Exam 2

Which individual would have preference over the others in the correctional hiring process? 25-year-old female with military experience 40-year-old female returning to work after taking care of her kids 30-year-old male with a master's degree in criminal justice 18-year-old male who just graduated from high school

25-year-old female with military experience

An inmate died by suicide at the county jail. Which of the following matches the demographic characteristics of individuals who commit suicide in jail? 35-year -old White male 20-year-old Black male 35-year -old Black female 20-year-old White female

35-year -old White male

Which behavior is an example of importation? An offender has an angry outburst when told recreation time is cancelled. An inmate feels depressed at the loss of the role of aunt to her nephews. An offender begins to use prison slang and follows the inmate code. An inmate attempts to start a reading group to mimic his outside book club.

An inmate attempts to start a reading group to mimic his outside book club.

Which behavior is an example of mortification? An offender has an angry outburst when told recreation time is cancelled. An inmate feels depressed at the loss of the role of aunt to her nephews. An offender begins to use prison slang and follows the inmate code. An inmate attempts to start a reading group to mimic his outside book club.

An inmate feels depressed at the loss of the role of aunt to her nephews.

Which of the following scenarios best represents a human service role? An officer finds contraband on an inmate and confiscates it. A staff member physically breaks up a fight between two inmates. An officer reads over an inmate's resume to help with finding employment. A staff member provides information on prison gangs to a researcher.

An officer reads over an inmate's resume to help with finding employment.

Which statement accurately compares the Stanford prison experiment with the Abu Ghraib scandal? Countless people died in both the Stanford prison experiment and at Abu Ghraib. The Stanford prison experiment displayed correctional officers at their best, whereas Abu Ghraib displayed them at their worst. Both the Stanford prison experiment and Abu Ghraib saw correctional officers abusing their power. The Stanford prison experiment resulted in hunger strikes among the inmates, while the Abu Ghraib scandal resulted in staff starving the inmates.

Both the Stanford prison experiment and Abu Ghraib saw correctional officers abusing their power.

______ officers are firm, fair enforcers that set boundaries and follow through with consequences. Authoritarian Social work Law enforcement Combination

Combination

______ involves more frequent surveillance of a probationer and is typically limited to more serious offenders. Intensive supervision Work release Shock probation Victim-offender reconciliation

Intensive supervision

Which statement accurately compares the jail population that struggles with mental illness with that of prisons? Prisons experience higher percentages of inmates with mental health issues than jails. Jails experience higher percentages of inmates with mental health issues than prisons. Both prisons and jails have comparable populations with mental health issues. Both prisons and jails have populations with mental health issues lower than the general population.

Jails experience higher percentages of inmates with mental health issues than prisons.

The number of ______ inmates in the correctional population is unknown. elderly HIV-positive mentally ill LGBTI

LGBTI

______ is automatic parole for almost all inmates in states that have a determinate system of sentencing. Unconditional release Discretionary parole Mandatory parole Parole boarding

Mandatory parole

What was an unintended consequence of deinstitutionalizing people with mental illnesses? Many mentally ill ended up in jail or prison. People were civilly committed to mental health institutions. There was not enough medication for the mentally ill. The mentally ill were no longer allowed to work.

Many mentally ill ended up in jail or prison.

In which case did the Court decide that probationers have a right to counsel at a deferred sentencing (probation revocation) hearing? Mempa v. Rhay Morrissey v. Brewer Pennsylvania Board of Probation and Parole v. Scott United States v. Knights

Mempa v. Rhay

______ jails are characterized by rounded architecture and living units for directly supervising staff. New-generation Community Coequal staffing Reentry-focused

New-generation

The philosophical foundation of parole has historical roots in the ______. Eastern State Penitentiary Norfolk Island Penal Colony Elmira Reformatory Walnut Street Jail

Norfolk Island Penal Colony

The ______ mandated that the Bureau of Justice Statistics collect data on sexual assaults in adult and juvenile jails and prisons and identify facilities with high levels of victimization. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention ruling in Estelle v. Gamble Prison Rape Elimination Act Patient Protection and Affordable Care Act

Prison Rape Elimination Act

What is the relationship between work release programs and recidivism? They are the least effective intermediate sanction at reducing recidivism. They make recidivism more likely because offenders are allowed into the community. Recidivism is less likely because employment is incompatible with the criminal lifestyle. Recidivism is more likely due to resentment against employers.

Recidivism is less likely because employment is incompatible with the criminal lifestyle.

Which statement accurately describes the recent trends in population of male and female inmates in jails? The female inmate population has decreased while the male inmate population has increased. Both female and male inmate populations have increased. Both female and male inmate populations have decreased. The female inmate population has increased while the male inmate population has decreased.

