesions
e. bilateral lesions
most cognitive neuroscientific research is based on the assumption that ___. a. complex cognitive processes result from the combination of simple constituent cognitive processes b. each constituent cognitive process is mediated by activity in a particular area of the brain c. almost all constituent cognitive processes tend to be localized in subcortical structures d. all of the above e. both A and B
e. both A and B (complex cognitive processes result from the combination of simple constituent cognitive processes, each constituent cognitive process is mediated by activity in a particular area of the brain)
which of the following is a technique for locating particular proteins in the brain? a. immunocytochemistry b. the 6-OHDA technique c. in situ hybridization d. both A and B e. both A and C
e. both A and C (immunocytochemistry, in situ hybridization)
drug injection is common in medical practice bc the effects of injected drugs are relatively ___ in comparison to most other conventional routes of drug administration. a. slight b. fast c. predictable d. all of the above e. both B and C
e. both B and C (fast, predictable)
IPSP is to EPSP as ___. a. graded is to nongraded b. excitatory is to inhibitory c. cable properties are to noncable properties d. presynaptic is to postsynaptic e. hyperpolarization is to depolarization
e. hyperpollarization is to depolarization
in the conditioned place-preference paradigm, rats usually prefer the ___. a. control compartment b. level that they have previously pressed to obtain addictive drugs c. goal box of the maze d. light that has previously been paired with drug withdrawal e. none of the above
e. none of the above
which of the following is currently thought to be a valid general principle of synaptic transmission? a. each neuron releases only one neurotransmitter b. each neurotransmitter acts on only one receptor subtype c. all receptors are in postsynaptic membranes d. all neurotransmitters are released into the synaptic cleft e. none of the above
e. none of the above
IP, SC, and IM are all ___. a. recording methods b. drugs c. stimulation methods d. cranial nerves e. routes of drug administration
e. routes of drug administration
the lack of strong support for early physical-dependence theories of addiction lent indirect support to the notion that the primary factors in drug addiction are ___. a. withdrawal effects b. tolerance effects c. conditioned withdrawal effects d. conditioned compensatory responses e. the drug's positive-incentive properites
e. the drugs positive-incentive properties