The female inmate population has increased while the male inmate population has decreased.

______ of all sentences handed down by U.S. courts are probation orders. A small minority Just under half Slightly over half The vast majority

The vast majority

Why would an offender be most suited to be sentenced to an intermediate sanction? They need stricter supervision than traditional probation but less strict than prison. They are a chronic, violent offender. They have committed their first offense, and it was nonviolent. They are in their early twenties

They need stricter supervision than traditional probation but less strict than prison

Which offender is most likely to be on probation? White male Black male Hispanic female White female

White male

The racial-ethnic group with the largest numbers in jail is ______. White non-Hispanics Black non-Hispanics Hispanics of any race Asian Americans

White non-Hispanics

According to the most recent statistics, ______ of probationers exited successfully. a small minority about half nearly two-thirds the vast majority

about half

Probation violators constitute ______ of all individuals admitted to prison each year. a small minority about one-third slightly over half the vast majority

about one-third

Three-quarters of all inmates with mental health problems ______. abuse substances were homeless are violent are White

abuse substances

In the process of prisonization, prisoners ______. behave in a way that makes officers see them positively bring aspects of the larger culture into prison adopt the inmate subculture form pseudofamilies to preserve social structures

adopt the inmate subculture

For convicted offenders who used at the time of offense, which substance was most likely to be in their system? methamphetamines cocaine marijuana alcohol

alcohol

According to Sykes, prison inmates are motivated to deviate from prison rules in order to ______. alleviate the pain associated with imprisonment demonstrate the ineffectiveness of prison peacefully protest living conditions in prison reject the overarching inmate subculture

alleviate the pain associated with imprisonment

An inmate has just arrived at a jail. They are strip-searched, their property is taken, and they are issued clothing. The inmate has just gone through ______. arrest arraignment interrogation booking

booking

Inmates in minimum security prisons are usually ______. not members of minority groups repeat offenders close to a release date awaiting charges

close to a release date

Negotiations used by union workers to seek benefit provisions from employers are called ______. defects of total power stressors collective bargaining abuses of power

collective bargaining

All activities performed by agents of the state to assist offenders in establishing or reestablishing functional law-abiding roles in the community while monitoring their behavior for criminal activity fall under the umbrella term ______. parole community corrections probation judicial reprieve

community corrections

A general continuum of correctional professionalism across the field in relation to pay, from most professionalized to least, would likely be ______. jail, community corrections, public prisons community corrections, public prisons, jail public prisons, jail, community corrections community corrections, jail, public prison

community corrections, public prisons, jail

An inmate is in a facility where she attends drug counseling and mental health programming. She is going to receive these services as she transitions out of the facility, as well. What type of facility is this inmate housed in? new-generation jail minimum security prison detention center community jail

community jail

When inmates seek positions of power, influence, and sources of information to obtain goods and services they have been denied, they have adopted the ______. convict code mature coping strategy convict subculture status of double deviant

convict subculture

The vast majority of jails are operated by ______. private companies the federal government county sheriffs state governments

county sheriffs

Probation officers are officers of the ______. prison system courts sheriff's office local police department

courts

Jails for juveniles are called ______. reformatories detention centers penitentiaries residential treatment centers

detention centers

What was John Augustus known for? passing the National Probation Act providing the first judicial reprieve developing the first probation system innovating the hybrid approach to probation

developing the first probation system

Parole granted to an offender after a board chooses to do so is called ______. unconditional release discretionary parole mandatory parole parole boarding

discretionary parole

Which population is increasing in prisons and jails at an exponential rate? elderly juvenile male White

elderly

The most successful tool for the successful reintegration of offenders who want to go straight is ______. education employment family support religious beliefs

employment

Some state governments are hoping to improve jail conditions for inmates with mental illness by ______. focusing on diverting them to other services ensuring protection by using solitary confinement keeping them with the general population placing them in medium-security prisons instead

focusing on diverting them to other services

In comparison to prisons, jails ______. are a newer development fulfill a more diverse role house more violent offenders focus more on rehabilitation

fulfill a more diverse role

What is the term for an increasing seriousness of a violation that is met with an increasing severity of punishment? probation violation technical sanction technical violation graduated sanction

graduated sanction

A ticket of leave is ______. granted for individuals who have received enough credits while in prison a system that allows convicts to see their families once per year a system that allows convicts to serve their entire sentence in the community a ticket that allows offenders to engage in recreation for good behavior

granted for individuals who have received enough credits while in prison

You are a jail administrator hoping to implement a direct supervision model in your jail. Which of the following guidance would you incorporate into training for the live-in jail officers? harsh and swift discipline building reactive leadership an open supervisory style the need to apply rules flexibly

harsh and swift discipline building reactive leadership an open supervisory style the need to apply rules flexibly

In comparison to inmates who are criminally committed, people in immigration prisons are civilly committed and therefore ______. have fewer due process rights enjoy a higher standard of living have shorter sentences on average are held only in public institutions

have fewer due process rights

Jails were originally developed to ______. punish wrongdoers hold the accused for trial prevent rebellion house the mentally ill

hold the accused for trial

Jails in the United States often have large populations of ______. homeless individuals enemy combatants repeat violent criminals sex offenders

homeless individuals

Most correctional officers focus on ______, serving as advocates for inmates and helping them transition into prison life. bureaucracy power human service professionalization

human service

Which of the following is one of the stages of the Irish system? shocking offenders with prison life convicts engaging in labor for free remaining in prison for the entire sentence inmates earning tickets of leave

inmates earning tickets of leave

Intensive supervision probation, work release, and boot camps are all examples of ______. intermediate sanctions coercive corrections alternative justice community corrections

intermediate sanctions

Parole is different from probation insofar as it ______. is an administrative function by a part of the executive branch is a judicial function decided by a judge and jury depends entirely on the good time an offender earns involves a formal legal trial to determine guilt or innocence

is an administrative function by a part of the executive branch

Local institutions that hold people before trial, before they are sentenced, or after they are convicted to short terms are called ______. prisons halfway houses jails residential centers

jails

The passing of the National Probation Act of 1925 afforded ______. judges the ability to suspend sentences and place convicted individuals on probation probation officers the same legal authority as police officers state governments the federal funds necessary for probation programs little actual change, as the first probation system would not be developed until the 1960s

judges the ability to suspend sentences and place convicted individuals on probation

An offender is assigned a probation officer who is known for being strict. She emphasizes compliance with the terms of the probation and is not lenient with those who trespass on any of them. This probation officer is most likely following a ______ role. law enforcement social worker hybrid parental

law enforcement

By design, prisons are intended to house ______. nonviolent criminals long-term offenders individuals awaiting trial juvenile delinquents

long-term offenders

In general, the ______ the offender, the greater the chance of his or her success while on parole. younger less educated longer imprisoned older

longer imprisoned

Probation allows offenders to ______. work during the day while they are incarcerated on nights and weekends keep their criminal records free of convictions maintain the relationships they have in the community learn military-style discipline in a boot camp program

maintain the relationships they have in the community

In ______-security prisons, exterior security can be tight while internally inmates have many opportunities to attend school, treatment, and church programming. super-maximum maximum medium minimum

medium

Research on prison subcultures focuses on ______. jails and detention centers minimum security facilities medium and maximum-security facilities supermax prisons

minimum security facilities

LGBTI inmates are ______ than other inmates. more likely to commit sexual assaults less likely to commit sexual assaults more likely to be victims of sexual assaults less likely to be victims of sexual assaults

more likely to be victims of sexual assaults

According to recent statistics, on average, jails operate at ______ of capacity. a small percentage a little less than half slightly more than half more than three-quarters

more than three-quarters

Among the entire population of prisoners released, ______ will leave with no parole supervision. just under half nearly a quarter slightly more than half the vast majority

nearly a quarter

Restorative justice is known as the balanced approach because it equally weights community protection, offender accountability, and ______. victim safety offender competency cost of incarceration crime seriousness

offender competency

Community corrections is a good solution for ______. all offenders offenders who do not threaten public safety female offenders offenders in their early 20s

offenders who do not threaten public safety

About one-fifth of the prisons in the United States are designated as maximum security, and they hold about ______ of the inmates incarcerated in this country. one-fifth one-quarter one-third half

one-third

Dealing with COVID-19 was a particularly difficult problem to address in jails due to ______. privatization overcrowding inmate violence supermax security

overcrowding

What did Sykes argue can have a cumulative effect of destroying the psyche of the inmate? pains of imprisonment prison subculture rioting and violence required programming

pains of imprisonment

A ______ board is a panel of people who judge prisoners' suitability to be released from prison after having served a specified time of their sentences. sentencing discretionary mandatory parole

parole

A longitudinal study of over 1,100 British families found that the ______ in the household strongly predicted children's antisocial behavior. absence of a criminal mother presence of a criminal mother absence of a criminal father presence of a criminal father

presence of a criminal father

Group violence that poses a direct threat to inmates and officers alike is called ______. pain of imprisonment deprivation of security prison rioting expressive violence

prison rioting

Studies find that "experienced offenders" prefer ______. prison time probation parole judicial reprieve

prison time

The process of reintegrating offenders into their communities regardless of whether they were integrated into them in a prosocial way before they entered prison is known as ______. intensive supervision probation intermediate sanctions reentry

probation

Due to the Patient Protection and Affordable Care Act of 2010, jails must ______. implement telemedicine through videoconferencing provide medical and mental health care within their facilities contract with a local hospital to transport inmates for checkups train staff in cardiopulmonary resuscitation methods

provide medical and mental health care within their facilities

The most common basis for prison gang structure and membership is ______. age race or ethnicity type of crime committed length of sentence

race or ethnicity

According to the 1976 case Estelle v. Gamble, inmates have the right to ______. a licensed therapist in-facility health care reasonable medical care mental health car

reasonable medical care

In terms of corrections, imprisonment almost always results in ______. recidivism reentry rehabilitation retribution

reentry

The purpose of ______ is to provide services to make the transition from incarceration to freedom more manageable. new-generation jails community jails coequal staffing reentry programs

reentry programs

Parole in the United States is the practice of ______. releasing convicted criminals from prison prior to the completion of their full sentence providing intermediate sanctions for offenders deemed to be of little threat allowing individuals to serve the totality of their sentence in the community revising the sentences of convicted criminals during their incarceration in prison

releasing convicted criminals from prison prior to the completion of their full sentence

You are a member of the parole board. You would most likely grant parole to an inmate who ______. has a lengthy and violent criminal history has had multiple disciplinary issues in prison seems remorseful and has a job lined up upon release has a history of psychological and psychiatric problems

seems remorseful and has a job lined up upon release

You are in charge of classifying inmates at a large urban jail. You encounter a large influx of inmates who all have matching tattoos, wear the same colors, and express loyalty to each other and hostility towards non-members of their group. How do you manage classifying these inmates? send them to the state DOC integrate them with the general population separate them wait to see how they behave

separate them

Powerful barriers against criminal offending are social bonds and ______. incapacitation retribution the contrast effect social capital

social capital

Probation and parole officers have two main roles: law enforcement officer and ______. profiler investigator social worker supervisor

social worker

According to Lipsky, ______ are entry-level public sector workers who tend to be overworked and underpaid. hacks detectives correctional officers street-level bureaucrats

street-level bureaucrats

In comparison to male inmates, female inmates are more likely to require ______ to help with reentry. additional education employment housing support substance abuse treatment

substance abuse treatment

A prison inmate who is a repeat violent offender is confined to his cell nearly all day every day. He receives his meal through the door and is given no utensils with it. Any in-person contact is severely restricted. This inmate is most likely housed in a ______-security prison. medium minimum super-maximum maximum

super-maximum

Upon receiving probation, an offender's sentence is ______. suspended for a set period of time suspended pending good behavior commuted reduced

suspended pending good behavior

Prison populations are declining in some areas because of ______. the legalization of marijuana mandatory determinate sentencing changes in Department of Justice guidelines a reduction in the use of probation

the legalization of marijuana

The mark system was based on ______. a convict's ability to convince a magistrate of his or her innocence the speedy and efficient performance of tasks a set of punishments convicts received for violating institutional rules marks that convicts received on their written tests

the speedy and efficient performance of tasks

In comparison to Whites, Blacks are ______ as likely to be in jail. a third three times half five times

three times

What did Goffman (1961) describe as "a place of residence and work where a large number of like-situated individuals, cut off from the wider society for an appreciable period of time, together lead an enclosed, formally administered round of life"? total institution residential treatment center maximum-security prison new-generation jail

total institution

Halfway houses are ______. transitional places of residence for correctional clients intermediate sanctions for individuals who require less supervision than traditional probation used for the treatment of male offenders used for offenders who were not successful at traditional probation

transitional places of residence for correctional clients

In one study, offenders with treatment-oriented social work officers were convicted of new crimes at ______ the rate of those supervised by law-enforcement officers. one-half one-quarter twice four times

twice

Fixed determinate sentences allow for inmates to be released after the completion of their sentence without supervision or reporting requirements, which is known as ______. unconditional release discretionary parole mandatory parole parole boarding

unconditional release

You are the warden of a jail. There are 5,000 inmates in your facility but only 4,000 beds. What potential side-effect is most likely to result from this situation? violence among the inmates decreased funding from the state solitary confinement of inmates reduced training of officers

violence among the inmates

An inmate is incarcerated in a state prison. Which type of crime has he most likely been convicted of? property drug violent white-collar

violent

In correctional work, a hack is a(n) ______. violent and cynical keeper of inmates new, untrained correctional officer older officer focused on human service street-level bureaucrat

violent and cynical keeper of inmates

Probation in the United States initially began as a ______. means of controlling violent offenders voluntary effort of the community professional extension of the courts way of helping juvenile offenders

voluntary effort of the community